Eponymous archon

In ancient Greece the chief magistrate in various Greek city states was called eponymous archon (ἐπώνυμος ἄρχων, epōnymos archōn). "Archon" (ἄρχων, pl. ἄρχοντες, archontes) means "ruler" or "lord", frequently used as the title of a specific public office,^[1] while "eponymous" means that he gave his name to the year in which he held office, much like the Roman dating by consular years.

In Classical Athens, a system of nine concurrent archons evolved, led by three respective remits over the civic, military, and religious affairs of the state: the three office holders were known as the eponymous archon (ruler of Athens, the highest political office in the city-state), the polemarch (πολέμαρχος, "war ruler", the commander-in-chief of the Athenian military), and the archon basileus (ἄρχων βασιλεύς, "king ruler", the high priest of the city).^[2][3] The six others were the thesmothetai, judicial officers. Originally these offices were filled from the wealthier classes by elections every ten years. During this period the eponymous archon was the chief magistrate, the polemarch was the head of the armed forces, and the archon basileus was responsible for some civic religious arrangements, and for the supervision of some major trials in the law courts. After 683 BC the offices were held for only a single year, and the year was named after the eponymous archon.

Background

The archon was the chief magistrate in many Greek cities, but in Athens there was a council of archons which exerted a form of executive government. From the late 8th century BC there were three archons: the archon eponymos, the polemarchos (originally with a military role, which was transferred to the ten strategoi in 501 BC), and the archon basileus (the ceremonial vestige of the Athenian monarchy).^[4] These positions were filled from the aristocracy (the Eupatridae) by elections every ten years. During this period Archon Eponymous was the chief magistrate, the Polemarch was the head of the armed forces, and the Archon Basileus was responsible for the civic religious arrangements.

After 683 BC the offices were held for only a single year, and the year was named after the archon eponymous.^{[citation needed]} The year ran from July to June.^[5] The archon eponymous was the chief archon, and presided over meetings of the Boule and Ecclesia, the ancient Athenian assemblies. The archon eponymous remained the titular head of state even under the democracy, though with much reduced political importance. Under the reforms of Solon, himself archon eponymous in 594 BC, there was a brief period when the number of archons rose to ten. After 457 BC ex-archons were automatically enrolled as life members of the Areopagus, though that assembly was no longer extremely important politically.

One of the archons oversaw the procedure for ostracism after 487 BC.^[6] An archon's court was in charge of the epikleroi.^[7] Other duties of the archons included supervising the Panathenaea and Dionysia festivals.^[8]

List of archons of Athens

In the following list of Archons, years where the name of the archon is unknown are identified as such. Years listed as "anarchy" mean that there was literally "no archon". There are various conflicting reconstructions of lists; sources for this list are given at the end. Note that the term of an archon covered two of our years, beginning in the spring or summer and continuing into the next spring or summer. The polemarch or strategoi, basileus, and thesmothetai (the six assistants to the archons) are also listed, where known.

Archaic period

Main article: Archaic Greece

See also: Greek Dark Ages and Ancient Greece

Life archons

See also: King of Athens and Chronicon (Jerome)

The later Athenian tradition varies on the exact position of this line; they held archonship for life, sometimes referred to as "Perpetual Archon", and exercised the sacral powers of kingship, as did the archon basileus later. The historicity of any of this ancient list may be reasonably doubted. However, Aristotle indicates, within the Constitution of Athens, that it was indeed the house of Codrus that abolished the title of king in favor of Archon.^[9]

Year	Archon	Other notable information
1068–1048 BC	Medon (Μέδων)[10]	First ruler of Attica after the period of the Kings.
1048–1012 BC	Acastus (Ἄκαστος)[11][12]	Troy VIIb2 destroyed (c. 1120 BC).
1012–993 BC	Archippus[13]
993–952 BC	Thersippus[14]
952–922 BC	Phorbas (Φόρβας)	Troy VIIb3: deserted (c. 950 BC)
922–892 BC	Megacles (Μεγακλῆς)
892–864 BC	Diognetus
864–845 BC	Pherecles[15]	Homer composes the Iliad[16] and Odyssey. (c. 850 BC)[17]
845–825 BC	Ariphron
824–797 BC	Thespieus (Θεσπιεύς)
796–778 BC	Agamestor[18]
778–755 BC	Aeschylus (Αἰσχύλος)	First Olympiad[19][20] (776 BC)
755–753 BC	Alcmaeon (Ἀλκμαίων)

Decennial archons

In 753 BC the perpetual archonship by the Eupatridae^[21] was limited to 10 years (the "decennial archons"):^[22]

Year	Archon	Other notable information
753–743 BC	Charops[23][24]	In Rome, Romulus, the first ruler of the city, takes power.[25]
743–733 BC	Aesimides[26]	In Messenia, First Messenian War begins.
733–723 BC	Clidicus[27]	Diaulos footrace introduced at the Olympics. (724 BC)
723–713 BC	Hippomenes[28]
713–703 BC	Leocrates
703–693 BC	Apsander[29]	Hesiod writes "Theogony" (c. 700 BC).
693–683 BC	Eryxias	Boxing added to the Olympics. (688 BC)[30] Chalcedon colony founded (685 BC).

Annual archons

After 683 BC the archonship was limited to one year. Archons resided in the Prytaneion.

Year	Eponymous archon[31]	Other officials or associated events
682–681 BC	Creon	Creon is considered by the ancient sources, and most modern authorities, as the first annual archon.[32]
681–680 BC	Lysiades	Mentioned in the Parian Marble.
680–679 BC	Tlesias	Pausanias (IV.15.1) dates the beginning of the Second Messenian War to his archonship.
679–671 BC	Unknown
671–670 BC	Leostratus
670–669 BC	Unknown
669–668 BC	Pisistratus	Pausanias (II.24.7) dates the first Battle of Hysiae to his archonship.
668–667 BC	Autosthenes	Pausanias (IV.23.4) dates the capture of Eira and the end of the Second Messenian War to his archonship.
667–664 BC	Unknown
664–663 BC	Miltiades[33]
663–659 BC	Unknown
659–658 BC	Miltiades[33]
658–645 BC	Unknown	Pausanias (VIII.39.3) dates the capture of Phigalia by the Spartans to his archonship.
645–644 BC	Dropides	The Parian Marble associates Dropides with the floruit of Terpander the Lesbian, who developed the music of the lyre.
644–639 BC	Unknown
639–638 BC	Damasias	Thales was born
638–634 BC	Unknown
634–633 BC	Epaenetus (?)[34]
633–632 BC	Unknown
632–631 BC	Megacles	Cylon attempts to become tyrant
631–624 BC	Unknown
624–623 BC	Aristaechmus	According to the Athenian Constitution, Dracon reformed the laws of Athens during the archonship of Aristaechmus.
623–621 BC	Unknown

Reorganized

Year	Eponymous archon	Other officials or associated events
621–615 BC	Unknown
615–614 BC	Heniochides
614–605 BC	Unknown
605–604 BC	Aristocles	The Parian Marble associates the archonship of Aristocles with Alyattes becoming king of Lydia.
604–600 BC	Unknown
600–599 BC	Critias	The Parian Marble dates the flight of Sappho from Lesbos to Sicily in the archonship of Critias.
599–597 BC	Unknown
597–596 BC	Cypselus[35]
596–595 BC	Telecles[35]
595–594 BC	Philombrotus[35]	First Sacred War begins.
594–593 BC	Solon	Solon reforms Draco's code.
593–592 BC	Dropides
592–591 BC	Eucrates
591–590 BC	Simon
590–589 BC	anarchy
589–588 BC	Phormion
588–587 BC	Philippus
587–586 BC	Unknown
586–585 BC	anarchy
585–582 BC	Unknown	Pythian Games reorganised at Delphi.
582–581 BC	Damasias	According to the Athenian Constitution, Damasias held the archonship for two years and nine months before being expelled.
581–580 BC	Damasias	Demetrios of Phaleron states that it was during the archonship of Damasias that "Thales was first called wise".
580–579 BC	anarchy	Committee of 10 men serves jointly as archons[36]
579–578 BC	anarchy
578–577 BC	Unknown
577–576 BC	Archestratidas
576–570 BC	Unknown
570–569 BC	Aristomenes
569–566 BC	Unknown
566–565 BC	Hippocleides
565–561 BC	Unknown
561–560 BC	Komeas	The Athenian Constitution dates the usurpation of Pisistratus as tyrant of Athens to the archonship of Komeas.
560–559 BC	Hegestratus	Phaenias of Eresus dates the death of Solon to the archonship of Hegestratus.
559–556 BC	Pisistratus	Tyrant, 3 unknown archons from 559-556 BC
556–555 BC	Hegesias	The Athenian Constitution dates the first expulsion of Peisistratos to the archonship of Hegesias.
555–554 BC	Euthidemus
554–548 BC	Unknown
548–547 BC	Erxicleides	Pausanias (X.5.13) dates the destruction by fire of the fourth temple of Delphi to his archonship.
547–546 BC	Thespius[35]	Pisistratus becomes tyrant again
546–545 BC	Phormion[35]
545–536 BC	Unknown
536-535 BC	[...]naios	The Parian Marble dates the first performance of Thespis to the tenure of this archon, whose name is damaged.
535–533 BC	Unknown
533–532 BC	Thericles
532–528 BC	Unknown
528–527 BC	Philoneus	According to the Athenian Constitution, Philoneus was archon when Pisistratus died and his sons Hippias and Hipparchus succeeded him as tyrants
527–526 BC	Onetor[37]
526–525 BC	Hippias
525–524 BC	Cleisthenes[38]	Cleisthenes later made reforms, in 508 BC.[39]
524–523 BC	Miltiades	Cadoux is uncertain whether this is Miltiades son of Kypselos, or Miltiades son of Cimon.[40]
523–522 BC	Calliades
522–521 BC	Pisistratus	Possibly the son of Hippias, archon of 526/5.[41]
521–518 BC	Unknown
518–517 BC	Hebron (?)[42]
517–511 BC	Unknown
511–510 BC	Harpactides	The Parian Marble dates the assassination of Hipparchus and the expulsion of the Peistratids from Athens to Harpactides' archonship.
510–509 BC	Scamandrius
509–508 BC	Lysagoras
508–507 BC	Isagoras	Cleisthenes competes with Isagoras for archonship, but is expelled by Cleomenes I of Sparta
507–506 BC	Alcmeon
506–504 BC	Unknown
504–503 BC	Acestorides
503–501 BC	Unknown
501–500 BC	Hermocreon
500–499 BC	Smyrus (?)[43]
499–497 BC	Unknown
497–496 BC	Archias[44]
496–495 BC	Hipparchus
495–494 BC	Philippus
494–493 BC	Pythocritus
493–492 BC	Themistocles
492–491 BC	Diognetus
491–490 BC	Hybrilides
490–489 BC	Phaenippus	The Parian Marble, Plutarch, and the Athenian Constitution all date the Battle of Marathon to the archonship of Phaenippus.
489–488 BC	Aristides the Just
488–487 BC	Anchises
487–486 BC	Telesinus[45]	The Athenian Constitution dates the ostracism of Megacles to the archonship of Telesinus.
486–485 BC	Unknown
485–484 BC	Philocrates
484–483 BC	Leostratus
483–482 BC	Nicodemus
482–481 BC	Unknown
481–480 BC	Hypsichides	According to the Athenian Constitution, Hypsichides was archon when the ostracized of Athens were recalled.[46]

Classical period

Main article: Classical Greece

Year (BC)	Year Olympiads	Archon	Other officials or notable events
480–479	75.1	Calliades[47]	Second Persian invasion of Greece.[48] Aristides and Themistocles are strategoi.
479–478	75.2	Xanthippus	Battle of Plataea; Aristides is strategos
478–477	75.3	Timosthenes	Delian League founded.
477–476	75.4	Adimantus
476–475	76.1	Phaedon
475–474	76.2	Dromoclides
474–473	76.3	Acestorides
473–472	76.4	Menon
472–471	77.1	Chares
471–470	77.2	Praxiergus
470–469	77.3	Demotion
469–468	77.4	Apsephion
468–467	78.1	Theagenides
467–466	78.2	Lysistratus
466–465	78.3	Lysanias
465–464	78.4	Lysitheus	Sophanes is a strategos
464–463	79.1	Archedemides
463–462	79.2	Tlepolemus	Cimon is a strategos
462–461	79.3	Conon	According to the Athenian Constitution (ch. 25), Ephialtes reforms the Areopagus, and is assassinated.
461–460	79.4	Euthippus	Also spelled Euippos.[49]
460–459	80.1	Phrasicles
459–458	80.2	Philocles	Phrynicus, Dicaeogenes and Hippodamas are strategoi.
458–457	80.3	Habron	So Diodorus Siculus (11.79); other authorities state the eponymous archon for this year was Bion.[50]
457–456	80.4	Mnesitheides
456–455	81.1	Callias
455–454	81.2	Sosistratus
454–453	81.3	Ariston
453–452	81.4	Lysicrates
452–451	82.1	Chairephanes	Diodorus (11.88–91) skips over Chairephanes and dates the events of his archonship to the previous year[51]
451–450	82.2	Antidotus	Anaxicrates and Cimon are strategoi
450–449	82.3	Euthydemus
449–448	82.4	Pedieus	Second Sacred War begins.
448–447	83.1	Philiscus	Pericles, Tolmides and Epiteles are strategoi; Peace of Callias ends the Greco-Persian Wars
447–446	83.2	Timarchides	Construction of the Parthenon begins.
446–445	83.3	Callimachus
445–444	83.4	Lysimachides	Peace between Athens and Sparta. Age of Pericles begins.
444–443	84.1	Praxiteles	Pericles is a strategos
443–442	84.2	Lysanias	Pericles is a strategos
442–441	84.3	Diphilus	Pericles is a strategos
441–440	84.4	Timocles	Pericles and Glaucon are strategoi[52][53]
440–439	85.1	Morychides	Pericles is a strategos
439–438	85.2	Glaucinus	Also spelled Glaucidus. Pericles is a strategos
438–437	85.3	Theodorus	Pericles is a strategos
437–436	85.4	Euthymenes	Pericles is a strategos. Construction of the Propylaea begins
436–435	86.1	Lysimachus	So Diodorus Siculus (12.33); other authorities state the eponymous archon for this year was Nausimachos.[50] Pericles is a strategos
435–434	86.2	Antiochides	Also spelled Antilochidos. Pericles is a strategos
434–433	86.3	Crates	Also spelled Chares. Pericles is a strategos
433–432	86.4	Apseudes	Pericles, Lacedaemonius, Diotimus, and Proteas are strategoi
432–431	87.1	Pythodorus	Beginning of the Peloponnesian War, according to Thucydides.[54] Pericles and Callias are strategoi.
431–430	87.2	Euthydemus	Also spelled Euthydemos. Pericles is a strategos.
430–429	87.3	Apollodorus	Pericles dies; Xenophon, Hestiodorus, Calliades, Melesandrus, and Phanomachus are strategoi.
429–428	87.4	Epameinon	Phormio is a strategos.
428–427	88.1	Diotimus	Demosthenes, Asopius, Paches, Cleidippes, and Lysicles are strategoi
427–426	88.2	Eucles	Also spelled Eucleides. Nicias, Charoiades and Procles are strategoi
426–425	88.3	Euthynos	Also called Euthydemos. Laches and Hippocrates are strategoi
425–424	88.4	Stratocles	Nicias, Eurymedon, Pythodorus, and Sophocles are strategoi
424–423	89.1	Isarchus	Demosthenes, Cleon, Thucydides and Hippocrates are strategoi
423–422	89.2	Amynias	Also spelled Ameinias. Cleon is a strategos
422–421	89.3	Alcaeus	Cleon is a strategos
421–420	89.4	Aristion	Construction of the Erechtheion begins.
420–419	90.1	Astyphilus	Alcibiades is strategos
419–418	90.2	Archias
418–417	90.3	Antiphon	Laches and Nicostratus are strategoi[55]
417–416	90.4	Euphemus
416–415	91.1	Arimnestus	Nicias, Alcibiades, and Lamachus are strategoi
415–414	91.2	Charias	Also spelled Chabrias. Alcibiades is a strategos
414–413	91.3	Tisandrus	Lamachus is a strategos
413–412	91.4	Cleocritus	Eurymedon, Demosthenes, and Nicias are strategoi
412–411	92.1	Callias Scambonides
411–410	92.2	Mnasilochus (died); Theopompus	Simichus and Aristarchus are strategoi
410–409	92.3	Glaucippus
409–408	92.4	Diocles	Anytus is a strategos
408–407	93.1	Euctemon
407–406	93.2	Antigenes	Alcibiades, Adeimantus, and Aristocrates are strategoi
406–405	93.3	Callias Angelides	Archestratus, Thrasylus, Pericles, Lysias, Diomedon, Aristocrates, Erasinides, Protomachus, and Aristogenes are strategoi
405–404	93.4	Alexias	Battle of Aegospotami. Adeimantus, Eucrates, Philocles, Menandrus, Tydeus, and Cephisodotus are strategoi
404–403	94.1	Pythodorus	Sparta sets up the oligarchy of the Thirty Tyrants; Pythodorus not recognized as Eponymous Archon
403–402	94.2	Eucleides[56]	Thirty Tyrants expelled, democracy reestablished. Old Attic alphabet was officially abolished in favor of the Ionic alphabet of twenty-four letters.
402–401	94.3	Micon	Also spelled Micion.
401–400	94.4	Xenaenetus	Also spelled Exaenetus.
400–399	95.1	Laches
399–398	95.2	Aristocrates
398–397	95.3	Euthycles	Also spelled Ithycles.
397–396	95.4	Souniades
396–395	96.1	Phormion
395–394	96.2	Diophantus
394–393	96.3	Eubulides
393–392	96.4	Demostratos	Adeimantus is a strategos
392–391	97.1	Philocles
391–390	97.2	Nicoteles
390–389	97.3	Demostratus	Thrasybulus and Ergocles are strategoi
389–388	97.4	Antipater	Agyrrhius and Pamphilus are strategoi
388–387	98.1	Pyrgion	Thrasybulus and Dionysius are strategoi
387–386	98.2	Theodotus	Peace of Antalcidas ends the Corinthian War
386–385	98.3	Mystichides
385–384	98.4	Dexitheus
384–383	99.1	Dieitrephes	Also spelled Diotrephes
383–382	99.2	Phanostratus
382–381	99.3	Euandrus
381–380	99.4	Demophilus
380–379	100.1	Pytheas
379–378	100.2	Nicon
378–377	100.3	Nausinicus
377–376	100.4	Calleas	Also spelled Callias.
376–375	101.1	Charisander	Cedon is a strategos.
375–374	101.2	Hippodamas
374–373	101.3	Socratides
373–372	101.4	Asteius	Iphicrates, Callistratus, Chabrias, and Timotheus are strategoi
372–371	102.1	Alcisthenes
371–370	102.2	Phrasicleides
370–369	102.3	Dysnicetus	(mistakenly Dyscinetus in Pausanias 4.27.9)
369–368	102.4	Lysistratus
368–367	103.1	Nausigenes
367–366	103.2	Polyzelus
366–365	103.3	Ciphisodorus	Chabrias is a strategos
365–364	103.4	Chion	Iphicrates is a strategos
364–363	104.1	Timocrates
363–362	104.2	Charicleides	Ergophilus and Callisthenes are strategoi
362–361	104.3	Molon	Leosthenes and Autocles are strategoi.
361–360	104.4	Nicophemus	Timomachus is a strategos
360–359	105.1	Callimides	Menon, Timotheus, and Cephisodotus are strategoi
359–358	105.2	Eucharistus
358–357	105.3	Cephisodotus
357–356	105.4	Agathocles	Chabrias is a strategos.
356–355	106.1	Elpines	Iphicrates, Timotheus, and Menestheus are strategoi.
355–354	106.2	Callistratus
354–353	106.3	Diotemus
353–352	106.4	Thudemus
352–351	107.1	Aristodemus
351–350	107.2	Theellus	Theogenes is Basileus (possibly)
350–349	107.3	Apollodorus
349–348	107.4	Callimachus	Hegesileus is a strategos
348–347	108.1	Theophilus
347–346	108.2	Themistocles[57]	Proxenus is a strategos
346–345	108.3	Archias
345–344	108.4	Eubulus
344–343	109.1	Lyciscus	Phocion is a strategos.
343–342	109.2	Pythodotus
342–341	109.3	Sosigenes
341–340	109.4	Nicomachus
340–339	110.1	Theophrastus	Phocion is a strategos
339–338	110.2	Lysimachides	Phocion is a strategos, and is defeated by Philip II of Macedon
338–337	110.3	Chaerondas	Lysicles is a strategos
337–336	110.4	Phrynichus
336–335	111.1	Pythodelos	Also spelled Pythodoros.
335–334	111.2	Euaenetus
334–333	111.3	Ctesicles
333–332	111.4	Nicocrates
332–331	112.1	Nicetes	Also spelled Niceratos
331–330	112.2	Aristophanes
330–329	112.3	Aristophon
329–328	112.4	Cephisophon
328–327	113.1	Euthicritus
327–326	113.2	Hegemon
326–325	113.3	Chremes
325–324	113.4	Anticles	Philocles is a strategos
324–323	114.1	Hegesias	Also spelled Agesias
323–322	114.2	Cephisodorus	Also spelled Cephisophon. Phocion and Leosthenes are strategoi. Battle of Amorgos signals the end of Athenian sea power.
322–321	114.3	Philocles	End of the Lamian War. Restriction of voting rights and installation of a Macedonian garrison in the Piraeus.

Hellenistic period

Main article: Hellenistic period

Year	Eponymous archon	Other officials or notable events
321–320 BC	Archippus
320–319 BC	Neaechmus
319–318 BC	Apollodorus
318–317 BC	Archippus
317–316 BC	Demogenes	Demetrius of Phalerum installed by the Macedonian regent Cassander as Governor.
316–315 BC	Democleides
315–314 BC	Praxibulus
314–313 BC	Nikodorus
313–312 BC	Theophrastus	So Diodorus Siculus (19.73); other authorities state the eponymous archon for this year was Theodorus.[58]
312–311 BC	Polemon	Seleucid Empire begins.
311–310 BC	Simonides
310–309 BC	Hieromnemon
309–308 BC	Demetrius
308–307 BC	Caerimus	Also spelled Charinus.
307–306 BC	Anaxicrates	Demetrius Phalereus is expelled when Demetrius I Poliorcetes captures the city from Cassander.
306–305 BC	Coroebus	Antigonid dynasty begins.
305–304 BC	Euxenippus
304–303 BC	Pherecles
303–302 BC	Leostratus
302–301 BC	Nicocles
301–300 BC	Clearchus
300–299 BC	Hegemachus[59]
299–298 BC	Euctemon
298–297 BC	Mnesidemus
297–296 BC	Antiphates
296–295 BC	Nicias
295–294 BC	Nicostratus
294–293 BC	Olympiodorus
293–292 BC	Olympiodorus	Serving for a second time
292–291 BC	Philippus
291–290 BC	Charinus (?)[60]
290–289 BC	Ambrosius (?)[60]
289–288 BC	Ariston (?)[60]
288–287 BC	Cimon
287–286 BC	Xenophon
286–285 BC	Diocles
285–284 BC	Diotimus
284–283 BC	Isaeus
283–282 BC	Euthius
282–281 BC	Nicias	Attalid dynasty begins.
281–280 BC	Ourias
280–279 BC	Telecles[61]
279–278 BC	Anaxicrates	the Gallic invasion of Greece under Brennus and Acichorius occurs
278–277 BC	Democles
277–276 BC	Aristonymus
276–275 BC	Philocrates
275–274 BC	Olbius
274–273 BC	Eubulus
273–272 BC	Glaucippus
272–271 BC	Lysitheides
271–270 BC	Pytharatus[62]
270–269 BC	Sosistratus
269–268 BC	Peithidemus	Beginning of the Chremonidean War; Athens declares war on Macedon, ruled by Antigonus Gonatas.
268–267 BC	Diogeiton
267–266 BC	Menecles
266–265 BC	Nicias (Otryneus)
265–264 BC	Eubulus
264–263 BC	Diognetus	Diognetus is the latest archon mentioned in the Parian Chronicle, therefore that inscription was made during his tenure.
263–262 BC	Antipatrus	Athens surrenders to Antigonus Gonatas in the archonship of Antipatros.[63]
262–261 BC	Arrheneides	Antigonus Gonatas imposes a new regime on Athens.[63]
261–260 BC	[...]sinus[64]
260–259 BC	Philostratus
259–258 BC	Philinus
258–257 BC	Antiphon
257–256 BC	Thymochares
256–255 BC	Antimachus
255–254 BC	Cleomachus
254–253 BC	Phanostratus
253–252 BC	Pheidostratus
252–251 BC	Callimedes
251–250 BC	Thersilochus
250–249 BC	Polyeuctus
249–248 BC	Hieron
248–247 BC	Diomedon
247–246 BC	Theophemus
246–245 BC	Philoneos
245–244 BC	Cydenor
244–243 BC	Lysiades
243–242 BC	Eurycleides
242–241 BC	Phanomachus
241–240 BC	Lyceus
240–239 BC	Polystratus
239–238 BC	Athenodorus
238–237 BC	Lysias
237–236 BC	Alkibiades
236–235 BC	Cimon
235–234 BC	Ecphantus
234–233 BC	Lysanias
233–232 BC	Unknown
232–231 BC	Mneseides (?)
231–230 BC	Jason (?)
230–228 BC	Unknown
228–227 BC	Heliodorus
227–226 BC	Leochares[65]
226–225 BC	Theophilus
225–224 BC	Ergochares
224–223 BC	Nicetes
223–222 BC	Antiphilus[66]
222–221 BC	Euxenus
221–220 BC	Unknown
220–219 BC	Thrasyphon[67]
219–218 BC	Menecrates
218–217 BC	Chaerephon
217–216 BC	Callimachus
216–215 BC	Unknown
215–214 BC	Hagnias
214–213 BC	Diocles	First Macedonian War begins. (214 BC)
213–212 BC	Euphiletus
212–211 BC	Heracleitus
211–210 BC	Archelaus
210–209 BC	Aeschron[68]
209–208 BC	Unknown[69]
208–207 BC	Unknown
207–206 BC	Callistratus
206–205 BC	Pantiades
205–204 BC	Diodotus
204–203 BC	Apollodorus
203–202 BC	Proxenides
202–201 BC	Dionysius
201–200 BC	Isocrates[70]
200–199 BC	Nicophon
199–198 BC	[...]ppus
198–197 BC	Unknown
197–196 BC	Ancylus
196–195 BC	Pleistaenus[71]
195–194 BC	Unknown
194-193 BC	Dionysius
193–192 BC	Phanarchides
192–191 BC	Diodotus
191–190 BC	Timouchus
190–189 BC	Demetrius
189–188 BC	Euthycritus
188–187 BC	Symmachus
187–186 BC	Theoxenus
186–185 BC	Zopyrus
185–184 BC	Eupolemus
184–183 BC	Charicles[71]
183–182 BC	Hermogenes
182–181 BC	Timesianax
181–180 BC	Hippias
180–179 BC	Dionysius
179–178 BC	Menedemus
178–177 BC	Philon
177–176 BC	[...]ppus
176–175 BC	Hippacus
175–174 BC	Sonicus
174–173 BC	Alexander
173–172 BC	Alexis
172–171 BC	Sosigenes
171–170 BC	Antigenes
170–169 BC	Aphrodisius
169–168 BC	Eunicus
168–167 BC	Xenocles
167–166 BC	Nicosthenes
166–165 BC	Achaeus (?)[72]
165–164 BC	Pelops
164–163 BC	Euergetes
163–162 BC	Erastus
162–161 BC	Poseidonius
161–160 BC	Aristolas
160–159 BC	Tychandrus
159–158 BC	Aristaemus[73]
158–157 BC	Aristaechmus
157–156 BC	Anthesterius
156–155 BC	Callistratus
155–154 BC	Mnestheus
154–153 BC	Unknown
153–152 BC	Phaidrias
152–151 BC	Andreas (?)[74]
151–150 BC	Zeleucus (?)[74]
150–149 BC	Speusippos (?)[74]	Fourth Macedonian War begins (150 BC).
149–148 BC	Lysiades (?)[74]
148–147 BC	Archon
147–146 BC	Epicrates	Rome takes control of Greece

Roman period

Main article: Roman Greece

See also: History of the Roman Empire

Year	Eponymous archon	Other officials or notable events
146–145 BC	Aristophantus (?)[73][74]
145–144 BC	Metrophanes (?)[74]
144–143 BC	Theaetetus
143–142 BC	Aristophon
142–141 BC	Micion (?)[74]
141–140 BC	[Dionysius]
140–139 BC	Hagnotheus
139–138 BC	Diocles[75]
138–137 BC	Timarchus
137–136 BC	Heracleitus
136–135 BC	Timarchides
135–134 BC	Dionysius
134–133 BC	Nicomachus
133–132 BC	Xenon
132–131 BC	Ergocles
131–130 BC	Epicles
130–129 BC	Demostratus
129–128 BC	Lyciscus
128–127 BC	Dionysius
127–126 BC	Theodorides
126–125 BC	Diotimus
125–124 BC	Jason
124–123 BC	Nicias (died); Isigenes
123–122 BC	Demetrius
122–121 BC	Nicodemus
121–120 BC	Phocion (?)
120–119 BC	Eumachus
119–118 BC	Hipparchus
118–117 BC	Lenaeus
117–116 BC	Menoetes
116–115 BC	Sarapion
115–114 BC	Nausias
114–113 BC	[...]raton
113–112 BC	Paramonus
112–111 BC	Dionysius
111–110 BC	Sosicrates
110–109 BC	Polycleitus
109–108 BC	Jason
108–107 BC	Demochares
107–106 BC	Aristarchus
106–105 BC	Agathocles
105–104 BC	Andronides (?)
104–103 BC	Heracleides
103–102 BC	Theocles
102–101 BC	Echecrates
101–100 BC	Medeius	Served as archon again in 91-90, 90-89, 89-88 BC.
100–99 BC	Theodosius
99–98 BC	Procles
98–97 BC	Argeius
97–96 BC	Heracleitus
96–95 BC	[...]craton
95–94 BC	Theodotus
94–93 BC	Callias
93–92 BC	Criton
92–91 BC	Menedemus
91–90 BC	Medeius	Previously served as archon in 101-100 BC, continued in office for the next two years, probably indicating a constitutional crisis.
90–89 BC	Medeius
89–88 BC	Medeius
88–87 BC	anarchy	Athens captured by Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who reorganizes its government
87–86 BC	Philanthes
86–85 BC	"Hierophant"	His personal name is obscured due to hieronymy
85–84 BC	Pythocritus
84–83 BC	Nicetas
83–82 BC	Pammenes
82–81 BC	Demetrius
81–80 BC	Ar[...]
80–79 BC	Apollodorus
79-78 BC	Unknown
78–77 BC	Aeschraeus
77-76 BC	Seleucus
76–75 BC	Heracleodoros
75–74 BC	Aeschines
74–73 BC	Unknown
73–72 BC	Nicetes (?)
72–71 BC	Unknown
71–70 BC	Aristoxenus (?)
70–69 BC	Criton (?)
69–67 BC	Unknown
67–66 BC	Theoxenus (?)
66–65 BC	Medeius (?)	Probably the son of Medeius, archon in 101-100, 91-90, 90-89, and 89-88 BC
65–64 BC	Unknown
64-63 BC	Oenophilus
63-62 BC	[...]ius
62–61 BC	Aristeius
61–60 BC	Theophemus
60–59 BC	Herodes[76]
59–58 BC	Leucius
58–57 BC	Calliphon
57–56 BC	Diocles
56–55 BC	Coentus
55–54 BC	Aristoxenus
54–53 BC	Zenon
53–52 BC	Diodorus
52–51 BC	Lysander
51–50 BC	Lysiades
50–49 BC	Demetrius
49–48 BC	Demochares
48–47 BC	Philocrates
47–46 BC	Diocles
46–45 BC	Eucles
45–44 BC	Diocles
44–43 BC	Leucius / Lucius of Rhamnous
43-42 BC	Polycharmus
42–41 BC	Euthydomus
41–40 BC	Nicander
40–39 BC	Philostratus
39–38 BC	Diocles of Melite
38–37 BC	Menander of Steiria
37–36 BC	Callicratides (?)
36–35 BC	Asclepiodorus
35–34 BC	Theopeithes
34–33 BC	Apollogenes (?)
33–32 BC	Cleidamus
32-31 BC	Unknown
31–30 BC	Unknown
30–29 BC	Architemus
29–26 BC	Unknown	The Roman Republic transitions into the Roman Empire upon Octavian being granted the title "Augustus" by the Roman Senate.
26–25 BC	Dioteimus
25–22 BC	Unknown
22–21 BC	Apolexis
20–19 BC	Demeas
19–17 BC	Unknown
17-16 BC	Ae[...][77]
16–15 BC	Pythagoras[77]
15–14 BC	Antiochus[77]
14–13 BC	Polyaenus
13–12 BC	Zenon
12–11 BC	Leonidas
11–10 BC	Theophilus
10–9 BC	Nicias
9–8 BC	Xenon
8–7 BC	Apolexis son of Philocrates[78]
7–6 BC	Unknown
6–5 BC	Nicostratus
5–4 BC	Cotys	King of Thrace, father of Rhoemetalces, archon of 36-37.[79]
4–3 BC	Anaxagoras
3–2 BC	Demochares
2–1 BC	Polycharmus
1 BC–AD 1	Lacon
1–2	Democrates
2–3	[...] of Sounium
3–4	[...] of Sphettus
4–5	[...]on
5–23	Unknown
23–24	M[...]	The archons from M... to Antipater are traditionally assigned to AD 23-31, but may be up to seven years earlier than this.[80]
24–25	Charm[...]
25–26	Callicr[...]
26–27	Pamphilus
27–28	Themistocles
28–29	Oenophilus
29–30	Boethus
30–31	[(Vipsanius) Antipa]ter	Son of Antipater of Phlya; father of the archon of 45-46, grandfather of the archon of ca. 75, and ancestor of the archon of ca. 110-115.[81]
31-36	Unknown
36–37	King Rhoemetalces Ne(oterus)	King of Odrysian Thrace[82] Son of Cotys, archon of 5-4 BC.
37–38	Arist[...] (?)
38-39	Polycritus (?)
39-40	Zen[on] (?)
40-41	[...]ouius Leo[...][83]
41-45	Unknown
ca. 42	Ti. Claudius Lysiades the younger	Presumably son of another archon named Lysiades, ancestor of Ti. Claudius Lysiades, Demostratus, and Philippus, archons of 174-175, 180-181, and 193-194.[84]
45–46	(Vipsanius) Antipater neoterus	Son of the archon of 30-31, father of the archon of ca. 75, and ancestor of the archon of ca. 110-115.[85]
46–49	Unknown
49–50	Deinophilus
50–54	Unknown
53–54	Dionysodorus
54–56	Unknown
56–57	Konon	Grandfather of Flavius Sophocles, archon of 103-104.[86]
57–61	Unknown
61–62	Thrasyllus
62–65	Unknown
64–65	C. Carrinus Secundus, son of Gaius
65–66	Demostratus
66-74	Unknown
ca. 75	(Vipsanius) Aeolion[87]	Grandson of the archon of 30/1, son of the archon of 45/6, and grandfather of the archon of ca. 110-115.[88]
75–81	Unknown
82-83	Anarchy	Synchronised by Phlegon of Tralles with the consulship of Domitian and Petilus Rufus
83-84	Annius [Thrasylus]?
ca. 84-90	Q. Vibius Crispus
ca. 85	Ti. Claudius Demostratus of Sounium	Exact date uncertain
87-88	Domitian	As Roman Emperor
ca. 80-90	L. Flavius Flammas of Cydathenaeum	Exact date uncertain
ca. 85-90	T. Flavius Leosthenes of Paeania	Exact date uncertain
91-92	Q. Trebellius Rufus	Also a Roman Senator and high priest of the imperial cult for Narbonese Gaul.[89]
92-93	anarchy
ca. 93	C. Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappus (?)	Grandson of the last king of Commagene
ca. 94	[Annius Pythod]orus
95–96	Octavius Theon
96–97	Octavius Proclus
97-99	unknown
99–100	T. Coponius Maximus of Hagnus
100–101	Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus of Marathon
101–102	Flavius Stratolaus
102-103	Claudius Demophilus
103-104	Flavius Sophocles of Sounium	Grandson of Conon, archon of 56-57 or 57-58.[90]
104-105	T. Flavius Alcibiades of Paeania	Son of T. Flavius Leosthenes, archon ca. 85-90 AD[91]
105-106	unknown
106-107	Cassius Diogenes
107-108	Flavius Euphanes
108-109	G. Julius Cassius of Steiria	Ancestor of Cassianus Apollonius, archon ca. 203-208, Cassianus "Sacred Herald", archon of 231-232, and Cassianus Philippus, archon of 237-238.[92]
109–110	Flavius Pantaenus of Gargettus	Builder of the Library of Pantainos
ca. 110-115	Vipsanius Aeolion of Phlya	Grandson of (Vipsanius) Aeolion, archon ca. 75 AD.[93]
ca. 110-120	Diocles of Phalerum
111–112	Hadrian	Subsequently Roman emperor
ca. 112-115	Didius Secundus of Sphettus
ca. 115	Galerius Em-
116–117	Flavius Macrinus of Acharnae
ca. 120	Fulvius Metrodorus of Sounium
ca. 120	Zopyrus son of Dionysius of Agryle
ca. 120-130	D. Junius Patron of Berenicidae
ca. 125	Ti. Claudius Chrysippus of Phlya
126–127	Herodes Atticus	Adoptive son and nephew of Vibullius Hipparchus, archon in 118/9, also builder the Panathenaic Stadium and the Odeon, and a notable sophist.[94]
127–128	Memmius Peisander of Collytus
ca. 128–131	Claudius Dometianus
131–132	Claudius Philogenes of Besa
ca. 130-140	Q. Alleius Epictetus
ca. 130-140	Popillius Ligys
ca. 130-140	L. ... of Anaphlystus	Name not preserved and date very approximate.
138–139	Praxagoras Timotheus of Thoricus
139–140	T. Flavius Alcibiades	Son of T. Flavius Alcibiades, archon in 104/5[95]
140–141	Ti. Claudius Attalus Andragathus of Sphettus	Originally of Synnada in Phrygia, also patron of the association of Dionysiac artists, priest of the Harmony of the Greeks and Zeus Eleutherius at Plataia[96]
141–142	P. Aelius Phileas of Melite
142–143	P. Aelius Alexander of Phalerum
143–144	P. Aelius Vibullius Rufus of Marathon	Son of Vibullius Hipparchus, archon in 118/9 and nephew of Herodes Atticus, archon in 126/7
144–145	Sulla	Assignment to this year is not certain.[97]
145–146	Arrian	Originally of Nicomedia, also Roman consul ca. 130, governor of Cappadocia, and historian.
146–147	T. Flavius [...]	The record of his name is garbled; it might have been "Tiberius Flavius Alcibiades."[98]
ca. 147–152	L. Nummius "Sacred Herald" of Phalerum	His personal name is obscured due to hieronymy
150–151	Aelius Ardys
152–153 or 153-154	L. Nummius Menis of Phalerum
152–153 or 153-154	Pompeius "Torchbearer"	His personal name is obscured due to hieronymy
154–155	(Aelius) Praxagoras of Melite
155–156	Popillius Theotimus of Sounium
ca. 156–160	Aelius Callicrates
ca. 156-160	Aelius Gelos of Phalerum
156-157 or 157-158	Lycomedes of Leuconoeum
157-158 or 159-160	Dionysius of Leuconoeum
158–159	Ti. Aurelius Philemon of Philaedae
159-160	Unknown
160-161	P. Aelius Themison, also called Pammenes of Azenia
161–162	L. Memmius "Altar priest" of Thoricus	His personal name is obscured due to hieronymy
162-163	Flavius Harpalianus of Steiria
163–164	Philistides of Piraeus	Father of Aristocleides, archon of 176-177 and Philistides, archon of ca. 194-200, grandfather of Aurelius Philistides, archon of ca. 225 AD.[99]
164–165	'Arrius Epaphroditus
165–166	Sextus of Phalerum
166–167	Marcus Valerius Mamertinus of Marathon	Subject of a trial before Marcus Aurelius.[100]
167–168	anarchy	Rotoff suggests that the absence of an archon for this year, and two of the following four years, was likely due to the Antonine Plague.[101]
168–169	Tineius Ponticus of Besa
169–170	anarchy
170–171	Tiberius Memmius Flaccus of Marathon
171–172	anarchy
172–173	Lucius Gellius Xenagoras of Melite	Originally of Delphi. Father of Xenagoras, archon of ca. 213-220.[102]
173–174	Veisius Piso of Melite
ca. 174–175	Ti. Claudius Lysiades of Melite	Descendant of Lysiades the younger, archon ca. 42 AD, brother of Ti. Claudius Demostratus, archon of 180-181, and uncle of Ti. Claudius Philippus, archon of 193/4.[103]
175–176	Claudius Heracleides of Melite
176-177	Aristocleides of Piraeus	Son of Philistides, archon of 163-164, brother of Philistides, archon of ca. 194-200, uncle of Aurelius Philistides, archon of ca. 225 AD.[104]
177-178 or 178-179	Sallustianus Aeolion of Phyla
179-180	[Scrib]onius Capito
180–181	Claudius Demostratus	Descendant of Lysiades the younger, archon ca. 42 AD, brother of Ti. Claudius Lysaides, archon of ca. 174-175, and father of Ti. Claudius Philippus, archon of 193/4.[105]
181-182	Athenodorus of Eitea
182–183	Marcus Munatius Maximianus Vopiscus of Azenia	Father of Munatius Themison, archon ca. 205.[106]
183–184	Domitius Aristaeus of Paeonidae	Perhaps an uncle of Domitius Arabianus, archon ca. 216-226 and thus originally from Amastris.[107]
184–185	Titus Flavius Sosigenes of Pallene
185–186	Philotimus son of Arcesidemus of Elaeous
186–187	C. Fabius Thisbianus of Marathon	Probably father of Fabius "torchbearer", archon ca. 210-211. Perhaps of Peloponesian origin.[108]
187–188	Ti. Claudius Bradua Atticus	Son of Herodes Atticus, archon of 126-127
188–189	Commodus	Also Roman Emperor
189–190	Menogenes
190–191	Julius "Hierophant"	His personal name is obscured due to hieronymy
191–192	Gaius Pinarius Proculus of Hagnus
192–193	Unknown
ca. 192-200	Aelius Alexander of Phalerum	Brother of Aelius Gelos, archon ca. 192-200.[109]
ca. 192-200	Aelius Gelos of Phalerum	Brother of Aelius Alexander, archon ca. 192-200.[110]
ca. 192-200	Quintus ... of Eleusis
ca. 192-200	Pompeius Alexander of Acharnae
193–194	Ti. Claudius "Torchbearer"	His personal name is obscured due to hieronymy, but is known from earlier sources to have been Philippus. Descendant of Lysiades the younger, archon ca. 42 AD, nephew of Ti. Claudius Lysaides, archon of ca. 174-175, and son of Ti. Claudius Demostratus, archon of 180-181.[111]
ca. 194-201	Philisteides of Piraeus	Son of Philistides, archon of 163-164, brother of Aristocleides, archon of ca. 176-177, uncle of Aurelius Philistides, archon of ca. 225 AD.[112]
195-196	Gaius Helvidius Secundus of Pallene
ca. 195-205	Flavius "Iacchagogue" of Agryle	His personal name is obscured due to hieronymy
196-197	Unknown
ca. 196-206	Claudius Phocas of Marathon
197-198	Annius ... of Sphettus	Uncertain
ca. 199-200	Flavius Straton
197-198	Xenokles (?)
198–199	Titus Flavius Sosigenes Palleneus (?)
199-200	Dionysodorus Eucarpon (?)
ca. 200	Pomp. Hegias of Phalerum
ca. 200	Aurelius Dem[...] (?)
Early 3rd cent.	P. Aelius Apollonius of Pallene
ca. 200-220	Claudius Apolloniarius
200-201	Unknown
201-202	C. Quintus Himertus of Marathon	Father of Cleon, archon ca. 215-226.[113]
202-203	Anarchy
203-209	Unknown
ca. 203-208	Gaius Cassianus Apollonius of Steiria	Descendant of Julius Cassius, archon of 108-109, cousin of Cassianus "Sacred Herald", archon of 231-232, and father of Cassianus Philippus, archon of 237-238.[114]
ca. 205	M. Munatius Themison of Azenia	Son of Munatius Maximianus Vopiscus, archon of 182-183.[115]
209–210	Flavius Diogenes of Marathon
ca. 210-211	Fabius "Torchbearer" of Marathon	His personal name is obscured due to hieronymy, from earlier sources it is known to have been Thisbianus. Probably son of Fabius Thisbianus, archon of 186-187.[116]
ca. 210-220	Aelius He[racleides?] of Steiria
210-215	Unknown
ca. 212-	... Agathocles	Following the Constitutio Antoniniana in this year, Roman citizenship and was extended to all Athenians who had not already received it, with the nomen Aurelius.
ca. 213-220	L. Gellius Xenagoras of Melite	Son of Xenagoras, archon of 172-173.[117]
ca. 213-220	Ti. Claudius L- of Melite
ca. 213-230	Aurelius Calliphron presbyterus
215–216	Aurelius Dionysius of Acharnae
216-220	Unknown
ca. 216–226	Domitius Arabianus of Marathon	Probably Marcus Ulpius Domitius Aristaeus Arabianus, legate of Asia ca. 208-217, originally of Amastris. Perhaps a nephew of Domitius Aristaeus, archon ca. 183-184.[118]
ca. 216-226	G. Quintus Cleon of Marathon	Son of Himertus, archon of 201-202.[119]
ca. 216-226	Ti. Claudius Patroclus of Lamptrae
220–221	Philinus
ca. 220	P. Pomp. Hegias of Phalerum
ca. 220-230	G. Pinarius Bassus
221-222	Unknown
222-223	Aurelius Melpomenus
223-227	Unknown
ca. 225	Aurelius Philistides	Grandson of Philistides, archon of 163-164, nephew of Philistides, archon ca. 194-201, and son of Aristocleides, archon of ca. 176-177.[120]
227-228	A- ...
228-231	Unknown
ca.230	Marcus Ulpius Eubiotus Leurus of Hypata	Suffect consul sometime before his archonship, related by marriage to Emperor Pupienus.
231-232	Cassianus "Sacred Herald" of Steiria	His personal name is obscured due to hieronymy, from earlier sources we know that it was Bassus. Descendant of Julius Cassius, archon of 108-109, cousin of Cassianus Apollonius, archon ca. 203-208 and Cassianus Philippus, archon of 237-238.[121]
232-235	Unknown
234–235	... Epictetus of Acharnae
236-237	Unknown
240–241	Cas[sianus Philippus] of Steiria	Descendant of Julius Cassius, archon of 108-109, son of Cassianus Apollonius, archon ca. 203-208, cousin of Cassianus "Sacred Herald", archon of 231-232.[122]
238-240	Unknown
239-240 or 240-241	Flavius Asclepiades of Diomeia
240-255	Unknown
ca. 240-253	Aurelius Laudicianus
ca. 240-260	Claudius Teres	Originally from Illyria.
ca. 250	Marcus Aurelius Calliphron, also called Frontinus of Gargettus	Father of Cornelianus, archon ca. 260.[123]
255-256	Lucius Flavius Philostratus of Steiria	Perhaps grandson of the author Philostratus
ca. 255	Aurelius Dionysius of Lamptrae
ca.255	P. Herennius Dexippus	Also archon Basileus? Later led Athenian troops against the Heruls.
255-264	Unknown
ca. 260	M. Herennius Calliphron, also called Cornelianus of Gargettus	Son of Calliphron / Frontinus, archon ca. 250.[124]
264–265[125]	Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus	Also Roman Emperor
ca. 267-268	Titus Flavius Mondon of Phlya	Archon twice and also priest of Athena Polias and the Harmony of the Greeks; he was originally from Thespiae.[126]
between 300 and 330	Constantine the Great[127][128]
between 300 and 350	Hegeias
end 4th century	Phaedrus
386-387	Hermogenes
c. 475	Theagenes
484-485	Nicagoras

See also

• Category:Eponymous archons
• Timeline of ancient Greece
• Regnal name
• Archon basileus
• Hierotheos the Thesmothete, reported first head of the Christians of Athens.
• Polemarch (replaced in 501 BC by ten strategoi)
• Roman consul

References

1. At first the chief of the city was only a priest. "The charge of the public sacrifices of the city belongs according to religious custom, not to special priests, but to those men who derive their dignity from the hearth, and who are here called kings, elsewhere Prytaneis, and again archons." (Aristotle, Politics, VIII.5)
2. Michael Rostovtzeff, Greece, passim.
3. "The Athenian archons when they entered upon their duties ascended to the Acropolis wearing crowns of myrtles, and offered a sacrifice to the titular, divinity of the town. It was also customary for them to wear crowns of foliage when they exercised their functions. And it is certain that the crown, which became and which still remains the emblem of power, was then only a religious symbol, an exterior sign, which accompanied prayer and sacrifice. Amongst the nine archons, the second archon, the one called the King, was the representative of the high priestly function of the old Kings, but each of his colleagues had some priestly duty to fulfill, some sacrifice to offer to the gods. ("Gustave Ducoudray, The history of ancient civilization: a handbook, 1889 pg 129)
4. Gods, Heroes and Tyrants: Greek Chronology in Chaos By Emmet John Sweeney.
5. Green, Peter (2009). "Diodorus Siculus on the Third Sacred War". In Marincola, John (ed.). A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Vol. 2. Oxford, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons. p. 364. ISBN 9780470766286.
6. Fox The Classical World p. 122
7. Lacey The Family in Ancient Greece p. 139-145
8. Adkins Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece p. 35-36
9. Aristotle Constitution of Athens, 3
10. The son of Codrus was lame, which was why his brother Neileus would not let him rule, but the Delphian oracle bestowed the kingdom upon Medon. For more see Pausanias, Description of Greece, 7. 2. 1.
11. Constitution of Athens and Related Texts – Page 70
12. John Blair, Blair's Chronological and Historical Tables: From the Creation to the Present Time, with Additions and Corrections from the Most Authentic Writers, Including the Computation of St. Paul, as Connecting the Period from the Exode to the Temple. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1844. pg. 27
13. John Lemprière, A Classical Dictionary pg. 183
14. Pausanias, Description of Greece, Volume 3 – Page 64. (cf. "The successors of Codrus were Medon (son of Codrus), Acastus (son of Medon), Archippus (son of Acastus), Thersippus (son of Archippus), Phorbas (son of Thersippus), Megacles (son of Phorbas), Diognetus (son of Megacles), Pherecles (son of Diognetus), Ariphron (son of Pherecles), Thespieus (son of Ariphron), Agamestor (son of Thespieus), Aeschylus (son of Agamestor), Alcmaeon. All these, according to the common tradition, held the archonship for life. After Alcmaeon the tenure of the office was made decennial. The first decennial archon was Charops, the second was Aesimides, and the third was Clidicus. See Eusebius, Chronic. vol. 1. pp. 185–190, ed. Schone.")
15. Michael Russell, A Connection of Sacred and Profane History, Pg 355
16. See Historicity of the Iliad.
17. Herodotus 2.53.
18. George Crabb, Universal Historical Dictionary pg. 91
19. According to Diodorus Siculus (of the 1st century BC).
20. Blair, Chronological and Historical Tables pg. 30
21. Herodotus, George Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. The History of Herodotus: A New English Version, Ed. with Copious Notes and Appendices, Illustrating the History and Geography of Herodotus, from the Most Recent Sources of Information; and Embodying the Chief Results, Historical and Ethnographical, which Have Been Obtained in the Progress of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphical Discovery, Volume 3. Appleton, 1882. Pg 316
22. Evelyn Abbott. A Skeleton Outline of Greek History: Chronologically Arranged. Pg 27.
23. The Roman Antiquities, Volume 1. By Dionysius (Halicarnassensis). pg 162.
24. History of Ancient and Modern Greece. By John Frost. Pg 35
25. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus
26. Pausanias's Description of Greece, 4.5.3; Volume 3 By Pausanias. Pg 64
27. Henry-Fines Clinton. Fasti Hellenici, the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece, from the Earliest Accounts to the Death of Augustus. University Press, 1834 pg 241, Pg 166
28. Nicolas Lenglet Dufresnoy. Chronological Tables of Universal History: Sacred and Profane, Ecclesiastical and Civil; from the Creation of the World, to the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Forty-three. With a Preliminary Discourse on the Short Method of Studying History; and a Catalogue of Books Necessary for that Purpose; with Some Remarks on Them, Volume 1. A. Millar, 1762. Pg 124
29. John Blair. Blair's Chronological and Historical Tables: From the Creation to the Present Time, with Additions and Corrections from the Most Authentic Writers, Including the Computation of St. Paul, as Connecting the Period from the Exode to the Temple. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, Paternoster Row., 1844. Pg 38
30. Blair's Chronological and Historical Tables. Pg 39
31. Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates of archons down to 481/0 BC are taken from T. J. Cadoux, "The Athenian Archons from Kreon to Hypsichides", Journal of Hellenic Studies, 68 (1948), pp. 70-123
32. Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 88
33. Cadoux notes "We cannot be sure that it was the same man who held the second archonship, nor, if we held that it was, do we know anything of the circumstances under which this happened. Nor, again, do we know if this man or men belonged to the Philaid family." ("Athenian Archons", p. 90)
34. Cadoux notes this entry is based on a surviving passage of Hippys of Rhegion which is very obscure; Hippys states one Epainetos was king at Athens in the 36th Olympiad. However, this statement is full of mistakes which makes Cadooux suspicious of this passage. ("Athenian Archons", p. 91)
35. Per one surviving fragment of the Athenian Archon list. Donald W. Bradeen, "The Fifth-Century Archon List", Hesperia, 32 (1963), pp. 187-208
36. Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 103
37. So Cadoux and Alan Samuel; Benjamin D. Merrit notes the name could be read "Onetorides". (Merrit, "Greek inscriptions, 14-27", Hesperia, 8 (1939), p 60)
38. This identification has been questioned by Matthew P. J. Dillon, "Was Kleisthenes of Pleisthenes Archon at Athens in 525 BC?", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 155 (2006), pp. 91-107
39. Herodotus, Histories, books V and VI Google Books link
40. But he adds, "It seems gratuitous to invent a third Miltiades-presumably from another family; and there are no solid chronological grounds for rejecting either of the two Philaids." (Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 110)
41. See Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", pp. 111f
42. Alan Samuel is doubtful this archon existed, claiming this is based on Eustathius' misunderstanding his source, which provides the date Pindar died, not when he was born. Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology (Muenchen: Beck'sche, 1972), p. 204
43. Cadoux suspects this is a corruption of the archon's real name. ("Athenian Archons", p. 116)
44. Added from Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, p. 205
45. Nine archons were appointed by lot by the tribes from 500 nominees chosen by the demes and that this was the method in the Archonship of Telesinus. See also the Areopagite constitution.
46. Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 119
47. Unless otherwise noted, archons from 480/79 to 348/7 BC are taken from Alan E. Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology (Muenchen: Beck'sche, 1972), pp. 206-210.
48. "Calliades was archon in Athens, and the Romans made Spurius Cassius and Proculus Verginius Tricostus consuls, and the Eleians celebrated the Seventy-fifth Olympiad, that in which Astylus of Syracuse won the 'stadion.' It was in this year that king Xerxes made his campaign against Greece" (Diodorus, 11.1.2)
49. Alternative spellings are taken from Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, pp. 206-210
50. Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, p. 207
51. Develin 1989, p. 78.
52. Classical Philology. p. 53
53. The Works of Xenophon: & II and Anabasis. 1890 By Xenophon. Pg 98
54. Thucydides (2.2) states that it began "in the 48th year of the priestess-ship of Chrysis at Argos, in the ephorate of Aenesias at Sparta, in the last month but two of the archonship of Pythodorus at Athens." Thucydides reports a solar eclipse that summer (2.28), which can be confidently dated to 3 August 431 BC. (E. J. Bickerman, Chronology of the Ancient World (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1968), p. 87)
55. Thucydides: Arguments. Peloponnesian War, Book III (cont'd.)-VI By Thucydides. Pg 208
56. Sophocles: The Oedipus Coloneus. 3d ed. 1900 By Sophocles, Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb. Pg 4. (cf. Micon was [the Archon of] 402 B.C., Callias of [the Archon of] 406 B.C. Between them came Alexias (405), Pythodorus (404, the Anarchy), and Eucleides (403).)
57. Unless otherwise noted, archons from 347/6 to 301/0 BC are taken from Benjamin D. Meritt, "Athenian Archons 347/6–48/7 B.C.", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 26 (1977), pp. 161–191
58. Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, p. 210
59. Unless otherwise noted, archons from 300/299 to 228/7 BC are taken from Michael J. Osborne, "The Archons of Athens 300/299-228/7", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 171 (2009), pp. 83-99
60. The order in which these three archons held their office is not yet clear. (Osborne, "Archons of Athens", p. 85 n. 14)
61. This year is commonly attributed to "Gorgias" based on Pseudo-Plutarch (Vitae Decem Oratorum, 847D); however, Gorgias may be a corruption of the very rare name "Ourias" archon in 281/0 BC; Gorgias is thus a ghost. (Osborne, "Archons of Athens", p. 87 n. 21)
62. Osborne notes that Pytharatus "is one of the very few archons of the 3rd century after the 290s to be securely dated on the basis of Olympiads and literary testimony." "Archons of Athens", p. 88 n. 26
63. Osborne, "Archons of Athens", p. 90 n. 29
64. Voula Bardani and Stephen Tracy, "A New List of Athenian Ephebes and a New Archon of Athens", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 163 (2007), pp. 75-80
65. Unless otherwise noted, archons from 227/6 to 211/0 BC are taken from Michael Osborne, "The Date of the Athenian Archon Thrasyphon", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 164 (2008), pp. 85-8
66. Aleshire had placed Hoplon at this year because there was a gap; however, Osborne's latest revision of the Archon list has removed that gap. For further details, see Aleshire, "The Athenian Archon Hoplon", Hesperia, 57 (1988), pp. 253-5
67. Thrasyphon is commonly dated to 221/0 BC based on a Magnesian inscription that allows his archonship to be dated to the fourth year of Olympiad 139; Osborne has argued that the correlation is not that exact and his archonship could fall in the first year of Olympiad 140. (Osborne, "The Date", pp. 85, 88)
68. Merrit disagrees, placing Sostratos here and providing a primary source; Osborne provides no supporting evidence for Aeschron here. Merritt, "Athenian Archons", p. 178
69. Unless otherwise noted, the archons from 209/8 to 201/0 BC are taken from John S. Traill, "A Revision of Hesperia, XLIII, 1974, 'A New Ephebic Inscription from the Athenian Agora'", Hesperia, 45 (1976), pp. 296-303
70. Unless otherwise noted, archons from 201/0 to 160/59 BC are taken from Osborne, "Archons of Athens"
71. Following the arguments of John S. Traill, "The Athenian Archon Pleistainos", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 103 (1994), pp. 109-114
72. Christian Habicht argues that, based on the floruit of the letter-cutter of inscription did not extend beyond 185 BC, Achaeus' archonship occurred earlier and places Epaenetus in this year. (Habicht, "The Eponymous Archons", p. 245)
73. Unless otherwise noted, archons from 159/8 to 141/0 BC are taken from Christian Habicht, "The Eponymous Archons of Athens from 159/8 to 141/0 B. C.", Hesperia, 57 (1988), pp. 237-247
74. Habicht expresses less certainty about the dates of these seven archones. (Habicht, "The Eponymous Archons", p. 246)
75. Unless otherwise noted, archons from 139/8 to 61/60 BC are taken from Merrit, "Athenian Archons"
76. Unless otherwise noted, archons from 60/59 to 10/9 BC are taken from Simone Follet, "Deux inscriptions attiques inédites copiées par l'abbé Michel Fourmont (Parisinus Suppl. gr. 854)", Revue des Études Grecques, 118 (2005). pp. 1-14.
77. Samuel adds these three names, as well as the next four, citing IG III² 1713 for their presence in the archon list. (Greek and Roman), p. 226
78. Unless otherwise noted, archons from 8/7 BC to AD 74 are taken from Samuel, Greek and Roman, pp. 223–237
79. Identified with a member of the Thracian Royal house based on IG II² 1070, making him the first verified foreigner to be the Athenian Eponymous archon. (Robert K. Sherk, "The Eponymous Officials of Greek Cities: I", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 83 (1990), p. 275)
80. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 489
81. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 488–489
82. R. Neubauer, "Das Archontat des Rhoemetalkas in Athen", Hermes, 10 (1876), pp. 145–152
83. Or eponymous archon in 41/2.
84. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 153-164
85. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 488–489
86. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 243-244
87. Unless otherwise noted, archons from AD 74 to 267 are taken from Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 501–510
88. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 488–489
89. James H. Oliver, "Greek Inscriptions", Hesperia: The American Excavations in the Athenian Agora: Twenty-First Report, 11 (1942), p. 80
90. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 243-244
91. Gustav Hirschfeld, "Die Familie des Titus Flavius Aklibiades", Hermes, 7 (1873), pp. 52–61
92. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 314–320
93. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 489–491
94. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 114–115
95. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 256–257
96. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 138–139
97. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 508, 527
98. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 246
99. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. xv
100. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 462
101. Rotoff, "An Athenian Archon List", p. 408
102. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 281-282
103. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 153-164
104. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. xv
105. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 153-164
106. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 370
107. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 218-221
108. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 225
109. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 6-7
110. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 6-7
111. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 153-164
112. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. xv
113. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 420
114. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 314–320
115. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 370
116. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 225
117. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 281-282
118. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 218-221
119. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 420
120. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. xv
121. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 314–320
122. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 314–320
123. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 290-291
124. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 290-291
125. After 265, the record is so fragmentary that "Unknown" is not indicated past this point.
126. Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 266-267
127. So claimed by James H. Oliver, "Roman Emperors and Athens", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 30 (1981), 423
128. Unless otherwise noted, archons for 300 to 484-485 are taken from Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, pp. 234–237.

Further reading

• Adkins, Lesley and Roy A. Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece New York: Oxford University Press 1997 ISBN 0-19-512491-X
• Aristotle's Athenian Constitution
• Develin, Robert (1989). Athenian Officials 684–321 BC. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32880-2.
• Dinsmoor, William Bell The Archons of Athens in the Hellenistic Age. Cambridge, 1931 (1966 reprint)
• Dinsmoor, William Bell The Athenian Archon List in the Light of Recent Discoveries. Columbia University Press, 1939 (1974 reprint, ISBN 0-8371-4735-2)
• Fox, Robin Lane The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian New York: Basic Books 2006 ISBN 0-465-02496-3
• Hamel, Debra Athenian Generals: Military Authority in the Classical Period. Koninklijke Brill NV, 1998.
• Graindor, Paul Chronologie des archontes athéniens sous l'Empire, Brussels, 1922 (Mémoires de l'Académie de Belgique, 4°, 1921),
• Lacey, W. K. The Family in Classical Greece Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 1968
• Owens, Ron Justice and the Political Reforms of Solon, Eponymous Archon at Athens, 594–593 BC. Australian National University, 2000.
• Rostovtzeff, Michael. Greece. 2nd.ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963.