List of national flags of sovereign states

"Flags of the World" redirects here. For the website, see Flags of the World (website).

All 193 member states and 2 observer states of the United Nations, in addition to several de facto states, represent themselves with national flags. National flags generally contain symbolism of their respective state and serve as an emblem which distinguishes themselves from other states in international politics. National flags are adopted by governments to strengthen national bonds and legitimate formal authority. Such flags may contain symbolic elements of their peoples, militaries, territories, rulers, and dynasties. The flag of Denmark is the oldest flag still in current use as it has been recognized as a national symbol since the 14th century.

A collage of various national flags around the world (clockwise from top-left):

• The flag of Brazil being digitally drawn on a computer.
• The flag of Papua New Guinea on the patch of a soldier.
• A sports fan waving the flag of South Africa.
• Giant flag of Turkey made of Lego bricks.
• Flag of the United States on the moon during the Apollo 15 moon landing.
• Flags of the United Kingdom and India are hung during a political meeting.
• Flag of Palestine prominently displayed on West Bank Wall graffiti art.
• Hoisted Nordic cross flags flying upon poles.
• A pair of citizens display the flag of China at Antarctica.

Background and definitions

See also: History of flags

According to the Collins English Dictionary, a national flag is "a flag that represents or is an emblem of a country."^[1] The word country can be used to refer to a sovereign state, sometimes also called an independent state.^[2] It is customary in international law that states adopt a flag to distinguish themselves from other states.^[3]

National flags are considered to "provide perhaps the strongest, clearest statement of national identity," and governments have used them to promote and create bonds within the country, motivate patriotism, honor the efforts of citizens, and legitimate formal authority.^[4] Throughout history, elements within flags have been used to symbolize rulers, dynasties, territories, militaries, and peoples of their respective countries.^[5] Flags also conceptually represent a country's core values, such as group membership and love for the country.^[6] In 1975, American vexillologist Whitney Smith stated thus regarding the role of flags in society:^[7][8][9]

So strong is the tradition of flags, we may not be far from the truth in surmising that there is a law – not of nature, but of human society – which impels man to make and use flags. There is perhaps no more striking demonstration of this than the fact that, despite the absence of any international regulation or treaty requiring of a national flag, without exception every country has adopted at least one.

— Whitney Smith, Flags Through the Ages and Across the World, p. 32

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a sovereign state is "a state or nation with a defined territory and a permanent population, which administers its own government, and which is recognized as not subject to or dependent upon another power."^[10] The amount of sovereign states in the world is generally derived from the number of member states of the United Nations (UN), although non-member states do exist,^[11] with such states being called de facto states.^[12] As of 2024, the UN currently includes 193 member states and 2 permanent observer states: Palestine and Vatican City.^[13][14] De facto states include Northern Cyprus,^[15] Abkhazia,^[16] South Ossetia,^[17] Transnistria,^[18] Kosovo,^[19] the Sahrawi Republic,^[20] Somaliland,^[21] and Taiwan.^[12]

The oldest flag of a sovereign state which is currently in use is the flag of Denmark, which has been recognized as a national symbol of the country since the 13th century, although the current version was officially adopted in 1867.^[22][23] All 193 member states and 2 observer states are represented by their respective flags at the Headquarters of the United Nations in New York City.^[24]

Flags of UN member states and observer states

Flags

• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• Y
• Z

— No data

Flags of UN member states and observer states

Flag(s)	State	Aspect ratio	Date of latest adoption[a]	Designer(s)	Description	Refs.
Afghanistan (Islamic Emirate)	Afghanistan[b]	1∶2	August 15, 2021	—	White with a black Shahada in Thuluth script in the center.	[27][28][29][30]
Afghanistan (Islamic Republic)		2∶3	August 19, 2013	—	Three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), red, and green, with the national emblem[c] in white centered on the red band and slightly overlapping the other 2 bands.	[27][31][32][33][34][35]
Albania	Albania	5∶7	April 7, 1992	—	Red with a black double-headed eagle in the center.	[36][37][38][39][40]
Algeria	Algeria	2∶3	July 3, 1962	Disputed[d]	Two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the two-color boundary.	[41][42][43][44]
Andorra	Andorra	7∶10	May 5, 1993	—	Three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red, with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the latter band is slightly wider than the other 2 so that the ratio of band widths is 8:9:8.	[45][46][47][48][49]
Angola	Angola	2∶3	November 11, 1975	Henrique de Carvalho Santos	Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle).	[50][51][52][53][54]
Antigua and Barbuda	Antigua and Barbuda	2∶3	November 1, 1981	Reginald Samuel	Red, with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag; the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and white, with a yellow rising sun in the black band.	[55][56][57][58]
Argentina	Argentina	5∶8	November 23, 2010	Manuel Belgrano	Three equal horizontal bands of sky blue (top), white, and sky blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face (delineated in brown) known as the Sun of May.	[59][60][61][62][63]
Armenia	Armenia	1∶2	August 24, 1990	Hovhannes Kajaznuni Stepan Malkhasyants	Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange.	[64][65][66][67][68][69]
Australia[e]	Australia	1∶2	February 14, 1954	Annie Dorrington Ivor William Evans Leslie Hawkins Egbert Nuttall William Stevens	Blue with the flag of the United Kingdom in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known as the Commonwealth or Federation Star; on the fly half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small, five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars.	[70][71][72][73][74][75]
Civil flag of Austria	Austria	2∶3	May 1, 1945	—	Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red.	[76][77][78][79]
State flag of Austria				—	Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red with the coat of arms of Austria in the center.
Azerbaijan	Azerbaijan	1∶2	August 30, 1991	—	Three equal horizontal bands of sky blue (top), red, and green; a vertical crescent moon and an eight-pointed star in white are centered in the red band.	[80][81][67][82][83][84]
Bahamas	The Bahamas	1∶2	July 10, 1973	Hervis Bain	Three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine, with a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side.	[85][86][87][88][89]
Bahrain	Bahrain	3∶5	February 14, 2002	—	Red with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side.	[90][91][92][93][94][95]
Bangladesh	Bangladesh	3∶5	January 17, 1972	Quamrul Hassan	Green field with a large red disk shifted slightly to the hoist side of center.	[96][97][98][99][100][101]
Barbados	Barbados	2∶3	November 30, 1966	Grantley Prescod	Three equal vertical bands of ultramarine blue (hoist side), gold, and ultramarine blue with the head of a black trident centered on the gold band.	[102][103][104][105][106]
Belarus	Belarus	1∶2	May 1, 2012	—.[f]	Red horizontal band (top) and green horizontal band one-half the width of the red band; a white vertical stripe on the hoist side bears Belarusian national ornamentation in red.	[107][108][109][110][111]
Belgium	Belgium	13∶15	January 23, 1831	Édouard Ducpétiaux Lucien Jottrand	Three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red.	[112][113][114][115][116][117]
Belize	Belize	3:5	September 21, 1981	Everal Waight Inéz Sánchez	Royal blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms.	[118][119][120][121][122][123]
Benin	Benin	2:3	August 1, 1960	—	Two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red with a vertical green band on the hoist side.	[124][125][126][127]
Bhutan	Bhutan	2:3	June 8, 1972	Mayeum Choying Wangmo Dorji	Divided diagonally from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white Druk facing away from the hoist side.	[128][129][130][100][131][132]
Civil flag of Bolivia	Bolivia	2:3	August 5, 2009	—	Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green.	[133][134][61][135][136][137][138][139]
State flag of Bolivia				—	Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band.
Wiphala		1∶1		Germán Choquehuanca	A grid of 49 squares distributed in 7 columns by 7 rows, arranged in diagonal bands of 7 colors (white, yellow, orange, red, purple, blue, green) with white on the main diagonal.
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Bosnia and Herzegovina	1:2	February 4, 1998	Mladen Kolobarić [de] Nedo Milčević Sado Musabegović Marco Oršolić Ranko Risokević Vehid Šehić Gajo Sekulić	A wide blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle.	[140][141][142][143][144]
Botswana	Botswana	2:3	September 30, 1966	George Winstanley	Light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center.	[145][146][147][148][143][144]
Brazil	Brazil	7:10	May 11, 1992	Miguel Lemos [pt] Manuel Pereira Reis [pt] Raimundo Teixeira Mendes Décio Villares	Green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue globe with 27 white stars (one for each state and the Federal District) arranged as in the sky over Rio de Janeiro at 8:30 a.m. on November 15, 1889, and containing a banner with the national motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (lit. 'Order and progress').	[149][150][151][152][153]
Brunei	Brunei	1:2	January 1, 1984	—	Yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is superimposed at the center.	[154][155][156][157][158]
Bulgaria	Bulgaria	3:5	November 27, 1990	Stiliana Paraskevova Ivan Paraskevov	Three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red.	[159][160][161][162][163]
Burkina Faso	Burkina Faso	2:3	August 4, 1984	Ferdinand Dabiré	Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed star in the center.	[164][165][166][167][168]
Burundi	Burundi	3:5	September 27, 1982	—	Divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and fly side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below).	[169][170][171][172]
Cambodia	Cambodia	2:3	June 30, 1993	—	Three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white, three-towered temple, representing Angkor Wat, outlined in black in the center of the red band.	[173][174][175][176][156]
Cameroon	Cameroon	2:3	May 20, 1975	—	Three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow, with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band.	[177][178][179][180]
Canada	Canada	1:2	February 15, 1965	George Stanley	Two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square.	[181][182][183][184][185][186]
Cape Verde	Cape Verde	10:17	September 25, 1992	Pedro Gregório	Five unequal horizontal bands; the top-most band of blue - equal to one half the width of the flag - is followed by three bands of white, red, and white, each equal to 1/12 of the width, and a bottom stripe of blue equal to one quarter of the flag width; a circle of 10 yellow, five-pointed stars is centered on the red stripe and positioned 3/8 of the length of the flag from the hoist side.	[187][188][189][190][126][191]
Central African Republic	Central African Republic	3:5	August 13, 1960	Barthélemy Boganda	Four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a vertical red band in center; a yellow five-pointed star to the hoist side of the blue band.	[192][193][194][179][195]
Chad	Chad	2:3	November 6, 1959	Naiyia Amina Goudja	Three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold, and red.	[196][197][198][179][199]
Chile	Chile	2:3	October 18, 1817	Unclear[g]	Two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center.	[200][201][202][61][203][204]
China	China	2:3	October 1, 1949	Zeng Liansong	Red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner.	[205][206][207][208]
Colombia	Colombia	2:3	November 26, 1861	—	Three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red.	[209][210][211][212][213][214]
Comoros	Comoros	2:3	December 23, 2001	Suzanne Gauthier[h]	Four equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), white, red, and blue, with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist; centered within the triangle is a vertical white crescent moon with the convex side facing the hoist and four white, five-pointed stars placed vertically in a line between the points of the crescent.	[215][216][217][218]
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Democratic Republic of the Congo	3:4	February 18, 2006	Henry Morton Stanley (allegedly)	Sky blue field divided diagonally from the lower hoist corner to upper fly corner by a red stripe bordered by two narrow yellow stripes; a yellow, five-pointed star appears in the upper hoist corner	[219][220][171][221][222]
Republic of the Congo	Republic of the Congo	2:3	June 10, 1991	—	Divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red.	[223][224][225][171][226]
National flag of Costa Rica	Costa Rica	3:5	September 29, 1848	Pacífica Fernández Oreamuno	Five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue.	[227][228][229][230][231][232]
State flag of Costa Rica			May 5, 1998	—	Five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white elliptical disk placed toward the hoist side of the red band.
Croatia	Croatia	1:2	December 22, 1990	Miroslav Šutej	Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue superimposed by the coat of arms.	[233][234][235][236][237]
Cuba	Cuba	1:2	May 20, 1902	Miguel Teurbe Tolón	Five equal horizontal bands of blue (top, center, and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center.	[238][239][240][87][241]
Cyprus	Cyprus	2:3	April 24, 2006	İsmet Güney	Centered on a white field is a copper-colored silhouette of the island above two olive-green-colored, crossed olive branches.	[242][243][244][245][162][246]
Czech Republic	Czech Republic	2:3	January 1, 1993	Jaroslav Kursa (allegedly)	Two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side.	[247][248][249][250][251][252]
Denmark	Denmark[i]	14:17[j]	March 13, 1867	—	Red with a white Nordic cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side.	[23][77][253][254][255][256][257][258]
Djibouti	Djibouti	2:3	June 27, 1977	—	Two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star in the center.	[259][260][261][262]
Dominica	Dominica	1:2	November 3, 1990	Alwin Bully	Green with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part is yellow (hoist side), black, and white and the horizontal part is yellow (top), black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk bearing a Sisserou parrot, unique to Dominica, encircled by 10 green, five-pointed stars edged in yellow.	[263][264][265][57][266]
Dominican Republic	Dominican Republic	5:8	November 6, 1844	Juan Pablo Duarte	A centered white cross that extends to the edges divides the flag into four rectangles - the top ones are ultramarine blue (hoist side) and vermilion red, and the bottom ones are vermilion red (hoist side) and ultramarine blue; a small coat of arms is at the center of the cross.	[267][268][269][270]
Ecuador	Ecuador	2:3	January 10, 1910	—	Three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag.	[271][272][273][213][274]
Egypt	Egypt	2:3	October 4, 1984	ʻAlī Kāmil al-Dīb	Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the national coat of arms (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist side with a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band.	[275][276][277][278][279][280][281][282]
El Salvador	El Salvador	189:325	September 14, 1972	—	Three equal horizontal bands of cobalt blue (top), white, and cobalt blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band.	[283][284][285][286][231][287]
Equatorial Guinea	Equatorial Guinea	2:3	August 21, 1979	—	Three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red, with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars (representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (lit. 'Unity, Peace, Justice').	[288][289][179][290]
Eritrea	Eritrea	1:2	1995	—	Red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the hoist side of the red triangle.	[291][292][261][293]
Estonia	Estonia	7:11	November 21, 1918	Aleksander Mõttus [et]	Three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white.	[294][295][296][297]
Eswatini	Eswatini	2:3	September 6, 1968	Sobhuza II	Three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and white Nguni shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels, all placed horizontally.	[298][299][300][301]
Ethiopia	Ethiopia	1:2	February 6, 1996	—	Three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red, with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands.	[302][303][261][304]
Fiji	Fiji	1:2	October 10, 1970	Tessa Mackenzie	Light blue with the flag of the United Kingdom in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is taken from Fiji's coat of arms.	[305][306][307][308][309]
Finland	Finland	11:18	January 1, 1995	Zacharias Topelius	White with a blue Nordic cross.	[310][311][312][313]
France	France	2:3	March 5, 1848	Jacques-Louis David	Three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red.	[314][315][316][317][318]
Gabon	Gabon	3:4	August 9, 1960	Léon Augé Pierre Claver Eyeghe	Three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue.	[319][320][179][321][322]
Gambia	The Gambia	2:3	February 18, 1965	Louis Lucien Thomasi [fi]	Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green.	[323][324][325][326][327]
Georgia	Georgia	2:3	January 14, 2004	—	White rectangle with a central red cross extending to all four sides of the flag; each of the four quadrants displays a small red bolnur-katskhuri cross.	[328][329][330][331][332][67][333]
Germany	Germany	3:5	October 3, 1990	—	Three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold.	[334][335][336][337][338]
Ghana	Ghana	2:3	February 28, 1966	Theodosia Okoh	Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green, with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band.	[339][340][341][126][342]
Greece	Greece	2:3	December 22, 1978	—	Nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; a blue square bearing a white cross appears in the upper hoist-side corner.	[343][344][39][345]
Grenada	Grenada	3:5[k]	February 7, 1974	Anthony C. George	A rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and bottom) and green triangles (hoist side and outer side), with a red border around the flag; there are seven yellow, five-pointed stars with three centered in the top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red disk superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg pod on the hoist-side triangle.	[346][347][348][105][349][350]
Guatemala	Guatemala	5:8	December 26, 1997	Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol[l]	Three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue, with the coat of arms centered in the white band.	[351][352][353][121][354]
Guinea	Guinea	2:3	November 10, 1958	—	Three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green.	[355][356][167][357]
Guinea-Bissau	Guinea-Bissau	1:2	September 24, 1973	—	Two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the red band.	[358][359][325][360]
Guyana	Guyana	3:5[m]	May 26, 1966	Whitney Smith	Green with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a long, yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow, black border between the red and yellow, and a narrow, white border between the yellow and the green.	[361][362][213][363]
Haiti	Haiti	3:5	February 25, 1986	Jean-Jacques Dessalines[n]	Two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white rectangle bearing the coat of arms.	[364][365][366][87][367]
Honduras	Honduras	1:2	January 18, 1949[o]	—	Three equal horizontal bands of turquoise blue (top), white, and turquoise blue, with five turquoise, five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band.	[368][369][231][370][371][372]
Hungary	Hungary	2:3	October 1957	—	Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green.	[373][374][251][375]
Iceland	Iceland	18:25	June 17, 1944	Matthías Þórðarson	Blue with a red cross outlined in white extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Nordic cross.	[376][377][378][379][257][380]
India	India	2:3	July 22, 1947	Pingali Venkayya	Three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange) (top), white, and green, with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band.	[381][382][100][383][384]
Indonesia	Indonesia	2:3	August 17, 1950	Fatmawati (allegedly)	Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white.	[385][386][387][157][388][389]
Iran	Iran	4:7	July 29, 1980	Hamid Nadimi [fa]	Three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national emblem in red is centered in the white band; the Takbir in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band.	[390][391][92][392][393][394]
Iraq	Iraq	2:3	January 22, 2008	—	Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the Takbir in green Arabic script is centered in the white band.	[395][396][92][397]
Ireland	Ireland	1:2	December 29, 1937	Thomas Francis Meagher	Three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange.	[398][399][400][401][402][403]
Israel	Israel	8:11	October 28, 1948	Charles Askowith Jacob Askowith	White with a blue hexagram known as the Star of David centered between two equal horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag.	[404][405][406][407][397]
Italy	Italy	2:3	January 1, 1948	Giuseppe Compagnoni	Three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red.	[408][409][410][411][412]
Ivory Coast	Ivory Coast	2:3	December 3, 1959	Achille Pierre	Three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green.	[413][414][415][167][416]
Jamaica	Jamaica	1:2	August 6, 1962	—	Diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and fly side).	[417][418][419][87][420]
Japan	Japan	2:3	August 13, 1999	Nichiren (allegedly)	White with a large red disk in the center.	[421][422][423][424][425]
Jordan	Jordan	1:2	April 16, 1928[p]	—	Three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green; a red isosceles triangle on the hoist side, and bearing a small white seven-pointed star.	[426][427][428][429][407][430]
Kazakhstan	Kazakhstan	1:2	June 4, 1992	Shaken Niyazbekov	A gold sun with 32 rays above a soaring golden steppe eagle, both centered on a sky blue background; the hoist side displays a national ornamental pattern "koshkar-muiz" (the horns of the ram) in gold.	[431][432][433][434][435][436]
Kenya	Kenya	2:3	December 12, 1963	Tom Mboya	Three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large Maasai warrior's shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center.	[437][438][439][261][440]
Kiribati	Kiribati	1:2	July 12, 1979	Arthur Grimble	The upper half is red with a yellow frigatebird flying over a yellow rising sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to represent the Pacific ocean.	[441][442][443][444][445]
Kuwait	Kuwait	1:2	November 7, 1961	—	Three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black trapezoid based on the hoist side.	[446][447][92][448][449]
Kyrgyzstan	Kyrgyzstan	3:5	December 26, 2023	—	Red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays; on the obverse side the rays run counterclockwise, on the reverse, clockwise; in the center of the sun is a red ring crossed by two sets of four lines, a stylized representation of a "tunduk" - the crown of a traditional Kyrgyz yurt.	[450][451][452][434][453]
Laos	Laos	2:3	December 2, 1975	Sila Viravong	Three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a large white disk centered in the blue band.	[454][455][456][175][457][458]
Latvia	Latvia	1:2	August 21, 1991	Ansis Cīrulis [lv]	Three horizontal bands of maroon (top), white (half-width), and maroon.	[459][460][461][462][296][463]
Lebanon	Lebanon	2:3	December 7, 1943	Henri Pharaoun	Three horizontal bands consisting of red (top), white (middle, double width), and red (bottom) with a green cedar tree centered in the white band.	[464][465][466][458][407][467]
Lesotho	Lesotho	2:3	October 4, 2006	—	Three horizontal stripes of blue (top), white, and green in the proportions of 3:4:3; centered in the white stripe is a black mokorotlo, a traditional Basotho straw hat.	[468][469][300][470]
Liberia	Liberia	10:19	August 24, 1847	Susannah Lewis (lead) Sarah Draper Mary Hunter Rachel Johnson Matilda Newport J. B. Russworm Collinette Teage	11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a white five-pointed star appears on a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner	[471][472][473][167][474]
Libya	Libya	1:2	August 3, 2011	Omar Faiek Shennib	Three horizontal bands of red (top), black (double width), and green with a white crescent and star centered on the black stripe.	[475][476][477][280][478]
Liechtenstein	Liechtenstein	3:5	September 18, 1982	—	Two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the hoist side of the blue band.	[479][480][481][482]
Lithuania	Lithuania	3:5	March 20, 1989	Jonas Basanavičius Tadas Daugirdas Antanas Žmuidzinavičius	Three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and red.	[483][484][485][296][486]
Luxembourg	Luxembourg	3:5[q]	March 17, 1972	—	Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue.	[487][488][316][489]
Madagascar	Madagascar	2:3	October 1958	Andrianome Ranaivosoa	Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band of the same width on hoist side.	[490][491][492][493][494][217][495]
Malawi	Malawi	2:3	May 28, 2012	—	Three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a radiant, rising, red sun centered on the black band.	[496][497][498][499]
Malaysia	Malaysia	1:2	September 16, 1963	Mohamed Hamzah	14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white (bottom); there is a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow 14-pointed star.	[500][501][502][503][504][505]
Maldives	Maldives	2:3	July 26, 1965	—	Red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white crescent moon; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag.	[506][507][508][509]
Mali	Mali	2:3	March 1, 1961	Mariam Traore	Three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red.	[510][511][512][325][513]
Malta	Malta	2:3	September 21, 1964	—	Two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red.	[514][515][410][516]
Marshall Islands	Marshall Islands	10:19	May 1, 1979	Emlain Kabua	Blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - orange (top) and white; a white star with four large rays and 20 small rays appears on the hoist side above the two stripes.	[517][518][519][520]
Mauritania	Mauritania	2:3	October 12, 2017	—	Green with a yellow, five-pointed star between the horns of a yellow, upward-pointing crescent moon; red stripes along the top and bottom edges.	[521][522][325][523][524]
Mauritius	Mauritius	2:3	March 12, 1968	Gurudutt Moher	Four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green.	[525][526][527][217][528]
Mexico	Mexico	4:7	1968	Francisco Eppens (coat of arms)	Three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band.	[529][530][121][531][532][533][534]
Micronesia	Micronesia	10:19	November 30, 1978	Gonzalo Santos (initial version)	Light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered.	[535][536][537][538][539][540]
Moldova	Moldova	1:2	September 17, 2010	—	Three equal vertical bands of Prussian blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; the coat of arms is centered in the yellow band.	[541][542][543][544][545][546]
Monaco	Monaco	4:5	April 9, 1881	—	Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white.	[547][548][47][549]
Mongolia	Mongolia	1:2	February 12, 1992	Dodiin Choidog [mn]	Three, equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol).	[550][551][207][552][553][554][555]
Montenegro	Montenegro	1:2	June 3, 2006	—	A red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky.	[556][557][558][39][559]
Morocco	Morocco	2:3	April 7, 1956	Disputed[r]	Red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as the Seal of Solomon in the center of the flag.	[560][561][562][280][563][564][565]
Mozambique	Mozambique	2:3	May 1, 1983	Jorge Mwanamuzik (allegedly; initial version)	Three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book.	[566][567][568][569][498][570]
Myanmar	Myanmar	2:3	October 21, 2010	—	Design consists of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow (top), green, and red; centered on the green band is a large white five-pointed star that partially overlaps onto the adjacent colored stripes.	[571][572][508][573][574][575][576][577]
Namibia	Namibia	2:3	March 21, 1990	Frederick Brownell	A wide red stripe edged by narrow white stripes divides the flag diagonally from lower hoist corner to upper fly corner; the upper hoist-side triangle is blue and charged with a golden-yellow, 12-rayed sunburst.	[578][579][300][580]
Nauru	Nauru	1:2	January 31, 1968	—	Blue with a narrow, horizontal, gold stripe across the center and a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side.	[581][582][583][584]
Nepal	Nepal	See Flag of Nepal § Aspect ratio	December 16, 1962	Shankar Nath Rimal	Crimson red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle displays a white 12-pointed sun.	[585][586][587][588][589][100][590]
Netherlands	Netherlands	2:3	February 19, 1937	—	Three equal horizontal bands of red (bright vermilion; top), white, and blue (cobalt).	[591][592][593][594][116][595]
New Zealand	New Zealand	1:2	November 25, 1947	Albert Hastings Markham	Blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with four red five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer half of the flag.	[596][597][598][599][595]
Nicaragua	Nicaragua	3:5	August 27, 1972	—	Three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band.	[600][601][231][602][603]
Niger	Niger	6:7	August 3, 1960	—	Three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small orange disk centered in the white band.	[600][601][231][604][605]
Nigeria	Nigeria	1:2	October 1, 1960	Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi	Three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green.	[606][607][126][608]
North Korea	North Korea	1:2	September 8, 1942	Disputed[s]	Three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk with a red five-pointed star.	[609][610][423][611][612][436]
North Macedonia	North Macedonia	1:2	October 5, 1995	Miroslav Grčev	A yellow sun (the Sun of Liberty) with eight broadening rays extending to the edges of the red field.	[613][614][39][615][616][617]
Norway	Norway	8:11	June 7, 1905 (retained at independence)	Christian Frederick of Norway	Red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Nordic cross.	[618][619][257][620][621]
Oman	Oman	4:7[t]	April 25, 1995	Qaboos bin Sa'id Al-Sa'id	Three horizontal bands of white (top), red, and green of equal width with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered near the top of the vertical band.	[622][623][624][625][626][564]
Pakistan	Pakistan	2:3	August 14, 1947	Syed Amir-uddin Kedwaii	Green with a vertical white band on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field.	[627][628][100][629][630]
Palau	Palau	5:8	October 1, 1994	Blau Skebong	Light blue with a large yellow disk shifted slightly to the hoist side.	[631][632][537][633][634][635][636]
Palestine	Palestine	1:2	November 15, 1988	—	Three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side.	[637][407][638][630][639]
Panama	Panama	2:3	June 6, 1904	Disputed[u]	Divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white (hoist side) with a blue five-pointed star in the center and plain red; the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star in the center.	[640][641][231][642][643][644]
Papua New Guinea	Papua New Guinea	3:4	September 16, 1975	Karike Susan	Divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black with five, white, five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation centered.	[645][646][583][647]
Paraguay (obverse)	Paraguay	11:20[v]	July 15, 2013	—	Three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem centered in the white band; the emblem is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of arms; the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears a circular seal of the treasury.	[648][649][61][650][651][652][653]
Paraguay (reverse)				—
Civil flag of Peru	Peru	2:3	February 25, 1825	José de San Martín (initial version)	Three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red.	[654][655][61][656]
State flag of Peru					Three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band.
Philippines	Philippines	1:2	September 16, 1997	Emilio Aguinaldo[w]	Two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red; a white equilateral triangle is based on the hoist side; the center of the triangle displays a yellow sun with eight primary rays; each corner of the triangle contains a small, yellow, five-pointed star.	[657][658][175][659][660]
Poland	Poland	5:8	August 1, 1919	—	Two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red.	[661][662][251][663]
Portugal	Portugal	2:3	June 11, 1911	—	Two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the national coat of arms (armillary sphere and Portuguese shield) centered on the dividing line.	[664][665][666][667][668]
Qatar	Qatar	11:28	September 1, 1971	Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani	Maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side.	[669][670][666][671][672][673]
Romania	Romania	2:3	December 27, 1989	—	Three equal vertical bands of cobalt blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red.	[674][675][162][676]
Russia	Russia	2:3	December 11, 1991	Peter I of Russia	Three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red.	[677][678][109][679][671]
Rwanda	Rwanda	2:3	December 31, 2001	Alphonse Kirimobenecyo	Three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width), yellow, and green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end of the blue band.	[680][681][171][682][683][684]
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Saint Kitts and Nevis	2:3	November 19, 1983	Edrice Lewis	Divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing two white, five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red.	[685][686][57][687]
Saint Lucia	Saint Lucia	1:2	February 22, 1979	Dunstan St. Omer	Cerulean blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edges of the arrowhead have a white border.	[688][689][57][690]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	2:3	October 22, 1985	Julien van der Wal	Three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern.	[691][692][105][693]
Samoa	Samoa	1:2	January 1, 1962	Malietoa Tanumafili II Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole	Red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five white, five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation.	[694][695][519][696][697][698][699]
San Marino	San Marino	3:4	July 20, 2011	—	Two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the main colors derive from the shield of the coat of arms, which features three white towers on three peaks on a blue field; the towers represent three castles built on San Marino's highest feature, Mount Titano: Guaita, Cesta, and Montale; the coat of arms is flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (lit. 'liberty').	[700][701][410][702]
São Tomé and Príncipe	São Tomé and Príncipe	1:2	November 5, 1975	Manuel Pinto da Costa	Three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side.	[703][704][126][705][706]
Saudi Arabia	Saudi Arabia	2:3	March 15, 1972	—	Green with the Shahada in large white Thuluth script.	[707][708][407][709][710][711]
Senegal	Senegal	2:3	August 20, 1960	—	Three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band.	[712][713][325][714]
Serbia	Serbia	2:3	November 11, 2010	—	Three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to the hoist side; the principal field of the coat of arms displays a white two-headed eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle is divided into four quarters by a white cross.	[715][716][143][717][718]
Seychelles	Seychelles	1:2	June 18, 1996	Philippe Uzice	Five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red, white, and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side.	[719][720][217][721][722][723]
Sierra Leone	Sierra Leone	2:3	April 27, 1961	—	Three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue.	[724][725][167][726]
Singapore	Singapore	2:3	August 9, 1965	Toh Chin Chye[x]	Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle.	[727][728][157][729][730][731][709]
Slovakia	Slovakia	2:3	January 1, 1993	Ladislav Čisárik (current design) Ladislav Vrtel [sk] (current design)	Three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red; the Slovakian coat of arms (consisting of a red shield bordered in white and bearing a white double-barred cross of Cyril and Methodius surmounting three blue hills) is centered over the bands but offset slightly to the hoist side.	[732][733][251][734][735][736]
Slovenia	Slovenia	1:2	June 25, 1991	—	Three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red; the coat of arms of Slovenia (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle) appears in the upper hoist side of the flag centered on the white and blue bands.	[737][738][410][739][740][741]
Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands	1:2	July 7, 1978	Disputed[y]	Divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green.	[742][743][583][744][745][746]
Somalia	Somalia	2:3	July 1, 1960	Mohammed Awale Liban	Light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center.	[747][748][261][749][750][751]
South Africa	South Africa	2:3	April 27, 1994	Frederick Brownell	Two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue separated by a central green band that splits into a horizontal Y, the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side; the Y embraces a black isosceles triangle from which the arms are separated by narrow yellow bands; the red and blue bands are separated from the green band and its arms by narrow white stripes.	[752][753][300][754][755]
South Korea	South Korea	2:3	October 1997	Lee Eung-jun [ko]	White with a red (top) and blue taijitu in the center; there is a different black trigram from the I Ching in each corner of the white field.	[756][757][423][758][759]
South Sudan	South Sudan	1:2	July 9, 2011	—	Three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side contains a gold, five-pointed star.	[760][761][171][762][763][764]
Spain	Spain	2:3	October 28, 1981	Antonio Valdés y Fernández Bazán	Three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band.	[765][766][767][768][769][770]
Sri Lanka	Sri Lanka	1:2	1978	—	Yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other larger panel depicts a yellow lion holding a sword on a maroon rectangular field that also displays a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border around the entire flag and extends between the two panels.	[771][772][773][774][775]
Sudan	Sudan	1:2	May 20, 1970	Abd al-Raḥman Aḥmad al-Jali [ar]	Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side.	[763][776][777][171][778][779]
Suriname	Suriname	2:3	November 25, 1975	Jack Pinas [nl]	Five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple width), white, and green (double width); a large, yellow, five-pointed star is centered in the red band.	[780][781][782][783][784]
Sweden	Sweden	5:8	June 22, 1906	—	Blue with a golden yellow cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Nordic cross.	[785][786][312][787][788]
Switzerland	Switzerland	1∶1	December 12, 1889	—	Red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not extend to the edges of the flag.	[789][790][481][791]
Syria (revolution)	Syria[z]	2:3	December 2024	—	Three equal horizontal bands of green, white, and black; three small, red, five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band.	[792][793]
Syria (Ba'athist)		2:3	March 30, 1980[aa]	—	Three equal horizontal bands of red, white, and black; two small, green, five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band.	[794][793][407][795][796]
Tajikistan	Tajikistan	1:2	November 24, 1992	Zuhur Habibullaev[ab]	Three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe.	[797][798][34][799][800][801]
Tanzania	Tanzania	2:3	June 30, 1964	—	Divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue.	[802][803][498][804]
Thailand	Thailand	2:3	September 28, 1917	Vajiravudh	Five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red.	[805][806][508][807]
Timor-Leste	Timor-Leste	1:2	May 20, 2002	Natalino Leitão [de]	Red with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a slightly longer yellow arrowhead that extends to the center of the flag; a white star - pointing to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag - is in the center of the black triangle.	[808][809][810][811][157][812][813]
Togo	Togo	Unclear[ac]	April 27, 1960	Paul Ahyi	Five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; a white five-pointed star on a red square is in the upper hoist-side corner.	[814][815][126][816][817][818]
Tonga	Tonga	1:2	November 4, 1875	Shirley Waldemar Baker	Red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner.	[819][820][307][821][822]
Trinidad and Tobago	Trinidad and Tobago	3:5	August 31, 1962	Carlisle Chang	Red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side to the lower fly side.	[823][824][105][825][826]
Tunisia	Tunisia	2:3	July 3, 1999	—	Red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star.	[827][828][105][829]
Turkey	Turkey	2:3	June 5, 1936	—	Red with a vertical white crescent moon (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening.	[830][831][162][832]
Turkmenistan	Turkmenistan	2:3	January 24, 2002	—	Green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five tribal guls stacked above two crossed olive branches; five white, five-pointed stars and a white crescent moon appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe.	[833][834][434][835][836]
Tuvalu	Tuvalu	1:2	April 11, 1997	Vione Natano	Light blue with the flag of the United Kingdom in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow, five-pointed stars on a blue field.	[837][838][519][839]
Uganda	Uganda	2:3	October 9, 1962	Grace Ibingira	Six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a grey crowned crane (the national symbol) facing the hoist side.	[840][841][498][842]
Ukraine	Ukraine	2:3	January 21, 1992	—	Two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow.	[843][844][543][845]
United Arab Emirates	United Arab Emirates	1:2	December 2, 1971	Abdullah Mohammed Al Maainah	Three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a wider vertical red band on the hoist side.	[846][847][624][848][849][850]
United Kingdom	United Kingdom	1:2	January 1, 1801	—	Blue field with the red cross of Saint George edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red saltire of Saint Patrick, which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew.	[851][852][401][853][854]
United States	United States	10:19	July 4, 1960	Disputed[ad]	13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars.	[855][856][857][858][859][860]
Uruguay	Uruguay	2:3	July 11, 1830	Joaquín Suárez	Nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with blue; a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face (delineated in black) known as the Sun of May with 16 rays that alternate between triangular and wavy.	[861][862][863][864]
Uzbekistan	Uzbekistan	1:2	November 18, 1991	—	Three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by red fimbriations with a vertical, white crescent moon (closed side to the hoist) and 12 white, five-pointed stars shifted to the hoist on the top band.	[865][866][434][867]
Vanuatu	Vanuatu	3:5	July 30, 1980	Kalontas Malon	Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed namele fern fronds, all in yellow.	[868][869][583][870][871]
Vatican City	Vatican City	1∶1	June 7, 1929	—	Two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the arms of the Holy See, consisting of the crossed keys of Saint Peter surmounted by the three-tiered papal tiara, centered in the white band.	[872][873][410][870][874]
Civil flag of Venezuela	Venezuela	2:3	March 7, 2006	—	Three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red.	[875][876][213][877]
State flag of Venezuela				—	Three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band.
Vietnam	Vietnam	2:3	July 2, 1976	Disputed[ae]	Red field with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center.	[878][879][175][880][881][882]
Yemen	Yemen	2:3	May 22, 1990	—	Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black.	[883][884][624][885][886]
Zambia	Zambia	2:3	April 13, 1996	Gabriel Ellison	Green field with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag.	[887][888][498][889][890]
Zimbabwe	Zimbabwe	1:2	April 18, 1980	Cedric Herbert	Seven equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green with a white isosceles triangle edged in black with its base on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe Bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle.	[891][892][300][893][894]

Flags of de facto states

Flag(s)	State	Aspect ratio	Date of latest adoption	Designer(s)	Description	Refs.
Abkhazia	Abkhazia	2:3	July 23, 1992	Valery Gamgia	Seven equal horizontal stripes of green (top and bottom) alternating with white; a red rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner with a white dexter hand appaumé below an arc of seven white five-pointed stars.	[67][895]
Kosovo	Kosovo	2:3	February 17, 2008	Muhamer Ibrahimi	Centered on a dark blue field is a gold-colored silhouette map of Kosovo surmounted by six white, five-pointed stars arrayed in a slight arc.	[896][897][898][893][899][900]
Northern Cyprus	Northern Cyprus	2:3	March 13, 1984	Emin Çizenel [tr]	White with a vertical red crescent moon (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and red five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening centered between two equal horizontal red bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag.	[162][639][901]
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	1:2	February 27, 1976	El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed	Three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side. a red, five-pointed star and crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) centered in the white band.	[325][902]
Somaliland	Somaliland	—	October 14, 1996	—	Three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; a white Shahada centered in the green band; a black, five-pointed star centered in the white band.	[261][902]
South Ossetia	South Ossetia	—	c. 1990	—	Three equal horizontal bands of white (top), red, and yellow.	[902]
Taiwan	Taiwan	2:3	October 28, 1928	Lu Haodong (canton) Sun Yat-sen (red field)	Red field with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays.	[903][904][905][906][907]
Transnistria	Transnistria	1:2	July 3, 2000	—	Three horizontal bands of red (top), green (half-width), and red with a yellow hammer and sickle below a yellow outline of a five-pointed star in the upper hoist-side corner of the top band.	[543][902]
Russia[af]		1:2[ag]	April 12, 2017	Peter I of Russia	Three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red.	[908][909][ah]

See also

• Gallery of flags of dependent territories – list of flags of dependent territories

Notes

1. This refers to the date on which the most recent law or proclamation relating to the design of a flag was established by the government of a sovereign state post-independence, or the date of independence if the flag was legally adopted by a prenational government and retained on independence, but was never modified afterwards.
2. The ruling Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan remains unrecognized. Therefore, the flag of the defunct Islamic Republic of Afghanistan continues to be used in some contexts, mostly outside Afghanistan.^[25][26]
3. Media related to Emblem of Afghanistan (2004–2021) at Wikimedia Commons
4. The designer of the flag is disputed between Émilie Busquant and Chawki Mostefaï [fr].
5. Also known as the Australian National Flag
6. The current flag is an adaptation of the original Soviet design by Mikhail Gusyev
7. Sources contradict as to the designer of the flag. The following have been given as the flag's designer:

   • Bernardo O'Higgins and José Ignacio Zenteno
   • José Ignacio Zenteno (sole credit)
   • Carlos Wood
8. Gauthier designed the previous version of the flag, which the current one is based on.
9. Denmark as a sovereign state is represented by the flag of Metropolitan Denmark, which excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
10. The flag can be lengthened up to a ratio of 28:37
11. When used as an ensign, the ratio is 1:2.
12. The design adopted by the government was based on the proposal of Aycinena y Piñol and other members of the Aycinena Clan [es]
13. When used as an ensign, the ratio is 1:2.
14. According to an apocryphal story, Catherine Flon is also credited.
15. Between 1955 and 2022, the Honduran government erroneously used a design with a navy blue color instead of the specified turquoise blue. With the inauguration of president Xiomara Castro, the correct colors were restored.
16. Between March and July 1958, Jordan and Iraq merged into the Arab Federation which bore a similar flag to that of Jordan, albeit without the star. Nevertheless, the flag of Jordan itself is considered to "have not changed since its independence."
17. Although 3:5 is generally used, 1:2 is also accepted.
18. It has been claimed French general Hubert Lyautey personally designed the flag, however he only played a minor role in the process of its adoption. The design for the flag only emerged through negotiations between the French administration and the Makhzen.
19. See Flag of North Korea#Creation
20. Ratios of 1:2 and 5:9 are sometimes used.
21. Either Manuel Amador Guerrero or his son Manuel Encarnacíon Guerrero. Some have also suggested the former's wife María de la Ossa de Amador, although this is considered unlikely.
22. The decree of July 2013 specifies a proportion of "1:0.55" for the "larger and smaller dimensions" respectively.
23. With help from Marcela Agoncillo, her daughter Lorenza, and Delfina Herbosa de Natividad
24. Deputy Prime Minister Toh designed the flag with two civil servants.
25. Solomonese artist Thomas Giosa claimed to have submitted the winning design in a competition in 1975, however an unnamed New Zealand visual artist also claimed ownership of the design.
26. Following the Fall of Damascus in December 2024, the official flag of Syria used by the de facto Syrian transitional government differs from the flag used by the ousted Ba'athist government.^[792]
27. March 29 has also been given as the date of adoption.
28. Habibullaev led a committee to design the national flag.
29. 2:3 and "approximately 3:5" have been given as the flag's ratio. It has also been claimed the proportions are golden.
30. Robert Heft has claimed, and has been credited by some sources, as the designer of the 50-star flag. However, this has been thoroughly disputed by Slate writer Alec Nevala-Lee who has instead suggested William R. Furlong as the flag's true designer.
31. The designer of the flag is disputed between Nguyễn Hữu Tiến [vi] and Lê Quang Sô.
32. According to an April 2017 law passed by the Supreme Council, the national flag of Russia is co-officially the national flag of Transnistria.
33. The aspect ratio differs from the flag adopted by Russia, which is 3:2.
34. See the entry for Russia for further references.

References

1. "national flag". Collins English Dictionary. Glasgow: HarperCollins. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
2. Rosenberg, Matt (August 18, 2024). "Differences Between a Country, State, and Nation". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on August 2, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
3. Tóth, Zoltán (2022), "The Protection of State and National Symbols Across Europe: An Overview of Constitutional Law and Criminal Law Regulations", Constitutional and Legal Protection of State and National Symbols in Central Europe, Studies of the Central European Professors' Network, Miskolc, Budapest: Central European Academic Publishing, p. 39, doi:10.54237/profnet.2022.ztclpsnsce_2, ISBN 978-615-6474-18-6, retrieved August 17, 2024
4. Cerulo, Karen A. (June 1, 1993). "Symbols and the world system: National anthems and flags". Sociological Forum. 8 (2): 244. doi:10.1007/BF01115492. ISSN 1573-7861.
5. Eriksen, Thomas Hylland; Jenkins, Richard (October 18, 2007). Flag, Nation and Symbolism in Europe and America. Routledge. pp. 334–350. ISBN 978-1-134-06695-7.
6. Becker, Julia C.; Butz, David A.; Sibley, Chris G.; Barlow, Fiona Kate; Bitacola, Lisa M.; Christ, Oliver; Khan, Sammyh S.; Leong, Chan-Hoong; Pehrson, Samuel; Srinivasan, Narayanan; Sulz, Aline; Tausch, Nicole; Urbanska, Karolina; Wright, Steven C. (2017). "What Do National Flags Stand for? An Exploration of Associations Across 11 Countries". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 48 (3): 336. doi:10.1177/0022022116687851. hdl:10023/9858. ISSN 0022-0221.
7. Znamierowski 2020, p. 100.
8. Smith, Whitney (1975). Flags through the ages and across the world. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-07-059093-9.
9. Brownell, Frederick Gordon (2015). Convergence and Unification: the national flag of South Africa (1994) in historical perspective (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Pretoria. p. 23. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
10. "sovereign state". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OED/4449227925. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
11. Visoka, Gëzim; Doyle, John; Newman, Edward, eds. (September 12, 2019). Routledge Handbook of State Recognition (1 ed.). Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge. pp. 1–2. doi:10.4324/9781351131759. ISBN 978-1-351-13175-9.
12. Ker-Lindsay, James (January 28, 2022), "De Facto States in the 21st Century", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.635, ISBN 978-0-19-084662-6, retrieved August 5, 2024
13. Dedinger, Béatrice; Girard, Paul (October 2, 2021). "How many countries in the world? The geopolitical entities of the world and their political status from 1816 to the present". Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History. 54 (4): 208–227. doi:10.1080/01615440.2021.1939826. ISSN 0161-5440.
14. Düerkop, Sascha; Ganohariti, Ramesh (October 2, 2021). "Sovereignty in sports: non-sovereign territories in international football". International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 13 (4): 681. doi:10.1080/19406940.2021.1947347. ISSN 1940-6940.
15. Küçükşener, Ebru; Sonan, Sertac; Gokcekus, Omer (January 11, 2024). "Internal Legitimacy in a De Facto State: The Case of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus". Geopolitics: 1–30. doi:10.1080/14650045.2023.2296918. ISSN 1465-0045.
16. Kopeček, Vincenc; Hoch, Tomáš; Baar, Vladimír (May 1, 2016). "De Facto States and Democracy: The Case of Abkhazia". Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series. 32 (32): 85–104. doi:10.1515/bog-2016-0017. ISSN 2083-8298.
17. Toal (Gearóid Ó Tuathail), Gerard; O'Loughlin, John (2013). "Inside South Ossetia: a survey of attitudes in a de facto state". Post-Soviet Affairs. 29 (2): 136–172. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2013.780417. ISSN 1060-586X.
18. Balmaceda, Margarita M. (December 1, 2013). "Privatization and elite defection in de facto states: The case of Transnistria, 1991–2012". Communist and Post-Communist Studies. 46 (4): 445–454. doi:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2013.08.001. ISSN 0967-067X.
19. Caspersen, Nina (January 1, 2008). "From Kosovo to Karabakh: International Responses to De Facto States". Comparative Southeast European Studies. 56 (1): 58–83. doi:10.1515/soeu-2008-560105. ISSN 2701-8202.
20. Mormul, Joanna; Kłosowicz, Robert (June 27, 2024). "A de facto state's struggle for international recognition: The case of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic". Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations. 4: 6. doi:10.12688/stomiedintrelat.17789.1. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
21. Johnson, Martha C.; Smaker, Meg (2014). "State Building in De Facto States: Somaliland and Puntland Compared". Africa Today. 60 (4): 3–23. doi:10.2979/africatoday.60.4.3. ISSN 1527-1978.
22. Marshall, Tim (July 4, 2017). A Flag Worth Dying For: The Power and Politics of National Symbols. Simon and Schuster. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-5011-6833-8.
23. Thomas, Alastair H. (July 26, 2016). "Flag". Historical Dictionary of Denmark. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-6465-6.
24. Nations, United. "UN at a glance". United Nations. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
25. Putz, Catherine (February 9, 2022). "Conflict Over Afghanistan's UN Seat Widens". The Diplomat. Retrieved August 4, 2024.
26. Sayar, Milad (July 28, 2024). "Afghanistan's flag has changed 12 times in 105 years". Amu tv. Archived from the original on August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
27. Chughtai, Alia; Moslih, Hashmat (August 21, 2021). "Infographic: Afghanistan's flags over the years". Al Jazeera. Retrieved August 4, 2024.
28. "Flag and Emblem Law of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan" (in Pashto). Afghanistan Center at Kabul University. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original on August 18, 2022. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
29. "Amendments to the Flag and Emblem Law of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan". September 20, 1997. Archived from the original on June 3, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
30. Holtmann, Philipp (January 16, 2013), "The Symbols of Online Jihad", in Lohlker, Rüdiger (ed.), Jihadism: Online Discourses and Representations, Studying Jihadism, vol. 2 (1 ed.), Göttingen: V&R unipress, pp. 9–64, doi:10.14220/9783737000680.9, ISBN 978-3-8471-0068-3
31.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Afghanistan/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
32. Whitney Smith, Flag of Afghanistan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
33. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, p. 799.
34. Znamierowski 2020, p. 169.
35. Mumford 2021, p. 260.
36. Whitney Smith, Flag of Albania at the Encyclopædia Britannica
37.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Albania/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
38. Elsie, Robert (2010). "FLAG, ALBANIAN". Historical Dictionary of Albania. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-6188-6.
39. Znamierowski 2020, p. 156.
40. Mumford 2021, p. 220.
41. Whitney Smith, Flag of Algeria at the Encyclopædia Britannica
42.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Algeria/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
43. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022a, p. 446.
44. Quemeneur, Tramor; Tengour, Ouanassa Siari; Thénault, Sylvie (March 16, 2023). "DRAPEAU ALGÉRIEN". Dictionnaire de la guerre d'Algérie (in French). Groupe Robert Laffont. ISBN 978-2-38292-311-5.
45.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Andorra/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
46. Whitney Smith, Flag of Andorra at the Encyclopædia Britannica
47. Znamierowski 2020, p. 153.
48. Mumford 2021, p. 189.
49. "Llibre de normes gràfiques per a la reproducció i aplicació dels signes d'Estat per als quals el Govern és autoritat competent" (PDF). ompa.ad. May 5, 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 19, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
50.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Angola/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
51. Whitney Smith, Flag of Angola at the Encyclopædia Britannica
52. Znamierowski 2020, pp. 223–224.
53. Mumford 2021, p. 139.
54. "Morreu em Portugal o nacionalista angolano Henrique Onambwé vitima de doença". Angola 24 Horas. October 15, 2023. Archived from the original on August 19, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
55.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Antigua and Barbuda/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
56. Whitney Smith, Flag of Antigua and Barbuda at the Encyclopædia Britannica
57. Znamierowski 2020, p. 204.
58. Mumford 2021, p. 71.
59.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Argentina/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
60. Whitney Smith, Flag of Argentina at the Encyclopædia Britannica
61. Znamierowski 2020, p. 212.
62. Mumford 2021, p. 97.
63. "SIMBOLOS NACIONALES". Government of Argentina. November 23, 2010. Archived from the original on August 25, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
64.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Armenia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
65. Whitney Smith, Flag of Armenia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
66. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, p. 800.
67. Znamierowski 2020, p. 164.
68. Mumford 2021, p. 237.
69. "Республика Армения". Russian Centre of Vexillology and Heraldry. Archived from the original on December 2, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
70.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Australia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
71. Whitney Smith, Flag of Australia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
72. Frearson, Penelope (2008). "Flag". In Galligan, Brian (ed.). Oxford Companion to Australian Politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-555543-1. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
73. Znamierowski 2020, p. 180.
74. Mumford 2021, p. 290.
75. Australian Flags (PDF) (3rd ed.). Parliamentary and Government Branch, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 2022. p. 64. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 15, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
76. Whitney Smith, Flag of Austria at the Encyclopædia Britannica
77. "Flags of Member States of the United Nations (A-Z)" (PDF). United Nations Office at Vienna. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
78. Znamierowski 2020, pp. 137–138.
79. Mumford 2021, p. 208.
80.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Azerbaijan/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
81. Whitney Smith, Flag of Azerbaijan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
82. Mumford 2021, p. 236.
83. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022a, pp. 446–447.
84. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, pp. 800–801.
85.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Bahamas, The/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
86. Whitney Smith, Flag of The Bahamas at the Encyclopædia Britannica
87. Znamierowski 2020, p. 202.
88. Mumford 2021, p. 67.
89. "Rev. Dr. Hervis Bain, A True Bahamian Legend". The Bahamas Weekly. November 5, 2015. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
90.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Bahrain/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
91. Whitney Smith, Flag of Bahrain at the Encyclopædia Britannica
92. Znamierowski 2020, p. 167.
93. Mumford 2021, p. 250.
94. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022a, p. 447.
95. "The flag of The Kingdom of Bahrain". gna.gov.bh. February 16, 2002. Archived from the original on December 17, 2003. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
96.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Bangladesh/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
97. Whitney Smith, Flag of Bangladesh at the Encyclopædia Britannica
98. "Death anniv of Potua Quamrul Hassan observed". Financial Express. February 5, 2018. Archived from the original on August 26, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
99. Khan, Anwar A. (March 3, 2022). "Commemorating those hectic days of March, 1971". Bangladesh Post. Archived from the original on August 26, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
100. Znamierowski 2020, p. 170.
101. Mumford 2021, p. 267.
102.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Barbados/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
103. Whitney Smith, Flag of Barbados at the Encyclopædia Britannica
104. "Independence". barbadosparliament.com. Archived from the original on June 4, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
105. Znamierowski 2020, p. 205.
106. Mumford 2021, p. 75.
107.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Belarus/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
108. Whitney Smith, Flag of Belarus at the Encyclopædia Britannica
109. Znamierowski 2020, p. 159.
110. Mumford 2021, p. 226.
111. "Государственный флаг Республики Беларусь". Vexillographia.ru. December 8, 2019. Archived from the original on August 26, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
112.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Belgium/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
113. Whitney Smith, Flag of Belgium at the Encyclopædia Britannica
114. Vander Cruysen, Yves (November 19, 2018). "Le Genappien Lucien Jottrand a créé le drapeau belge". L'Avenir. Archived from the original on August 26, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
115. Rennotte, Johan (July 21, 2024). "Le saviez-vous ? En 1830, la Belgique n'avait pas tout à fait le même drapeau". RTBF. Archived from the original on July 25, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
116. Znamierowski 2020, p. 146.
117. Mumford 2021, p. 174.
118.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Belize/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
119. Whitney Smith, Flag of Belize at the Encyclopædia Britannica
120. Press Conference: Standardization of the Belize Flag (Video). August 28, 2019. Event occurs at 16:44. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
121. Znamierowski 2020, p. 200.
122. Mumford 2021, p. 59.
123. "Belize Flag". Belize.com. April 4, 2024. Archived from the original on August 26, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
124.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Benin/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
125. Whitney Smith, Flag of Benin at the Encyclopædia Britannica
126. Znamierowski 2020, p. 219.
127. Mumford 2021, p. 132.
128.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Bhutan/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
129. Whitney Smith, Flag of Bhutan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
130. Penjore, Dorji; Kinga, Sonam (2002). The Origin and Description of The National Flag and National Anthem of The Kingdom of Bhutan. doi:10.11588/xarep.00000314. ISBN 978-99936-14-01-2.
131. Mumford 2021, p. 263.
132. "National Symbols". bhutan2008.bt. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
133.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Bolivia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
134. Whitney Smith, Flag of Bolivia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
135. Mumford 2021, p. 94.
136. "Decreto Supremo 241". gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo. August 5, 2009. Archived from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
137. Hennessey, Sarah (December 11, 2019). "A tale of two flags: How Bolivia's racial divide is shaping its political crisis". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on March 5, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
138. Berg, Bailey (August 13, 2024). "This Country Has Two National Flags for an Important Reason". Fodor's. Archived from the original on August 14, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
139. Aliaga, Anna (March 2, 2020). "Rainbows of Revolution". Bolivian Express. Archived from the original on September 27, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
140.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Bosnia and Herzegovina/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
141. Whitney Smith, Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Encyclopædia Britannica
142. Musliu, Vjosa (May 5, 2021). Europeanization and Statebuilding as Everyday Practices: Performing Europe in the Western Balkans (1 ed.). Routledge. pp. 89–101. doi:10.4324/9780429343469. ISBN 978-0-429-34346-9.
143. Znamierowski 2020, p. 155.
144. Mumford 2021, p. 216.
145.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Botswana/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
146. Whitney Smith, Flag of Botswana at the Encyclopædia Britannica
147. Mgadla, Part Themba (2016). "Of Botswana's Administrative Centres and their Movements: Vryburg, Mahikeng and Gaborone, 1885-1966". Botswana Notes and Records. 48: 23–35. ISSN 0525-5090. JSTOR 90025323.
148. Lebanna, Pako (September 27, 2016). "Birth of nation". Daily News Botswana. Archived from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
149.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Brazil/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
150. Whitney Smith, Flag of Brazil at the Encyclopædia Britannica
151. Ruggiero, Amanda Saba; Gregori, Marcia Sandoval (October 7, 2018). "Palimpsesto Auri-verde". Revista ARA (in Portuguese). 5 (5): 111–132. doi:10.11606/issn.2525-8354.v5i5p111-132. ISSN 2525-8354.
152. Znamierowski 2020, p. 208.
153. Mumford 2021, p. 86.
154.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Brunei/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
155. Whitney Smith, Flag of Brunei at the Encyclopædia Britannica
156. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, p. 803.
157. Znamierowski 2020, p. 175.
158. Mumford 2021, p. 281.
159.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Bulgaria/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
160. Whitney Smith, Flag of Bulgaria at the Encyclopædia Britannica
161. "Кой е бил Иван Параскевов?". National Geographic. March 3, 2019. Archived from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
162. Znamierowski 2020, p. 157.
163. Mumford 2021, p. 222.
164.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Burkina Faso/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
165. Whitney Smith, Flag of Burkina Faso at the Encyclopædia Britannica
166. "Ferdinand Dabiré, le journaliste de Sidwaya qui a dessiné le drapeau du Burkina Faso". LeFaso.net [fr]. August 4, 2021. Archived from the original on March 4, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
167. Znamierowski 2020, p. 218.
168. Mumford 2021, p. 129.
169.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Burundi/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
170. Whitney Smith, Flag of Burundi at the Encyclopædia Britannica
171. Znamierowski 2020, p. 221.
172. Mumford 2021, p. 114.
173.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Cambodia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
174. Whitney Smith, Flag of Cambodia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
175. Znamierowski 2020, p. 172.
176. Mumford 2021, p. 271.
177.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Cameroon/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
178. Whitney Smith, Flag of Cameroon at the Encyclopædia Britannica
179. Znamierowski 2020, p. 220.
180. Mumford 2021, p. 134.
181.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Canada/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
182. Whitney Smith, Flag of Canada at the Encyclopædia Britannica
183. Azzi, Stephen; Gough, Barry M. (April 15, 2021). "FLAG OF CANADA". Historical Dictionary of Canada. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-2034-7.
184. Webb, Steven (February 15, 2020). "A letter, a red pen and a hand-drawn sketch: How George Stanley created Canada's flag". CBC.ca. Archived from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
185. Znamierowski 2020, p. 190.
186. Mumford 2021, p. 34.
187.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Cabo Verde/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
188. Whitney Smith, Flag of Cabo Verde at the Encyclopædia Britannica
189. ""Afrontamento" de bandeira". Expresso das Ilhas. July 12, 2015. Archived from the original on June 23, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
190. "Pedro Gregório Lopes expõe "Ressonâncias e Flutuações no Oceano da Memória" no PCIL". A Nação. April 27, 2019. Archived from the original on May 20, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
191. Mumford 2021, p. 123.
192.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Central African Republic/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
193. Whitney Smith, Flag of the Central African Republic at the Encyclopædia Britannica
194. Bradshaw, Richard; Fandos-Rius, Juan (May 27, 2016). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-7992-8.
195. Mumford 2021, p. 115.
196.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Chad/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
197. Whitney Smith, Flag of Chad at the Encyclopædia Britannica
198. Mboguerienne, Toguyallah (August 11, 2023). "11 août : Naiyia Amina Goudja, confectionneuse du 1er drapeau tchadien, toujours pas honorée". TchadInfos. Archived from the original on August 13, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
199. Mumford 2021, p. 118.
200. "National Flag Day: Find out more about the history of Chile's national emblem". gob.cl. July 9, 2023. Archived from the original on January 18, 2024. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
201.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Chile/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
202. Whitney Smith, Flag of Chile at the Encyclopædia Britannica
203. Mumford 2021, p. 93.
204. Bizzarro, Salvatore (April 20, 2005). "FLAG, NATIONAL". Historical Dictionary of Chile (3rd ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6542-6.
205.  This article incorporates public domain material from "China/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
206. Whitney Smith, Flag of China at the Encyclopædia Britannica
207. Znamierowski 2020, p. 176.
208. Mumford 2021, p. 284.
209.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Colombia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
210. Whitney Smith, Flag of Colombia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
211. "Día de la Bandera de Colombia". parlamentoandino.org. August 7, 2022. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
212. Ricaurte, Enrique Ortega (1954). Heráldica nacional: estudio documental (in Spanish). Banco de la República. p. 128. OCLC 253691402.
213. Znamierowski 2020, p. 207.
214. Mumford 2021, p. 80.
215.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Comoros/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
216. Whitney Smith, Flag of Comoros at the Encyclopædia Britannica
217. Znamierowski 2020, p. 225.
218. Mumford 2021, p. 151.
219.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Congo, Democratic Republic of the/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
220. Whitney Smith, Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo at the Encyclopædia Britannica
221. Mumford 2021, p. 116.
222. "Drapeau et signification de chaque couleur" (PDF). presidence.cd. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
223.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Congo, Republic of the/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
224. Whitney Smith, Flag of the Republic of the Congo at the Encyclopædia Britannica
225. Clark, John Frank; Decalo, Samuel (2012). "CONFÉRENCE NATIONALE/NATIONAL CONFERENCE". Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4919-8.
226. Mumford 2021, p. 138.
227.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Costa Rica/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
228. Whitney Smith, Flag of Costa Rica at the Encyclopædia Britannica
229. Rankin, Monica A. (May 3, 2012). The History of Costa Rica. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. xviii. ISBN 978-0-313-37945-1.
230. "LOS SÍMBOLOS NACIONALES DE COSTA RICA". patrimonio.go.cr. Archived from the original on August 28, 2024. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
231. Znamierowski 2020, p. 201.
232. Mumford 2021, p. 63.
233.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Croatia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
234. Whitney Smith, Flag of Croatia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
235. Heller, Martin; Grossholz, Andrea, eds. (1994). Who's who in graphic design: profiles of more than 300 leading graphic designers from 46 countries = über 300 führende Grafik-Designer aus 46 Ländern im Überblick - mit biographischen Angaben. Zürich: Werd-Verl. p. 108. ISBN 978-3-85932-135-9.
236. Znamierowski 2020, pp. 154–155.
237. Mumford 2021, p. 215.
238.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Cuba/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
239. Whitney Smith, Flag of Cuba at the Encyclopædia Britannica
240. Kapcia, Antoni (April 25, 2022). "FLAG, CUBAN NATIONAL". Historical Dictionary of Cuba. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-6455-7.
241. Mumford 2021, p. 66.
242.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Cyprus/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
243. Whitney Smith, Flag of Cyprus at the Encyclopædia Britannica
244. Sarris, Georgios (August 20, 2022). "Η ιστορία της σημαίας της Κύπρου που έχει σχεδιαστεί από έναν… Τουρκοκύπριο". NewsBeast. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
245. "The Cyprus Flag". presidency.gov.cy. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
246. Mumford 2021, p. 242.
247.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Czechia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
248. Whitney Smith, Flag of the Czech Republic at the Encyclopædia Britannica
249. Cabada, Ladislav; Waisová, Šárka (2011). Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic in World Politics. Lexington Books. pp. xviii. ISBN 978-0-7391-6733-5.
250. Fawn, Rick; Hochman, Jiří (2010). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of the Czech State. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-5648-6.
251. Znamierowski 2020, p. 137.
252. Mumford 2021, p. 212.
253. Information, United Nations Office of Public (1963). Flag Book of the United Nations. UN. p. 19.
254.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Denmark/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
255. Whitney Smith, Flag of Denmark at the Encyclopædia Britannica
256. Henningsen, Henning (1969). "Dannebrog og flagføring til søs". M/S Museet for Søfarts årbog (in Danish). 28: 7–81. ISSN 2246-7092.
257. Znamierowski 2020, p. 134.
258. Mumford 2021, p. 158.
259.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Djibouti/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
260. Whitney Smith, Flag of Djibouti at the Encyclopædia Britannica
261. Znamierowski 2020, p. 222.
262. Mumford 2021, p. 108.
263.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Dominica/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
264. Whitney Smith, Flag of Dominica at the Encyclopædia Britannica
265. "National Flag - Government of Dominica Web Portal". dominica.gov.dm. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
266. Mumford 2021, p. 72.
267.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Dominican Republic/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
268. Whitney Smith, Flag of the Dominican Republic at the Encyclopædia Britannica
269. Znamierowski 2020, p. 203.
270. Mumford 2021, p. 69.
271.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Ecuador/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
272. Whitney Smith, Flag of Ecuador at the Encyclopædia Britannica
273. "Instructivo de uso de los Símbolos Patrios" (PDF). presidencia.gob.ec. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 18, 2011. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
274. Mumford 2021, p. 84.
275.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Egypt/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
276. Whitney Smith, Flag of Egypt at the Encyclopædia Britannica
277. Safwat, Hend (March 21, 2018). "History of Egypt's flags, national anthems". Egypt Today. Archived from the original on November 23, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
278. "Fast Facts". Embassy of Egypt, Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
279. al-Dīb, Ṭāyiʻ (May 29, 2021). "علي كامل الديب.. الشيوعي الذي صَمَّمّ علم مصر". Aswat Online. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
280. Znamierowski 2020, p. 216.
281. Mumford 2021, p. 104.
282. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022a, pp. 447–448.
283.  This article incorporates public domain material from "El Salvador/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
284. Whitney Smith, Flag of El Salvador at the Encyclopædia Britannica
285. "Símbolos Patrios". presidencia.gob.sv. Archived from the original on April 16, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
286. "ASAMBLEA LEGISLATIVA - REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR" (PDF). asamblea.gob.sv. September 14, 1972. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 28, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
287. Mumford 2021, p. 60.
288.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Equatorial Guinea/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
289. Whitney Smith, Flag of Equatorial Guinea at the Encyclopædia Britannica
290. Mumford 2021, p. 135.
291.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Eritrea/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
292. Whitney Smith, Flag of Eritrea at the Encyclopædia Britannica
293. Mumford 2021, p. 107.
294. "Riigi Teataja 6 juuli 1922 — DIGAR Eesti artiklid".
295. Aun, Karl (2010). The Estonian flag: a hundred years of the blue-black-white. Flag heritage foundation monograph and translation series. Winchester, Massachusetts: Flag Heritage Foundation. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4507-2430-2. OCLC 666252136.
296. Znamierowski 2020, p. 136.
297. Mumford 2021, p. 161.
298.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Eswatini/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
299. Whitney Smith, Flag of Eswatini at the Encyclopædia Britannica
300. Znamierowski 2020, p. 224.
301. Mumford 2021, p. 148.
302.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Ethiopia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
303. Whitney Smith, Flag of Ethiopia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
304. Mumford 2021, p. 109.
305.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Fiji/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
306. Whitney Smith, Flag of Fiji at the Encyclopædia Britannica
307. Znamierowski 2020, p. 186.
308. Mumford 2021, p. 294.
309. Vuki, Losalini (October 10, 2018). "Tessa the woman that designed Fiji's flag". The Fiji Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
310.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Finland/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
311. Whitney Smith, Flag of Finland at the Encyclopædia Britannica
312. Znamierowski 2020, p. 135.
313. Mumford 2021, p. 160.
314.  This article incorporates public domain material from "France/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
315. Whitney Smith, Flag of France at the Encyclopædia Britannica
316. Znamierowski 2020, p. 145.
317. Mumford 2021, p. 186.
318. "Quelle est l'origine du drapeau français ?". Futura (portail web) [fr]. July 15, 2019. Archived from the original on May 26, 2024. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
319.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Gabon/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
320. Whitney Smith, Flag of Gabon at the Encyclopædia Britannica
321. Mumford 2021, p. 137.
322. "Tout sur l'histoire et la signification du drapeau tricolore gabonais". info241. August 17, 2021. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
323.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Gambia, The/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
324. Whitney Smith, Flag of The Gambia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
325. Znamierowski 2020, p. 217.
326. Mumford 2021, p. 122.
327. Poels, Jos (2017). Where the Gambia River gives life: A tribute to Gambia's flag designer Louis Lucien Thomasi (PDF). International Congress of Vexillology. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2024. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
328.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Georgia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
329. Whitney Smith, Flag of Georgia (country) at the Encyclopædia Britannica
330. "საქართველოს ორგანული კანონი საქართველოს სახელმწიფო სიმბოლოების შესახებ". matsne.gov.ge. November 14, 2018. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
331. "Государственный флаг Грузии". vexillographia.ru. September 17, 2020. Archived from the original on February 21, 2024. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
332. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, pp. 804–805.
333. Mumford 2021, p. 239.
334.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Germany/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
335. Whitney Smith, Flag of Germany at the Encyclopædia Britannica
336. "The Federal Flag". bundestag.de. Archived from the original on April 25, 2024. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
337. Znamierowski 2020, pp. 142–143.
338. Mumford 2021, p. 165.
339.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Ghana/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
340. Whitney Smith, Flag of Ghana at the Encyclopædia Britannica
341. "Theodosia Okoh: Designer of Ghana's flag". BBC World Service. October 11, 2023. Archived from the original on January 20, 2024. Retrieved August 31, 2024.
342. Mumford 2021, p. 130.
343.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Greece/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
344. Whitney Smith, Flag of Greece at the Encyclopædia Britannica
345. Mumford 2021, p. 223.
346.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Grenada/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
347. Whitney Smith, Flag of Grenada at the Encyclopædia Britannica
348. "National Symbols". gov.gd. Archived from the original on June 4, 2024. Retrieved August 31, 2024.
349. Mumford 2021, p. 76.
350. Straker, Linda (February 28, 2024). "Designer of Grenada's National Flag has died". NOW Grenada. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved August 31, 2024.
351.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Guatemala/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
352. Whitney Smith, Flag of Grenada at the Encyclopædia Britannica
353. Quiñónez, Edgar (August 22, 2022). "Historia de la bandera de Guatemala". República. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved August 31, 2024.
354. Mumford 2021, p. 58.
355.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Guinea/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
356. Whitney Smith, Flag of Guinea at the Encyclopædia Britannica
357. Mumford 2021, p. 125.
358.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Guinea-Bissau/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
359. Whitney Smith, Flag of Guinea-Bissau at the Encyclopædia Britannica
360. Mumford 2021, p. 124.
361.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Guyana/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
362. Whitney Smith, Flag of Guyana at the Encyclopædia Britannica
363. Mumford 2021, p. 82.
364.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Haiti/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
365. Whitney Smith, Flag of Haiti at the Encyclopædia Britannica
366. Girard, Philippe R. (2009). "Birth of a Nation: The Creation of the Haitian Flag and Haiti's French Revolutionary Heritage". Journal of Haitian Studies. 15 (1/2): 135–150. ISSN 1090-3488. JSTOR 41715156.
367. Mumford 2021, p. 68.
368.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Honduras/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
369. Whitney Smith, Flag of Honduras at the Encyclopædia Britannica
370. Mumford 2021, p. 61.
371. Acosta, Dalma (January 26, 2022). "El error histórico que no debe repetirse al implementar la Bandera azul turquesa". El Heraldo [es]. Archived from the original on July 2, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
372. Funes, Eduin (September 29, 2020). "UNAH confirma: usará azul turquesa en Bandera Nacional". Tiempo.hn. Archived from the original on March 5, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
373.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Hungary/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
374. Whitney Smith, Flag of Hungary at the Encyclopædia Britannica
375. Mumford 2021, p. 211.
376.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Iceland/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
377. Whitney Smith, Flag of Iceland at the Encyclopædia Britannica
378. "Icelandic National Flag". www.government.is. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
379. "A brief history of the Icelandic flag". government.is. Archived from the original on July 11, 2024. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
380. Mumford 2021, p. 156.
381.  This article incorporates public domain material from "India/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
382. Whitney Smith, Flag of India at the Encyclopædia Britannica
383. Mumford 2021, p. 264.
384. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, p. 805.
385.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Indonesia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
386. Whitney Smith, Flag of Indonesia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
387. Khudori, Darwis (2015). Bandung at 60: New Insights and Emerging Forces (PDF). Pustaka Pelajar. ISBN 978-602-229-552-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 4, 2024. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
388. Mumford 2021, p. 278.
389. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, p. 806.
390.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Iran/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
391. Whitney Smith, Flag of Iran at the Encyclopædia Britannica
392. Mumford 2021, p. 253.
393. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022a, p. 448.
394. Maleki, Kimia (February 11, 2019). "40 Years Later, Iran's Flag Remains a Unique Symbol of its Revolution". Ajam Media Collective. Archived from the original on April 15, 2024. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
395.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Iraq/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
396. Whitney Smith, Flag of Iraq at the Encyclopædia Britannica
397. Mumford 2021, p. 252.
398.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Ireland/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
399. Whitney Smith, Flag of Ireland at the Encyclopædia Britannica
400. "Quelle est l'origine du drapeau irlandais ?". CNews. March 16, 2022. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
401. Znamierowski 2020, p. 148.
402. Mumford 2021, p. 175.
403. Brent, Harry (April 15, 2021). "On this day in 1848: Ireland's new flag is shown to public for first time". The Irish Post. Archived from the original on April 12, 2024. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
404.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Israel/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
405. Whitney Smith, Flag of Israel at the Encyclopædia Britannica
406. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, p. 808.
407. Znamierowski 2020, p. 165.
408.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Italy/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
409. Whitney Smith, Flag of Italy at the Encyclopædia Britannica
410. Znamierowski 2020, p. 154.
411. Mumford 2021, p. 196.
412. Israel, Jonathan (September 22, 2015). Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre. Princeton University Press. p. 647. ISBN 978-0-691-16971-2.
413.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Cote d'Ivoire/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
414. Whitney Smith, flag of Côte d’Ivoire at the Encyclopædia Britannica
415. "Création du Drapeau national de la République de Côte d'Ivoire". louisthomasachille.com. July 3, 2018. Archived from the original on July 15, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
416. Mumford 2021, p. 128.
417.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Jamaica/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
418. Whitney Smith, flag of Jamaica at the Encyclopædia Britannica
419. Senior, Olive (2003). "NATIONAL SYMBOLS". Encyclopedia of Jamaican Heritage. Twin Guinep Publishers. ISBN 978-976-8007-14-8.
420. Mumford 2021, p. 65.
421.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Japan/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
422. Whitney Smith, flag of Japan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
423. Znamierowski 2020, p. 177.
424. Mumford 2021, p. 287.
425. Frédéric, Louis (2002). "Kokki". Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5. OCLC 48943301.
426.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Jordan/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
427. Whitney Smith, flag of Jordan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
428. Gubser, Peter (1991). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-2449-2.
429. Podeh, Elie (2022). "Anthems in the Arab world: A hybrid national symbol". Nations and Nationalism. 28 (4): 1379–1394. doi:10.1111/nana.12803. ISSN 1354-5078.
430. Mumford 2021, p. 244.
431.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Kazakhstan/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
432. Whitney Smith, flag of Kazakhstan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
433. Kassymova, Didar; Kundakbayeva, Zhanat; Markus, Ustina (May 18, 2012). Historical Dictionary of Kazakhstan. Scarecrow Press. pp. xxxiii. ISBN 978-0-8108-7983-6.
434. Znamierowski 2020, p. 168.
435. Mumford 2021, p. 256.
436. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, p. 810.
437.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Kenya/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
438. Whitney Smith, flag of Kenya at the Encyclopædia Britannica
439. Kamau, John (July 3, 2020). "Trying to undo the political mischief on Kenya's flag". Daily Nation. Archived from the original on May 28, 2024. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
440. Mumford 2021, p. 112.
441.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Kiribati/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
442. Whitney Smith, flag of Kiribati at the Encyclopædia Britannica
443. "Grimble, Arthur". asiapacific.anu.edu.au. Archived from the original on September 5, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
444. Znamierowski 2020, p. 184.
445. Mumford 2021, p. 301.
446.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Kuwait/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
447. Whitney Smith, flag of Kuwait at the Encyclopædia Britannica
448. Mumford 2021, p. 251.
449. "Kuwait marks 63rd Independence Day". Kuwait News Agency. June 19, 2024. Archived from the original on June 19, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
450.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Kyrgyzstan/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
451. Whitney Smith, flag of Kyrgyzstan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
452. Putz, Catherine (January 3, 2024). "Kyrgyzstan's New Flag Debuts in Bishkek". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on July 4, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
453. Mumford 2021, p. 258.
454.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Laos/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
455. Whitney Smith, flag of Laos at the Encyclopædia Britannica
456. Stuart-Fox, Martin; Creak, Simon (February 6, 2023). "FLAGS". Historical Dictionary of Laos. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-2028-6.
457. Mumford 2021, p. 270.
458. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, p. 813.
459.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Latvia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
460. Whitney Smith, flag of Latvia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
461. "Procedures for the Application of the Law on the National Flag of Latvia". likumi.lv. November 27, 2018. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
462. Pumpuriņš, Tālis (May 4, 2024). "Latvijas valsts karogs". Latvian National Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on July 14, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
463. Mumford 2021, p. 162.
464.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Lebanon/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
465. Whitney Smith, flag of Lebanon at the Encyclopædia Britannica
466. Najem, Tom; Amore, Roy C. (June 15, 2021). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of Lebanon. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-2044-6.; see also "PHARAOUN, HENRI (1901–1993)"
467. Mumford 2021, p. 240.
468.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Lesotho/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
469. Whitney Smith, flag of Lesotho at the Encyclopædia Britannica
470. Mumford 2021, p. 147.
471.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Liberia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
472. Whitney Smith, flag of Liberia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
473. Richardson, Nathaniel R. (1959). Liberia's Past and Present. Diplomatic Press and Publishing Company. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-608-32932-1.
474. Mumford 2021, p. 127.
475.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Libya/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
476. Whitney Smith, flag of Libya at the Encyclopædia Britannica
477. John, Ronald Bruce St (June 4, 2014). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of Libya. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-7876-1.
478. Mumford 2021, p. 103.
479.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Liechtenstein/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
480. Whitney Smith, flag of Liechtenstein at the Encyclopædia Britannica
481. Znamierowski 2020, p. 139.
482. Mumford 2021, p. 207.
483.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Lithuania/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
484. Whitney Smith, flag of Lithuania at the Encyclopædia Britannica
485. Akmenytė-Ruzgienė, Vilma. "National flag of Lithuania". lrs.lt. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
486. Mumford 2021, p. 163.
487.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Luxembourg/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
488. Whitney Smith, flag of Luxembourg at the Encyclopædia Britannica
489. Mumford 2021, p. 387.
490.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Madagascar/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
491. Whitney Smith, flag of Madagascar at the Encyclopædia Britannica
492. Galibert, Didier (2009). Les gens du pouvoir à Madagascar: État postcolonial, légitimités et territoire, 1956-2002 (in French). KARTHALA Editions. p. 546. ISBN 978-2-8111-0213-5.
493. Deschamps, Hubert (January 1, 1972). Histoire de Madagascar: Avec 13 cartes et 31 photographies (in French). FeniXX. p. 274. ISBN 978-2-402-62701-6.
494. Tétaud, Sarah (June 22, 2020). "Madagascar: les débuts mouvementés du drapeau national". Radio France Internationale. Archived from the original on September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
495. Mumford 2021, p. 152.
496.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Malawi/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
497. Whitney Smith, flag of Malawi at the Encyclopædia Britannica
498. Znamierowski 2020, p. 223.
499. Mumford 2021, p. 142.
500.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Malaysia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
501. Whitney Smith, flag of Malaysia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
502. Hisamudin, Hakimie Amrie (August 31, 2021). "Fly the flag high – and remember the shy patriot behind it". Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
503. Znamierowski 2020, p. 173.
504. Mumford 2021, p. 273.
505. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, p. 814.
506.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Maldives/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
507. Whitney Smith, flag of the Maldives at the Encyclopædia Britannica
508. Znamierowski 2020, p. 171.
509. Mumford 2021, p. 265.
510.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Mali/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
511. Whitney Smith, flag of Mali at the Encyclopædia Britannica
512. "Mali : L'histoire du drapeau national". Maliactu [fr]. July 19, 2019. Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
513. Mumford 2021, p. 120.
514.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Malta/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
515. Whitney Smith, flag of Malta at the Encyclopædia Britannica
516. Mumford 2021, p. 197.
517.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Marshall Islands/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
518. Whitney Smith, flag of Marshall Islands at the Encyclopædia Britannica
519. Znamierowski 2020, p. 185.
520. Mumford 2021, p. 299.
521.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Mauritania/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
522. Whitney Smith, flag of Mauritania at the Encyclopædia Britannica
523. Mumford 2021, p. 119.
524. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022a, p. 453.
525.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Mauritius/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
526. Whitney Smith, flag of Mauritius at the Encyclopædia Britannica
527. Elix, Joëlle (March 12, 2017). "Gurudutt Moher, père du quadricolore". L'Express. Archived from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
528. Mumford 2021, p. 153.
529.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Mexico/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
530. Whitney Smith, flag of Mexico at the Encyclopædia Britannica
531. Mumford 2021, p. 57.
532. "Francisco Eppens, el potosino que diseñó el escudo mexicano". La Orquesta.mx. January 4, 2022. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
533. "Historia de la bandera de México". gob.mx. February 23, 2018. Archived from the original on October 26, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
534. Alisky, Marvin (2008). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of Mexico. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5995-1.
535.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Micronesia, Federated States of/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
536. Whitney Smith, flag of Micronesia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
537. Znamierowski 2020, p. 183.
538. Mumford 2021, p. 298.
539. "Chp. 5 Title 1: Genral Provisions". fsmlaw.org. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
540. "Peace, Freedom and Loyalty". Micronesian Reporter. Vol. 20, no. 3. 1972. p. 35. ISSN 0026-2781. OCLC 5692371. Archived from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
541.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Moldova/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
542. Whitney Smith, flag of Moldova at the Encyclopædia Britannica
543. Znamierowski 2020, p. 158.
544. Musteată, Sergiu (2014). "1991: A Chronology of Moldova's Independance" (PDF). Euxeinos (15–16). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 14, 2024.
545. "Государственный флаг Республики Молдова". vexillographia.ru. April 24, 2011. Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
546. Mumford 2021, p. 225.
547.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Monaco/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
548. Whitney Smith, flag of Monaco at the Encyclopædia Britannica
549. Mumford 2021, p. 188.
550.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Mongolia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
551. Whitney Smith, flag of Mongolia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
552. Mumford 2021, p. 257.
553. Boldbaatar, Jigjid; Humphrey, Caroline (January 1, 2007). "The Process of Creation of National Symbols and Their Adoption in the 1992 Constitution of Mongolia". Inner Asia. 9 (1): 3–22. doi:10.1163/146481707793646584. ISSN 2210-5018.
554. "Article 1, Clause 5, Section 12". Constitution of Mongolia. Constitutional Court of Mongolia. February 12, 1992. Archived from the original on August 6, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
555. "Монгол төрийн далбааг зохиосон Додийн Чойдог". Choibalsan.mn (in Mongolian). April 19, 2015. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
556.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Montenegro/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
557. Whitney Smith, flag of Montenegro at the Encyclopædia Britannica
558. Djukanovic, Bojka (January 24, 2023). "FLAG OF MONTENEGRO". Historical Dictionary of Montenegro. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-3915-8.
559. Mumford 2021, p. 217.
560.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Morocco/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
561. Whitney Smith, flag of Morocco at the Encyclopædia Britannica
562. Boum, Aomar; Park, Thomas K. (June 2, 2016). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-6297-3.
563. Mumford 2021, p. 100.
564. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022a, p. 454.
565. Aublanc, Alexandre; Mouline, Nabil (January 24, 2024). "Maroc : " Le drapeau rouge frappé d'un pentagramme vert est le fruit de longues tractations avec la France "". Le Monde (in French). Archived from the original on July 16, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
566.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Mozambique/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
567. Whitney Smith, flag of Mozambique at the Encyclopædia Britannica
568. Darch, Colin (December 15, 2018). "NATIONAL SYMBOLS". Historical Dictionary of Mozambique. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-1135-2.
569. Pemba, Adolfo Manuel (February 6, 2024). "Autoproclamado "autor" da bandeira da Frelimo não foi pago até hoje". Evidências (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
570. Mumford 2021, p. 144.
571.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Burma/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
572. Whitney Smith, flag of Myanmar at the Encyclopædia Britannica
573. Mumford 2021, p. 268.
574. "The Union Flag Law" (PDF). Asian Legal Information Institute. October 21, 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
575. Seekins, Donald M. (March 27, 2017). "FLAGS OF BURMA (HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY)". Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-0183-4.
576. "Myanmar unveils new national flag". San Diego Tribune. September 1, 2016. Archived from the original on August 19, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
577. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, p. 816.
578.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Namibia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
579. Whitney Smith, flag of Namibia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
580. Mumford 2021, p. 145.
581.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Nauru/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
582. Whitney Smith, flag of Nauru at the Encyclopædia Britannica
583. Znamierowski 2020, p. 182.
584. Mumford 2021, p. 300.
585.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Nepal/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
586. Whitney Smith, flag of Nepal at the Encyclopædia Britannica
587. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, p. 817.
588. Nosowitz, Dan (September 3, 2018). "Decoding the Unusual Shape of the Nepali Flag". Atlas Obscura. OCLC 960889351. Archived from the original on June 21, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
589. "राष्ट्रिय झण्डाको गणितबारे डिजाइनर शङ्करनाथ रिमाल". BBC Nepali. February 9, 2020. Archived from the original on November 3, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
590. Mumford 2021, p. 262.
591.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Netherlands/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
592. Whitney Smith, flag of the Netherlands at the Encyclopædia Britannica
593. Healy, Don (July 1, 1994). "Evolutionary Vexillography: One Flag's Influence in Modern Design". Raven: A Journal of Vexillology. 1: 41–64. doi:10.5840/raven199415.
594. Koopmans, Joop W. (November 5, 2015). "NATIONAL SYMBOLS". Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-5593-7.
595. Mumford 2021, p. 305.
596.  This article incorporates public domain material from "New Zealand/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
597. Whitney Smith, flag of New Zealand at the Encyclopædia Britannica
598. Znamierowski 2020, p. 187.
599. "Another country - looking back 115 years". The New Zealand Herald. March 4, 2016. Archived from the original on August 13, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
600.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Nicaragua/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
601. Whitney Smith, flag of Nicaragua at the Encyclopædia Britannica
602. White, Steven F.; Calderon, Esthela (January 30, 2008). Culture and Customs of Nicaragua. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-313-08739-4.
603. Mumford 2021, p. 62.
604. Idrissa, Rahmane (February 26, 2020). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of Niger. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-2015-6.
605. Mumford 2021, p. 117.
606.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Nigeria/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
607. Whitney Smith, flag of Nigeria at the Encyclopædia Britannica
608. Mumford 2021, p. 133.
609.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Korea, North/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
610. Whitney Smith, flag of North Korea at the Encyclopædia Britannica
611. Hoare, James (2012). Historical dictionary of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6151-0.
612. Mumford 2021, p. 285.
613.  This article incorporates public domain material from "North Macedonia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
614. Whitney Smith, flag of North Macedonia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
615. Bechev, Dimitar (September 3, 2019). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-1962-4.
616. Kolstø, Pål (April 1, 2016). Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe. Routledge. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-317-04936-4.
617. Mumford 2021, p. 221.
618.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Norway/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
619. Whitney Smith, flag of Norway at the Encyclopædia Britannica
620. Leiren, Terje; Sjåvik, Jan (October 8, 2019). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of Norway. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-2312-6.
621. Mumford 2021, p. 157.
622.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Oman/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
623. Whitney Smith, flag of Oman at the Encyclopædia Britannica
624. Znamierowski 2020, p. 166.
625. "Flag, Emblem and National Anthem". www.fm.gov.om. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
626. Mumford 2021, p. 247.
627.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Pakistan/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
628. Whitney Smith, flag of Pakistan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
629. Mumford 2021, p. 261.
630. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022a, p. 455.
631.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Palau/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
632. Whitney Smith, flag of Palau at the Encyclopædia Britannica
633. Shuster, Donald R. (2009). "The Republic of Palau and its Compact, 1995–2009". The Journal of Pacific History. 44 (3): 325–332. doi:10.1080/00223340903356872. ISSN 0022-3344.
634. "The Flag - Palau International Ship Registry". www.palaureg.com. March 22, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
635. "Flag of Palau – PalauGov.pw". Retrieved August 19, 2024.
636. Mumford 2021, p. 297.
637. Whitney Smith, flag of Palestine Liberation Organization at the Encyclopædia Britannica
638. "The Palestinian Flag". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (State of Palestine). Archived from the original on July 14, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
639. Mumford 2021, p. 312.
640.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Panama/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
641. Whitney Smith, flag of Panama at the Encyclopædia Britannica
642. Leonard, Thomas M. (November 18, 2014). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of Panama. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-7835-8.
643. "Reglamento para el uso de los Símbolos de la Patria - Ley Número 34 (del 15 de diciembre de 1949) por la cual se adoptan la Bandera, el Himno y el Escudo de Armas de la República y se reglamenta su uso así como el de las Banderas Extranjeras" [Regulations for the use of the Symbols of the Homeland - Law Number 34 (of December 15, 1949) by which the Flag, the Anthem and the Coat of Arms of the Republic are adopted and its use is regulated as well as that of Foreign Flags]. www.pa (in Spanish). December 15, 1949. Archived from the original on February 18, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
644. Mumford 2021, p. 64.
645.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Papua New Guinea/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
646. Whitney Smith, flag of Papua New Guinea at the Encyclopædia Britannica
647. Mumford 2021, p. 295.
648.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Paraguay/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
649. Whitney Smith, flag of Paraguay at the Encyclopædia Britannica
650. "Decreto N°11400" (PDF). informacionpublica.paraguay.gov.py. July 15, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
651. Nickson, R. Andrew (June 17, 2015). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of Paraguay. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-7964-5.
652. "Franco quiere cambiar la bandera: El color del león es el problema". Hoy. July 16, 2013. Archived from the original on July 17, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
653. Mumford 2021, p. 95.
654.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Peru/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
655. Whitney Smith, flag of Peru at the Encyclopædia Britannica
656. Mumford 2021, p. 85.
657.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Philippines/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
658. Whitney Smith, flag of the Philippines at the Encyclopædia Britannica
659. Guillermo, Artemio R.; Win, May Kyi (2005). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5490-1.
660. Mumford 2021, p. 282.
661.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Poland/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
662. Whitney Smith, flag of Poland at the Encyclopædia Britannica
663. Mumford 2021, p. 164.
664.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Portugal/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
665. Whitney Smith, flag of Portugal at the Encyclopædia Britannica
666. Znamierowski 2020, p. 150.
667. Wheeler, Douglas L.; Opello, Walter C. (May 10, 2010). "FLAG, PORTUGUESE NATIONAL". Historical Dictionary of Portugal. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7075-8.
668. Mumford 2021, p. 190.
669.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Qatar/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
670. Whitney Smith, flag of Qatar at the Encyclopædia Britannica
671. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, p. 820.
672. "Al-Adaam". Qatar.qa. Archived from the original on May 20, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
673. Mumford 2021, p. 249.
674.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Romania/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
675. Whitney Smith, flag of Romania at the Encyclopædia Britannica
676. Mumford 2021, p. 224.
677.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Russia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
678. Whitney Smith, flag of Russia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
679. Mumford 2021, p. 228.
680.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Rwanda/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
681. Whitney Smith, flag of Rwanda at the Encyclopædia Britannica
682. Mumford 2021, p. 113.
683. "Rwanda gets new flag, national anthem and coat of arms". Afrol. January 2, 2002. Archived from the original on March 11, 2024. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
684. "Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda". primature.gov.rw. April 20, 2009. Archived from the original on October 28, 2009. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
685.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Saint Kitts and Nevis/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
686. Whitney Smith, flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis at the Encyclopædia Britannica
687. Mumford 2021, p. 70.
688.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Saint Lucia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
689. Whitney Smith, flag of Saint Lucia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
690. Mumford 2021, p. 73.
691.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
692. Whitney Smith, flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the Encyclopædia Britannica
693. Mumford 2021, p. 74.
694.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Samoa/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
695. Whitney Smith, flag of Samoa at the Encyclopædia Britannica
696. Tinetali-Fiavaai, Grace (August 2, 2024). "A brief history of Sāmoan flags: 'Uniting under what colonisers brought to us', says academic". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on August 1, 2024. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
697. "W. Samoa's Flag Approved In NZ". Pacific Islands Monthly. Vol. XIX, no. 8. March 1, 1949. p. 20. Archived from the original on August 29, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
698. "NEW FLAG FOR WESTERN SAMOA". Otago Daily Times. February 26, 1949. p. 9. Archived from the original on August 29, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2024 – via Papers past.
699. Mumford 2021, p. 303.
700.  This article incorporates public domain material from "San Marino/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
701. Whitney Smith, flag of San Marino at the Encyclopædia Britannica
702. Mumford 2021, p. 199.
703.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Sao Tome and Principe/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
704. Whitney Smith, flag of Sao Tome and Principe at the Encyclopædia Britannica
705. "Article 14, Section 1". Constitution of São Tomé and Príncipe. Constituteproject.org. November 5, 1975. Archived from the original on October 26, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
706. Mumford 2021, p. 136.
707.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Saudi Arabia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
708. Whitney Smith, flag of Saudi Arabia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
709. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, p. 821.
710. "THE GUIDELINE FOR THE USE OF THE SAUDI ARABIAN FLAG" (PDF). saudiflag.sa. 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 14, 2024. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
711. Mumford 2021, p. 245.
712.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Senegal/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
713. Whitney Smith, flag of Senegal at the Encyclopædia Britannica
714. Mumford 2021, p. 121.
715.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Serbia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
716. Whitney Smith, flag of Serbia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
717. Elgenius, Gabriella (November 12, 2018). Symbols of Nations and Nationalism: Celebrating Nationhood. Springer. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-0-230-31704-8.
718. Mumford 2021, p. 218.
719.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Seychelles/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
720. Whitney Smith, flag of Seychelles at the Encyclopædia Britannica
721. Mumford 2021, p. 150.
722. "National Symbols Act". SeyLII. June 18, 1996. Archived from the original on August 21, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
723. "GUIDELINES ON SPECIFICATIONS AND CORRECT USAGE OF THE SEYCHELLES' NATIONAL SYMBOLS" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Seychelles). 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
724.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Sierra Leone/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
725. Whitney Smith, flag of Sierra Leone at the Encyclopædia Britannica
726. Mumford 2021, p. 126.
727.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Singapore/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
728. Whitney Smith, flag of Singapore at the Encyclopædia Britannica
729. Mumford 2021, p. 280.
730. "History of the Singapore Flag: What it Could Have Looked Like". Kopi. November 24, 2019. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
731. Sim, Cheryl (September 1, 2014). "Singapore's national flag". National Library Board. Archived from the original on August 21, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
732.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Slovakia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
733. Whitney Smith, flag of Slovakia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
734. Mumford 2021, p. 213.
735. Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (November 14, 2013). "STATE SYMBOLS". Historical Dictionary of Slovakia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-8030-6.
736. "Zomrel autor výtvarného spracovania štátnych symbolov SR". News Agency of the Slovak Republic. August 3, 2017. Archived from the original on November 1, 2022. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
737.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Slovenia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
738. Whitney Smith, flag of Slovenia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
739. Mumford 2021, p. 214.
740. Plut-Pregelj, Leopoldina; Kranjc, Gregor; Lazarevic, Žarko; Rogel, Carole (February 22, 2018). "FLAG OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA". Historical Dictionary of Slovenia. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-1106-2.
741. "Symbols of Slovenia | GOV.SI". Portal GOV.SI. December 20, 2020. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
742.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Solomon Islands/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
743. Whitney Smith, flag of the Solomon Islands at the Encyclopædia Britannica
744. Mumford 2021, p. 296.
745. "The Solomon Islands Flag". Solomon Times. January 18, 2012. Archived from the original on December 27, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
746. Nolan, Jimmy (July 10, 2020). "Is Thomas Giosa Our Nation's Flag Designer?". Solomon Times. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
747.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Somalia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
748. Whitney Smith, flag of Somalia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
749. Mumford 2021, p. 110.
750. Casoowe, Cabdishakuur (October 12, 2020). "Maalinta Calanka: Calamada kala duwan ee Soomaalida iyo xilliyada dabaaldegyada". BBC Somali Service. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
751. "Africa's Flags: A Vexillological Approach to Africa". Africa.com. September 4, 2012. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
752.  This article incorporates public domain material from "South Africa/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
753. Whitney Smith, flag of South Africa at the Encyclopædia Britannica
754. Mumford 2021, p. 149.
755. Saunders, Christopher; Limb, Peter (2021). "FLAG QUESTION". Historical Dictionary of South Africa. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-3025-4.
756.  This article incorporates public domain material from "South Korea/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
757. Whitney Smith, flag of South Korea at the Encyclopædia Britannica
758. Mumford 2021, p. 286.
759. Kim, Myeong-Jin (March 15, 2015). "The Taekeugki". KOREA. Archived from the original on August 22, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
760.  This article incorporates public domain material from "South Sudan/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
761. Whitney Smith, flag of South Sudan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
762. Mumford 2021, p. 106.
763. Kramer, Robert S.; Jr, Richard A. Lobban; Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (March 22, 2013). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of the Sudan. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7940-9.
764. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022a, p. 457.
765.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Spain/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
766. Whitney Smith, flag of Spain at the Encyclopædia Britannica
767. Znamierowski 2020, p. 151.
768. Mumford 2021, p. 191.
769. Smith, Angel (2018). "FLAGS OF SPAIN". Historical Dictionary of Spain. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-0882-6.
770. López, Alejandro Sierra. "Un proyecto de reforma de la bandera de España". Ministry of Culture (Spain). Archived from the original on June 20, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
771.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Sri Lanka/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
772. Whitney Smith, flag of Sri Lanka at the Encyclopædia Britannica
773. Znamierowski 2020, pp. 170–171.
774. Mumford 2021, p. 266.
775. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, p. 822.
776.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Sudan/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
777. Whitney Smith, flag of the Sudan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
778. Mumford 2021, p. 105.
779. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022a, p. 458.
780.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Suriname/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
781. Whitney Smith, flag of Suriname at the Encyclopædia Britannica
782. Znamierowski 2020, pp. 207–208.
783. Mumford 2021, p. 83.
784. "Oorspronkelijke ontwerper Surinaamse vlag overleden". Waterkant (media) [nl]. September 17, 2016. Archived from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
785.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Sweden/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
786. Whitney Smith, flag of Sweden at the Encyclopædia Britannica
787. Mumford 2021, p. 159.
788. Elgán, Elisabeth; Scobbie, Irene (September 17, 2015). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of Sweden. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-5071-0.
789.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Switzerland/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
790. Whitney Smith, flag of Switzerland at the Encyclopædia Britannica
791. Mumford 2021, p. 200.
792. "Syrians bring back independence flag with Assad's ouster". France 24. December 11, 2024. Archived from the original on December 30, 2024. Retrieved January 30, 2025 – via AFP.
793. Whitney Smith, flag of Syria at the Encyclopædia Britannica
794.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Syria/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
795. Mumford 2021, p. 241.
796. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022a, pp. 458–459.
797.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Tajikistan/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
798. Whitney Smith, flag of Tajikistan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
799. Mumford 2021, p. 259.
800. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, p. 824.
801. Gadzhieva, Amal Khanum (January 6, 2012). "Зухур ХАБИБУЛЛАЕВ: "Любовь – это все"". Asia-Plus. Archived from the original on August 22, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
802.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Tanzania/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
803. Whitney Smith, flag of Tanzania at the Encyclopædia Britannica
804. Mumford 2021, p. 141.
805.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Thailand/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
806. Whitney Smith, flag of Thailand at the Encyclopædia Britannica
807. Mumford 2021, p. 269.
808.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Timor-Leste/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
809. Whitney Smith, Flag of East Timor at the Encyclopædia Britannica
810. Jolliffe, Jill (May 18, 2002). "When East Timor first flew its flag in defiance". The Age. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
811. "National Symbols". timor-leste.gov.tl. Archived from the original on July 24, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
812. Mumford 2021, p. 279.
813. Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, p. 825.
814.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Togo/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
815. Whitney Smith, flag of Togo at the Encyclopædia Britannica
816. Mumford 2021, p. 131.
817. Roussel, Jane (January 14, 2020). "Paul Ahyi : ce musée qui lui est dédié à Lomé". Le Point. Archived from the original on March 29, 2023. Retrieved August 23, 2024.
818. Posamentier, Alfred S.; Lehmann, Ingmar (December 20, 2011). The Glorious Golden Ratio. Prometheus Books. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-61614-424-1.
819.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Tonga/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
820. Whitney Smith, flag of Tonga at the Encyclopædia Britannica
821. Mumford 2021, p. 304.
822. Latu, Paula Onoafe (2011). Fakaongo and tau'ataina: the influences of the Tongan traditional religion, the European civilization and Wesleyan teachings on the formation of Tongan religious identities (PhD thesis). Massey University. p. 53. Archived from the original on June 23, 2024. Retrieved September 22, 2024.
823.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Trinidad and Tobago/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
824. Whitney Smith, flag of Trinidad and Tobago at the Encyclopædia Britannica
825. Mumford 2021, p. 77.
826. "Father of the flag". Trinidad Express Newspapers. August 16, 2022. Archived from the original on August 27, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2024.
827.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Tunisia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
828. Whitney Smith, flag of Tunisia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
829. Mumford 2021, p. 102.
830.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Turkey (Turkiye)/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
831. Whitney Smith, flag of Turkey at the Encyclopædia Britannica
832. Mumford 2021, p. 238.
833.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Turkmenistan/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
834. Whitney Smith, flag of Turkmenistan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
835. Mumford 2021, p. 254.
836. "About National flag of Turkmenistan (new edition)". cis-legislation.com. March 16, 2023. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved August 23, 2024.
837.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Tuvalu/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
838. Whitney Smith, flag of Tuvalu at the Encyclopædia Britannica
839. Mumford 2021, p. 302.
840.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Uganda/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
841. Whitney Smith, flag of Uganda at the Encyclopædia Britannica
842. Mumford 2021, p. 111.
843.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Ukraine/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
844. Whitney Smith, flag of Ukraine at the Encyclopædia Britannica
845. Mumford 2021, p. 227.
846.  This article incorporates public domain material from "United Arab Emirates/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
847. Whitney Smith, flag of the United Arab Emirates at the Encyclopædia Britannica
848. Mumford 2021, p. 248.
849. Farooqui, Mazhar (October 28, 2021). "Meet the Emirati diplomat who designed UAE's flag as a teenager". Khaleej Times. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved August 23, 2024.
850. Al Shouk, Ali (November 2, 2021). "Watch: The Emirati man who designed the UAE flag way back in 1971". Gulf News. Archived from the original on August 23, 2024. Retrieved August 23, 2024.
851.  This article incorporates public domain material from "United Kingdom/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
852. Whitney Smith, flag of the United Kingdom at the Encyclopædia Britannica
853. Mumford 2021, p. 176.
854. Lister, David (October 15, 2012). Union Jack or Union Flag (PDF). United Kingdom: Flag Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 16, 2023. Retrieved August 23, 2024.
855.  This article incorporates public domain material from "United States/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
856. Whitney Smith, flag of the United States at the Encyclopædia Britannica
857. Znamierowski 2020, p. 192.
858. Mumford 2021, pp. 39–41.
859. Vile, John R. (October 5, 2018). The American Flag: An Encyclopedia of the Stars and Stripes in U.S. History, Culture, and Law. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 37. ISBN 979-8-216-04584-7.
860. Nevala-Lee, Alec (June 30, 2022). "False Flag". Slate. Archived from the original on February 19, 2024. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
861.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Uruguay/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
862. Whitney Smith, flag of Uruguay at the Encyclopædia Britannica
863. Znamierowski 2020, pp. 211–212.
864. Mumford 2021, p. 96.
865.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Uzbekistan/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
866. Whitney Smith, flag of Uzbekistan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
867. Mumford 2021, p. 255.
868.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Vanuatu/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
869. Whitney Smith, flag of Vanuatu at the Encyclopædia Britannica
870. Mumford 2021, p. 293.
871. Bule, Hilaire (August 3, 2022). "Aissav and Kalontas made history". Vanuatu Daily Post. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved August 24, 2024.
872.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Holy See (Vatican City)/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
873. Whitney Smith, flag of Vatican City at the Encyclopædia Britannica
874. Becker, William M. (2018). Vatican Flags: Keys & Crowns Since 1800 : the Flags of the Papal States and Today's Vatican. North American Vexillological Association. pp. 97–107. ISBN 978-0-9747728-7-5.
875.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Venezuela/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
876. Whitney Smith, flag of Venezuela at the Encyclopædia Britannica
877. Mumford 2021, p. 81.
878.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Vietnam/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
879. Whitney Smith, flag of Vietnam at the Encyclopædia Britannica
880. Mumford 2021, p. 272.
881. Thanh, Bui (November 23, 2006). "Tác giả quốc kỳ: vẫn là dấu chấm hỏi". Tuổi Trẻ. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
882. Thanh, Bùi (November 22, 2006). "Nguyễn Hữu Tiến hay Lê Quang Sô?". Tuổi Trẻ. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
883.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Yemen/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
884. Whitney Smith, flag of Yemen at the Encyclopædia Britannica
885. Mumford 2021, p. 246.
886. "قرار مجلس الرئاسة بالقانون رقم (1) لسنة 1990م بشأن العلم الوطني". yemen-nic.info. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
887.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Zambia/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
888. Whitney Smith, flag of Zambia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
889. Mumford 2021, p. 140.
890. Chanda, Davies M. M. (February 4, 2014). "Defaced Zambian flags should be replaced". Times of Zambia. Archived from the original on November 12, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
891.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Zimbabwe/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
892. Whitney Smith, flag of Zimbabwe at the Encyclopædia Britannica
893. Mumford 2021, p. 143.
894. The Flag Bulletin. Vol. 18. Winchester, Massachusetts: Flag Research Center. 1979. p. 188.
895. "The Story of Abkhazia's Flag: A Symbol of Independence". Abkhaz World. July 23, 2023. Archived from the original on May 20, 2024. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
896.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Kosovo/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
897. Whitney Smith, flag of Kosovo at the Encyclopædia Britannica
898. Znamierowski 2020, pp. 156–157.
899. "Prime Minister Thaçi meets designer of Kosova flag Mr. Muhamer Ibrahimi" (in Albanian). Office of the Prime Minister of Kosovo. February 23, 2008. Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
900. "Flamuri Republikes Se Kosoves" (PDF). Prime Minister of Kosovo. 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
901. Yüksel, Emincan (November 7, 2023). "Claims about the Israeli and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus flags are not true". Logically Facts. Archived from the original on August 25, 2024. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
902. Mumford 2021, p. 313.
903.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Taiwan/flag". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
904. Whitney Smith, flag of Taiwan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
905. Znamierowski 2020, pp. 176–177.
906. Mumford 2021, p. 283.
907. "The Story of the National Flag of the Republic of China". culture.teldap.tw. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
908. Miarka, Agnieszka (November 24, 2023). De Facto States in the Post-Soviet Area: Mechanisms of Formation, Operation and Survival. Taylor & Francis. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-003-80093-4.
909. Geraghty, Jim (September 1, 2023). "The Spectacularly Strange Land of 'Mini-Russia'". National Review. Archived from the original on November 7, 2024. Retrieved February 15, 2025.

Bibliography

• Porsche-Ludwig, Markus; Chen, Ying-Yu (2022a). Handbook Near and Middle East States: Geography - History - Culture - Politics - Economy. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 978-3-643-91136-0.
• Porsche-Ludwig, Markus; Chen, Ying-Yu (November 8, 2022). Handbook of Asian States: Part 1: Geography - History - Culture - Politics - Economy. LIT Verlag. ISBN 978-3-643-96100-6.
• Znamierowski, Alfred (September 20, 2020). The World Encyclopedia of Flags: An Illustrated Guide to International Flags, Banners, Standards and Ensigns. Anness Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7548-3480-9.
• Mumford, Simon, ed. (November 16, 2021). Complete Flags of the World: The Ultimate Pocket Guide (7th ed.). Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-241-52356-8.

Further reading

• Mucha, Ludvík (1985). Webster's Concise Encyclopedia of Flags & Coats of Arms. Crescent Books. ISBN 978-0-517-49951-1.
• Crampton, William G. (1989). The Complete Guide to Flags. Gallery Books. ISBN 978-0-8317-1605-9.
• World Flags (1 ed.). Philip's. January 1, 2004. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199652938.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-965293-8.