List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates

The Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Nobel Peace Prize annually "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."^[1] As dictated by Alfred Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Norwegian Nobel Committee and awarded by a committee of five people elected by the Parliament of Norway.^[2]

The Norwegian Nobel Institute assists the Norwegian Nobel Committee in selecting recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize and in organising the annual award in Oslo.

Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma, and a monetary award prize (that has varied throughout the years).^[3] It is one of the five prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, physiology or medicine.^[4]

Overview

The Peace Prize is presented annually in Oslo, in the presence of the King of Norway, on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death, and is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm.^[5] Unlike the other prizes, the Peace Prize is occasionally awarded to an organisation (such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, a three-time recipient) rather than an individual.

The Nobel Peace Prize was first awarded in 1901 to Frédéric Passy and Henry Dunant, who shared a prize of 150,782 Swedish kronor (equal to 7,731,004 kronor in 2008), and most recently in 2023 to Narges Mohammadi.

• Linus Pauling, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate in 1962, is the only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes; he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954.^[6]
• At 17 years of age, Malala Yousafzai, the 2014 recipient, is the youngest to be awarded the Peace Prize.^[6]
• The first woman to receive a Nobel Peace Prize was Bertha von Suttner in 1905. Of the 111 individual Nobel Peace Prize Laureates, 19 have been women.^[6]
• The International Committee of the Red Cross has received the most Nobel Peace Prizes, having been awarded the Prize three times for its humanitarian work.^[6]
• Five Nobel Peace Prize Laureates were under arrest at the time of their awards: Carl von Ossietzky, Aung San Suu Kyi, Liu Xiaobo, Ales Bialiatski, and Narges Mohammadi.^[6]

Laureates

As of 2024^[update], the Peace Prize has been awarded to 111 individuals and 28 organizations. Nineteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize.^[7] Only two recipients have won multiple Peace Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944 and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981).^[6] There have been 19 years in which the Peace Prize was not awarded.

• 1901
• 1910
• 1920
• 1930
• 1940
• 1950
• 1960
• 1970
• 1980
• 1990
• 2000
• 2010
• 2020

Year	Laureate (birth/death)		Country	Rationale
1901		Henry Dunant (1828–1910)	Switzerland	"for his humanitarian efforts to help wounded soldiers and create international understanding"[8][9]
		Frédéric Passy (1822–1912)	France	"for his lifelong work for international peace conferences, diplomacy and arbitration."[8][9]
1902		Élie Ducommun (1833–1906)	Switzerland	"for his untiring and skilful directorship of the Bern Peace Bureau"[8][10]
		Charles Albert Gobat (1843–1914)		"for his eminently practical administration of the Inter-Parliamentary Union."[8][10]
1903		William Randal Cremer (1828–1908)	United Kingdom	"for his longstanding and devoted effort in favour of the ideas of peace and arbitration."[8][11]
1904		Institute of International Law (founded 1873)	Belgium	"for its striving in public law to develop peaceful ties between nations and to make the laws of war more humane."[8][12]
1905		Bertha von Suttner (1843–1914)	Austria-Hungary	"for her audacity to oppose the horrors of war."[8][13]
1906		Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919)	United States	"for his role in bringing to an end the bloody war recently waged between two of the world's great powers, Japan and Russia."[8][14]
1907		Ernesto Teodoro Moneta (1833–1918)	Italy	"for his work in the press and in peace meetings, both public and private, for an understanding between France and Italy"[8][15]
		Louis Renault (1843–1918)	France	"for his decisive influence upon the conduct and outcome of the Hague and Geneva Conferences."[8][15]
1908		Klas Pontus Arnoldson (1844–1916)	Sweden	"for their long time work for the cause of peace as politicians, peace society leaders, orators and authors."[8][16]
		Fredrik Bajer (1837–1922)	Denmark
1909		Auguste Beernaert (1829–1912)	Belgium	"for their prominent position in the international movement for peace and arbitration."[8][17]
		Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant (1852–1924)	France
1910		Permanent International Peace Bureau (founded 1891)	Switzerland	"for acting as a link between the peace societies of the various countries, and helping them to organize the world rallies of the international peace movement."[18][19]
1911		Tobias Asser (1838–1913)	Netherlands	"for his role as co-founder of the Institut de droit international, initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law (Conférences de Droit international privé) at the Hague, and pioneer in the field of international legal relations"[8][20]
		Alfred Fried (1864–1921)	Austria-Hungary	"for his effort to expose and fight what he considers to be the main cause of war, namely, the anarchy in international relations."[8][20]
1912		Elihu Root[A] (1845–1937)	United States	"for bringing about better understanding between the countries of North and South America and initiating important arbitration agreements between the United States and other countries."[8][21]
1913		Henri La Fontaine (1854–1943)	Belgium	"for his unparalleled contribution to the organization of peaceful internationalism."[8][22]
1914	Not awarded due to World War I.
1915
1916
1917		International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863)	Switzerland	"for the efforts to take care of wounded soldiers and prisoners of war and their families."[8][23]
1918	Not awarded due to World War I.
1919		Woodrow Wilson[A] (1856–1924)	United States	"for his role as founder of the League of Nations."[8][24]
1920		Léon Bourgeois (1851–1925)	France	"for his longstanding contribution to the cause of peace and justice and his prominent role in the establishment of the League of Nations."[8][25]
1921		Hjalmar Branting (1860–1925)	Sweden	"for their lifelong contributions to the cause of peace and organized internationalism."[8][26]
		Christian Lange (1869–1938)	Norway
1922		Fridtjof Nansen (1861–1930)	Norway	"for his leading role in the repatriation of prisoners of war, in international relief work and as the League of Nations' High Commissioner for refugees."[27][28]
1923	Not awarded
1924
1925		Sir Austen Chamberlain[A] (1863–1937)	United Kingdom	"for his crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty."[8][29]
		Charles G. Dawes[A] (1865–1951)	United States	"for his crucial role in bringing about the Dawes Plan."[8][29]
1926		Aristide Briand (1862–1932)	France	"for their crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty."[8][30]
		Gustav Stresemann (1878–1929)	Germany
1927		Ferdinand Buisson (1841–1932)	France	"for their contribution to the emergence in France and Germany of a public opinion which favours peaceful international cooperation."[8][31]
		Ludwig Quidde (1858–1941)	Germany
1928	Not awarded
1929		Frank Billings Kellogg[A] (1856–1937)	United States	"for his crucial role in bringing about the Kellogg-Briand Pact."[8][32]
1930		Nathan Söderblom (1866–1931)	Sweden	"for promoting Christian unity and helping create 'that new attitude of mind which is necessary if peace between nations is to become reality'."[8][33]
1931		Jane Addams (1860–1935)	United States	"for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind."[8][34]
		Nicholas Murray Butler (1862–1947)	United States
1932	Not awarded
1933		Sir Norman Angell[A] (1872–1967)	United Kingdom	"for having exposed by his pen the illusion of war and presented a convincing plea for international cooperation and peace."[35]
1934		Arthur Henderson (1863–1935)	United Kingdom	"for his untiring struggle and his courageous efforts as Chairman of the League of Nations Disarmament Conference 1931-34."[8][36][37]
1935		Carl von Ossietzky[A][B] (1889–1938)	Germany	"for his burning love for freedom of thought and expression and his valuable contribution to the cause of peace."[8][38]
1936		Carlos Saavedra Lamas (1878–1959)	Argentina	"for his role as father of the Argentine Antiwar Pact of 1933, which he also used as a means to mediate peace between Paraguay and Bolivia in 1935."[8][39]
1937		The Viscount Cecil of Chelwood (1864–1958)	United Kingdom	"for his tireless effort in support of the League of Nations, disarmament and peace."[8][40]
1938		Nansen International Office for Refugees (1930–1939)	League of Nations	"for having carried on the work of Fridtjof Nansen to the benefit of refugees across Europe."[41]
1939	Not awarded due to World War II.
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944		International Committee of the Red Cross[A] (founded 1863)	Switzerland	"for the great work it has performed during the war on behalf of humanity."[42][43]
1945		Cordell Hull (1871–1955)	United States	"for his indefatigable work for international understanding and his pivotal role in establishing the United Nations."[44]
1946		Emily Greene Balch (1867–1961)	United States	"for her lifelong work for the cause of peace"[45]
		John Raleigh Mott (1865–1955)	United States	"for his contribution to the creation of a peace-promoting religious brotherhood across national boundaries."[45]
1947		The Quakers (represented by Friends Service Council and American Friends Service Committee)[46][47] (started during the mid-17th century)	United States & United Kingdom	"for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting the fraternity between nations."[48]
1948	Not awarded because "there was no suitable living candidate." (A tribute to the recently assassinated Mohandas Gandhi in India.)[49]
1949		Lord Boyd-Orr (1880–1971)	United Kingdom	"for his lifelong effort to conquer hunger and want, thereby helping to remove a major cause of military conflict and war."[50]
1950		Ralph Bunche (1904–1971)	United States	"for his work as mediator in Palestine in 1948-1949."[51]
1951		Léon Jouhaux (1879–1954)	France	"for having devoted his life to the fight against war through the promotion of social justice and brotherhood among men and nations."[52]
1952		Albert Schweitzer[A] (1875–1965)	France	"for his altruism, reverence for life, and tireless humanitarian work which has helped making the idea of brotherhood between men and nations a living one."[53]
1953		George Catlett Marshall Jr. (1880–1959)	United States	"for proposing and supervising the plan for the economic recovery of Europe."[54]
1954		Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees[A] (founded 1950)	United Nations	"for its efforts to heal the wounds of war by providing help and protection to refugees all over the world."[55]
1955	Not awarded
1956
1957		Lester Bowles Pearson (1897–1972)	Canada	"for his crucial contribution to the deployment of a United Nations Emergency Force in the wake of the Suez Crisis."[56][8]
1958		Dominique Pire (1910–1969)	Belgium	"for his efforts to help refugees to leave their camps and return to a life of freedom and dignity."[57]
1959		Philip Noel-Baker (1889–1982)	United Kingdom	"for his longstanding contribution to the cause of disarmament and peace."[58]
1960		Albert Lutuli[A] (1898–1967)	South Africa	"for his non-violent struggle against apartheid."[59][8]
1961		Dag Hammarskjöld[C] (1905–1961)	Sweden	"for developing the UN into an effective and constructive international organization, capable of giving life to the principles and aims expressed in the UN Charter."[60][8]
1962		Linus Pauling[A] (1901–1994)	United States	"for his fight against the nuclear arms race between East and West."[61]
1963		International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863)	Switzerland	"for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN."[62]
		League of Red Cross Societies (founded 1919)
1964		Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968)	United States	"for his non-violent struggle for civil rights for the Afro-American population."[63]
1965		United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (founded 1946)	United Nations	"for its effort to enhance solidarity between nations and reduce the difference between rich and poor states."[64]
1966	Not awarded
1967
1968		René Cassin (1887–1976)	France	"for his struggle to ensure the rights of man as stipulated in the UN Declaration."[65]
1969		International Labour Organization (founded 1919)	United Nations	"for creating international legislation insuring certain norms for working conditions in every country."[66]
1970		Norman Ernest Borlaug (1914–2009)	United States	"for having given a well-founded hope - the green revolution."[67][8]
1971		Willy Brandt (1913–1992)	West Germany	"for paving the way for a meaningful dialogue between East and West."[68]
1972	Not awarded
1973		Henry Kissinger (1923–2023)	United States	"for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973."[8][69]
		Lê Đức Thọ[D] (1911–1990)	North Vietnam
1974		Seán MacBride (1904–1988)	Ireland	"for his efforts to secure and develop human rights throughout the world"[70][8]
		Eisaku Satō (1901–1975)	Japan	"for his contribution to stabilize conditions in the Pacific rim area and for signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty."[70][8]
1975		Andrei Sakharov[E] (1921–1989)	Soviet Union	"for his struggle for human rights in the Soviet Union, for disarmament and cooperation between all nations."[71]
1976		Betty Williams (1943–2020)	United Kingdom	"for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland."[72]
		Mairead Corrigan (born 1944)
1977		Amnesty International (founded 1961)	United Kingdom	"for worldwide respect for human rights."[8][73]
1978		Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat (1918–1981)	Egypt	"for jointly having negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel in 1978."[74]
		Menachem Begin (1913–1992)	Israel
1979		Mother Teresa (1910–1997)	India (Born in Ottoman Empire)	"for her work for bringing help to suffering humanity."[75]
1980		Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (born 1931)	Argentina	"for being a source of inspiration to repressed people, especially in Latin America."[76][8]
1981		Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (founded 1950)	United Nations	"for promoting the fundamental rights of refugees."[77]
1982		Alva Myrdal (1902–1986)	Sweden	"for their work for disarmament and nuclear and weapon-free zones."[78][79]
		Alfonso García Robles (1911–1991)	Mexico
1983		Lech Wałęsa (born 1943)	Poland	"for non-violent struggle for free trade unions and human rights in Poland."[80]
1984		Desmond Tutu (1931–2021)	South Africa	"for his role as a unifying leader figure in the non-violent campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa"[81]
1985		International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (founded 1980)	United States	"for spreading authoritative information and by creating awareness of the catastrophic consequences of nuclear war."[82]
1986		Elie Wiesel (1928–2016)	United States (born in Romania)	"for being a messenger to mankind: his message is one of peace, atonement and dignity."[83]
1987		Óscar Arias (born 1940)	Costa Rica	"for his work for lasting peace in Central America."[84]
1988		United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces (founded 1945)	United Nations	"for preventing armed clashes and creating conditions for negotiations."[85][86]
1989		Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama (born 1935)	India (Born in Tibet)[87]	"for advocating peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people."[88][89]
1990		Mikhail Gorbachev (1931–2022)	Soviet Union	"for the leading role he played in the radical changes in East-West relations."[90]
1991		Aung San Suu Kyi[F] (born 1945)	Burma	"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights."[91]
1992		Rigoberta Menchú (born 1959)	Guatemala	"for her struggle for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples."[92]
1993		Nelson Mandela (1918–2013)	South Africa	"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa."[93]
		Frederik Willem de Klerk (1936–2021)	South Africa
1994		Yasser Arafat (1929–2004)	Palestine	"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East."[94]
		Yitzhak Rabin (1922–1995)	Israel
		Shimon Peres (1923–2016)	Israel
1995		Joseph Rotblat (1908–2005)	Poland	"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms."[95]
		Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs	Canada
1996		Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo (born 1948)	East Timor	"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor."[96]
		José Ramos-Horta (born 1949)	East Timor
1997		International Campaign to Ban Landmines (founded 1992)	Switzerland	"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines."[97]
		Jody Williams (born 1950)	United States
1998		John Hume (1937–2020)	Ireland	"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland."[98]
		David Trimble (1944–2022)	United Kingdom
1999		Médecins Sans Frontières	Switzerland	"in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents."[99]
2000		Kim Dae-jung (1924–2009)	South Korea	"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular."[100]
2001		United Nations	United Nations	"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world."[101]
		Kofi Annan (1938–2018)	Ghana
2002		Jimmy Carter (born 1924)	United States	"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development."[102]
2003		Shirin Ebadi (born 1947)	Iran	"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the rights of women and children."[103]
2004		Wangari Muta Maathai (1940–2011)	Kenya	"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace."[104]
2005		International Atomic Energy Agency (founded 1957)	United Nations	"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way."[105]
		Mohamed ElBaradei (born 1942)	Egypt
2006		Muhammad Yunus (born 1940)	Bangladesh	"for their efforts to create economic and social development from below."[106]
		Grameen Bank (founded 1983)	Bangladesh
2007		Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (founded 1988)	United Nations	"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change."[107]
		Al Gore (born 1948)	United States
2008		Martti Ahtisaari (1937–2023)	Finland	"for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts."[108]
2009		Barack Obama (born 1961)	United States	"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."[109]
2010		Liu Xiaobo[G] (1955–2017)	China	"for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China."[110]
2011		Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (born 1938)	Liberia	"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work."[111]
		Leymah Gbowee (born 1972)
		Tawakkul Karman (born 1979)	Yemen
2012		European Union (founded 1958)	European Union	"for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe."[112]
2013		Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (founded 1997)	Netherlands[113]	"for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons."[114]
2014		Kailash Satyarthi (born 1954)	India	"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education."[115]
		Malala Yousafzai (born 1997)	Pakistan
2015		Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet (2013–2014)	Tunisia	"for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011."[116]
2016		Juan Manuel Santos (born 1951)	Colombia	"for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end."[117]
2017		International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (founded 2007)	Switzerland	"for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons."[118]
2018		Denis Mukwege (born 1955)	Democratic Republic of the Congo	"for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict."[119]
		Nadia Murad (born 1993)	Iraq
2019		Abiy Ahmed (born 1976)	Ethiopia	"for his efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation, and in particular for his decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict with neighbouring Eritrea."[120]
2020		World Food Programme (founded 1961)	United Nations	"for its efforts to combat hunger, for its contribution to bettering conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas and for acting as a driving force in efforts to prevent the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict."[121]
2021		Maria Ressa (born 1963)	Philippines	"for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace."[122]
		Dmitry Muratov (born 1961)	Russia
2022		Ales Bialiatski (born 1962)	Belarus	"The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy."[123]
		Memorial (founded 1989)	Russia
		Centre for Civil Liberties (founded 2007)	Ukraine
2023		Narges Mohammadi (born 1972)	Iran	"for her fight against the oppression of women in Iran and her fight to promote human rights and freedom for all"[124]
2024		Nihon Hidankyo (founded 1956)	Japan	"for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again"[125]

Laureates by category

Category	Total
Men	93
Women	19
International organizations	27
Not awarded	19

Laureates per country

Country	Laureates
United States	23
United Kingdom	12
Switzerland	11
United Nations /  League of Nations	10
France	9
Sweden	5
Belgium	4
Germany /  West Germany	4
South Africa	4
Russia /  Soviet Union	4
Israel	3
India	3
Austria-Hungary	2
Norway	2
Netherlands	2
Argentina	2
Canada	2
Ireland	2
Egypt	2
Poland	2
East Timor	2
Iran	2
Bangladesh	2
Liberia	2
Japan	2
Italy	1
Denmark	1
North Vietnam	1
Palestine	1
Mexico	1
Costa Rica	1
Burma	1
Guatemala	1
South Korea	1
Ghana	1
Kenya	1
Finland	1
China	1
Yemen	1
European Union	1
Pakistan	1
Tunisia	1
Colombia	1
Democratic Republic of the Congo	1
Iraq	1
Ethiopia	1
Philippines	1
Belarus	1
Ukraine	1
Romania	1
Ottoman Empire	1
Tibet	1

See also

• List of Nobel laureates
• List of peace activists
• List of organizations nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize
• List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize
• PRIO Director's Shortlist

Notes

^A The following laureates were all awarded their respective Prizes one year late because the Committee decided that none of the nominations in the year in which they are listed as being awarded the Prize met the criteria in Nobel's will; per its rules the Committee delayed the awarding of the Prizes until the next year, although they were awarded as the previous year's Prize:

Elihu Root (1912),^[21] Woodrow Wilson (1919),^[24] Austen Chamberlain (1925), Charles G. Dawes (1925),^[29] Frank B. Kellogg (1929),^[32] Norman Angell (1933),^[35] Carl von Ossietzky (1935),^[38] International Committee of the Red Cross (1944),^[43] Albert Schweitzer (1952),^[126] Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (1954),^[55] Albert Lutuli (1960),^[59] Linus Pauling (1962)^[61]

^B Carl von Ossietzky's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was imprisoned and was refused a passport by the government of Germany.^[127]

^C Dag Hammarskjöld's Prize was awarded posthumously.

^D Lê Đức Thọ declined to accept the Prize.^[69]

^E Andrei Sakharov's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was refused a passport by the government of the Soviet Union.^[128]

^F Aung San Suu Kyi's Prize was awarded in absentia because she was being held prisoner by the government of Burma. Following her release from house arrest and election to the Pyithu Hluttaw, Suu Kyi accepted her award in person on 16 June 2012.^[129]

^G Liu Xiaobo's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was imprisoned in China.^[130]

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External links

• The Nobel Peace Prize: Official website Archived 2 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine