List of Brutalist structures

Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s. The following list provides numerous examples of this architectural style worldwide.

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Africa

Côte d'Ivoire

La Pyramide (building), Abidjan (1973)

Kenya

Kenyatta International Convention Centre, Nairobi (1973)
University of Nairobi Mombasa Town Campus
Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (1952)

Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone House of Parliament, Freetown (1967)

South Africa

Brixton Tower, Johannesburg (1962)
Joburg Theatre, Johannesburg (1962)
Johannesburg Central Police Station, Johannesburg (1968)
Hillbrow Tower, Johannesburg (1968)
Ponte Tower, Johannesburg (1975)
Auckland Park Campus, University of Johannesburg (1975)

Asia

Bangladesh

Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban (Dhaka National Assembly), Dhaka, Louis Kahn, (1982)

India

Palika Kendra, New Delhi, Kuldip Singh and Mahendra Raj, (1984)
Secretariat Building, Chandigarh, Le Corbusier, (1953)
Tagore Memorial Hall, Ahmedabad, B. V. Doshi, (1971)

Indonesia

Andalas University, Padang (1955)
Wisma Intiland, Surabaya, Paul Rudolph (1997)^[1]^[2]
Library of Bandung Institute of Technology, (1985)

Iraq

Al Zaqura Building, Baghdad, (1975)

Israel

Tel Aviv-Yafo City Hall, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Menachem Cohen, (1956–1964)
Basilica of the Annunciation, Nazareth, Giovanni Muzio, (1960–1969)
Mivtachim Sanitarium, Zikhron Ya'akov, Yaakov Rechter, (1966)
The Humanities Building, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Raffi Ripper, Amnon Niv, Natan Magen, (1968)
Carlton Tel Aviv, (1977)

Japan

Tower House, Tokyo, Takamitsu Azuma, (1967)

Lebanon

The Egg, also known as "The Dome" and "the Soap," Beirut, Joseph Philippe Karam, (1968)

Americas

Summarize

Perspective

Argentina

Buenos Aires

Chacarita Cemetery Subterranean / Sixth Pantheon, Buenos Aires, (1950–1958)
Republica Building, Buenos Aires, (1951–1954)
Santa Maria de Betania Parish, Buenos Aires, (1954)
Santa Catalina de Alejandria Church, Buenos Aires, (1957–1968)
Banco de Londres building, Buenos Aires, Clorindo Testa, (1959)
University Campus / Pavilion II, Buenos Aires, (1961)
Della Penna School, Buenos Aires, (1963–1969)
Argentine Automobile Club - Once, Buenos Aires, (1968)
Argentine Automobile Club - Palermo, Buenos Aires, (1968)
Telefónica Inclán, Buenos Aires, (1968)
Dorrego Tower, Buenos Aires, (1968–1971)
Nuestra Señora del Valle Parish, Buenos Aires, (1969)
Acoyte Complex, Buenos Aires, (1969)
Rioja Complex, Buenos Aires, (1969–1973)
Institute of the Argentine Federal Police, Buenos Aires, (1974)
Castex Tower, Buenos Aires, (1975–1985)
Parking Marcelo T. De Alvear 686, Buenos Aires, (1970s)
Arribeños 1630, Buenos Aires, (1970s)
Arribeños 1684, Buenos Aires, (1970s)
San Pauls School, Buenos Aires, (1970s)
Normal High School No.1, Buenos Aires, (1970s)
Rodriguez Peña 2043 Building, Buenos Aires, (1975–1978)
Colpayo 54/56, Buenos Aires, (1978)
River Plate Monumental Stadium, Buenos Aires, (1978–1982)
Brazilian Embassy, Buenos Aires, (1978–1989)
National Library of the Argentine Republic, Buenos Aires, Clorindo Testa, (1992)

Córdoba

Alas Complex, Córdoba, (1974)

La Plata

Teatro Argentino de La Plata, La Plata, (1999)

Barbados

The General Post Office (GPO), Bridgetown, Barbados. (1984)

Brazil

São Paulo Metro, São Paulo, (1974–1980)
Catedral Metropolitana de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, (1958–1972)

Canada

Alberta
- Centennial Planetarium, Calgary, McMillan Long & Associates, (1967, now Contemporary Calgary)
- Education Centre Building, Calgary, Alberta, (1969)
- 404 Sixth Avenue SW, Calgary, (1970)
British Columbia
- MacMillan Bloedel Building, Vancouver, British Columbia, (Erickson/Massey Architects with Francis Donaldson, 1968)
- Simon Fraser University – Burnaby Campus, Burnaby, British Columbia, Arthur Erickson, (1965)
- University of Victoria - Craigdarroch Residences, Victoria, British Columbia, (1964–67)^[5]
- University of Victoria - Lansdowne Residences, Victoria, (1969)^[6]
Manitoba
- Centennial Concert Hall, Winnipeg, Manitoba (1968)
- Manitoba Theatre Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Number Ten Architectural Group, 1972)
- Public Safety Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Libling Michener & Associates, 1965)
Nova Scotia
- Fenwick Tower, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Sydney P. Dumaresq, (1971)
- Killam Memorial Library, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Leslie R. Fairn, (1966–71)
Ontario
- Allen Square building, 180 King St. S Waterloo (1980)
- Environment Canada, MSC Headquarters, Toronto, (1971)
- Lester B. Pearson Building, Ottawa, (1973)
- National Arts Centre, Ottawa, (1969)
- Oakville Centre for the Performing Arts, Oakville, Ontario (1977)
- Ontario Science Centre, Toronto, Ontario, (1969)
- Rochdale College, Toronto, Elmar Tampõld & John Wells, (1968)
- Toronto Metropolitan University - Toronto Metropolitan University Library, (1974)
- University of Guelph – Center, Main Library and South Residence/Maritime/Prairie Hall, Guelph, Ontario (John Andrews, 1965)
- University of Toronto - John P. Robarts Research Library, Toronto, A.S. Mathers & E.J. Haldenby, (1973)
- University of Toronto Scarborough - Humanities Wing, Science Wing, both John Andrews, (1964)
- University of Waterloo - Mathematics and Computer Building, Waterloo, (1968)
- University of Western Ontario - D. B. Weldon Library, London, Ontario, (1972)
- Waterloo Public Library - Main Branch, Albert St, Waterloo (1966)
- Walter Carsen Centre, Toronto, Arthur Erickson, (1984)
Québec
- Édifice Marie-Guyart, Québec City, (1972)
- Habitat 67, 1967 World's Fair, Montreal, Quebec, Moshe Safdie, (1967)
- Place Bonaventure, Montreal, Quebec, Ray Affleck, (1967)
Saskatchewan
- University of Saskatchewan - Main Library, Education Building, Health Sciences Building, Saskatoon, (1970)

Chile

National Congress of Chile, Valparaiso, (1990)

Cuba

Embassy of the United States, Havana, (1953)

Guyana

Bank of Guyana (1965)

Mexico

Museo Tamayo Arte Contemporáneo, Mexico City, Abraham Zabludovsky and Teodoro González de León, (1981)

Peru

The Petroperú Building, Lima
Museo de la Nación, Lima
University of Engineering and Technology, Lima
es: Centro Cívico de Lima, Lima

United States

Venezuela

Caracas

El Helicoide, Caracas, (1955)
Torre Phelps, Caracas, (1968)
Edificio Altolar, Caracas, (1966)
Iglesia San Juan Bosco, Caracas, (1967)
Cuerpo de Bomberos del D.C, Caracas, (1967)
Torre El Universal, Caracas, (1969)
Centro Comercial Los Cedros, Caracas, (1970)
Residencias Alpha, Caracas, (1970s)
Torre CTV, Caracas, (1970s)
Centro Bello Monte, Caracas, (1971)
Centro Plaza, Caracas, (1972)
Edificio CANTV, Caracas, (1973)
Centro Comercial Libertador, Caracas, (1973)
Torre La Primera, Caracas, (1973)
Torre La Previsora, Caracas, (1973)
Torre Diamen, Caracas, (1973)
Banco Central de Venezuela, Caracas, (1973)
Torre IBM, Caracas, (1974)
Edificio CADAFE, Caracas, (1974)
Torre Adriática, Caracas, (1974)
Centro Altamira, Caracas, (1974)
Museo de Arte Contemporáneo, Caracas, (1974)
Torre El Chorro, Caracas, (1975)
Torre Las Mercedes, Caracas, (1975)
Torre Delta, Caracas, (1975)
Edificio PANAVEN, Caracas, (1975)
Edificio Banco Metropolitano, Caracas, (1976)
Museo de Bellas Artes, Caracas, (1976)
Instituto Nacional de Canalizaciones, Caracas, (1977)
Torre Asociación Bancaria de Venezuela, Caracas, (1978)
Torre América, Caracas, (1978)
Torre Británica, Caracas, (1979)
Edificio Oxal, Caracas, (1980s)
Edificio La Unión, Caracas, (1980s)
Torre Banco Lara, Caracas, (1982)
Centro Comercial Ciudad Tamanaco, Caracas, (1982)
Centro Nacional de Ajedrez, Caracas, (1982)
Torre Clement, Caracas, (1982)
Complejo Urbanístico Parque Central, Caracas, (1983)
Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex, Caracas, (1983)
Sede del Ateneo, Caracas, (1983)
Edificio IMPRES, Caracas, (1983)
Edificio Hener, Caracas, (1985)

Europe

Summarize

Perspective

Belgium

CBR Building, Watermael-Boitsfort, Brussels (Constantin Brodzki, 1970)^[7]

Bulgaria

Festivalna (Felatival) Hall (1968), Sofia;
Sofia Hall (1968), Sofia;
Diplomatic Blocs (1973), Joliot Curie str., Sofia;
Sofia Central Station, Sofia, Bulgaria (1974)
Kambanite Monument (1979), Sofia;
National Palace of Culture (1981), Sofia
Buzludzha Monument, Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria (1981)
Monument to 1300 Years of Bulgaria, Shumen (1981)
Large aviary, bear area and other structures at the Sofia Zoo (1982);
Sports complex "Cherveno zname” (Red Flag) (1985)
Building 2 (“The Transistor”) of the International House of the Journalists, Varna.

Denmark

Hans Christian Ørsted Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, (Eva Koppel, 1955–1962)
Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, (Eva Koppel, 1961–1975)
Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark (Eva Koppel, 1966–1986)

Estonia

Linnahall, Tallinn, Estonia (Raine Karp, Riina Altmäe, 1975–1980)
National Library of Estonia, Tallinn, Estonia (Raine Karp, 1985–1993)

France

Unité d'Habitation de Marseille (Cité Radieuse), Marseille, France (Le Corbusier, 1952)
Maisons Jaoul, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France (Le Corbusier, 1954–1956)
Sainte Marie de La Tourette, Lyon, France (Le Corbusier and Iannis Xenakis, 1960)
Flaine, France. (Designed by Marcel Breuer, the entire assembly of hotels, shops, apartment blocks and administrative buildings of Flaine-Forum comprise a themed but varied entity), completed 1969
Centre National de la Danse, Pantin (1972)
Auditorium Maurice-Ravel, Lyon, France (1975)

Georgia

Bank of Georgia headquarters, Tbilisi, Georgia (1975)

Germany

Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (Hentrich, Petschnigg & Partner, 1964)
University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (1965)
AfE-Turm, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Staatliches Universitätsbauamt, Staatliche Neubauleitung Frankfurt, 1972) (demolished 2014)
Friedenskirche, Monheim-Baumberg, Germany (1974)
Main building of the University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany (1971–1976)
Embassy of People's Republic of Czechoslovakia in Berlin, Germany (Věra and Vladimír Machonin, 1978)

Greece

Broadcasting House (the headquarters of the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation), Athens, Greece (1969)
Porto Carras Resort, Chalkidiki, Greece (Walter Gropius, posthum built 1973)
School of Theology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece, L. Kalivites and G. Leonardos, 1976^[8]

Ireland

Central Plaza, Dublin. Originally the Central Bank of Ireland Building (1978)
Phibsborough Tower, Dublin^[9]

Italy

Torre Velasca, Milan, Italy, (BBPR group 1954)
Hotel DUPARC Contemporary Suites, Turin, Italy (Laura Petrazzini, 1971)
Embassy of the United Kingdom, Rome, Italy, (Basil Spence, 1968)

Lithuania

Seimas Palace (1980)

Moldova

Moldova National Opera Ballet, Chișinău, Moldova (1980)
Moldova Presidential Residence, Chișinău, Moldova (1987)

Poland

Młotek, 8 Smolna Street in Warsaw, Poland (1964, by Jan Bogusławski, Bohdan Gniewiewski)
Bunkier Sztuki, Kraków, Poland (Krystyna Tołłoczko-Różyska, Antoni Hajdecki, 1965)
Mausoleum of the Majdanek concentration camp, Poland (Wiktor Tołkin, Janusz Dembek, 1969)
Spodek, Katowice, Poland (1971)
Katowice railway station, Katowice, Poland (Wacław Kłyszewski, Jerzy Mokrzyński and Eugeniusz Wierzbicki a.k.a. "The Tigers", 1972)
Hala Olivia, Gdańsk, Poland (1972)
Forum Hotel, Kraków, Poland (Janusz Ingarden, 1978–1989)
Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross and Our Lady of Health of the Sick in Katowice, Poland (Henryk Buszko, Aleksander Franta, (1991)

Portugal

Palace of Justice, Lisbon, Portugal (Januário Godinho and João Andresen, 1970)
Casino Park Hotel, Funchal, Portugal (Oscar Niemeyer and Viana de Lima, 1976)

Romania

Administrative Palace, Satu Mare, Romania (Nicolae Porumbescu, 1984)

Russia

RIA Novosti headquarter, former press-center of 1980 Summer Olympics, Moscow, (1976–1979)
TASS building, Moscow, V. S. Egerev, (1977)
House of Soviets (Kaliningrad), (1985)

Serbia

Novobeogradski blokovi (Blocks 22, 23, 28, 30, 61, 62, 63), Belgrade, Serbia (1948–1990)
Museum of Yugoslavia, Belgrade, Serbia (1962)
Toblerone building, Belgrade, Serbia (1963)
Avala Tower, Belgrade, Serbia (1965; 2009)
New Belgrade town hall, Belgrade, Serbia (1967)
25 May Sportcenter, Belgrade, Serbia (1975)
Eastern City Gate, Belgrade, Serbia (1976)
County Court, Požarevac, Serbia (1976)
Western City Gate, Belgrade, Serbia (1977)
County Court, Sremska Mitrovica (1979)
Zlatibor Hotel, Užice, Serbia (1981)

Spain

Torres Blancas, Madrid, Spain (1968)
Facultades de Ciencias Biológicas y Geológicas (Universidad Complutense de Madrid), Madrid (Francisco Fernández Longoria, 1965–1968)
Walden 7 building, Sant Just Desvern - Barcelona, Spain (Ricardo Bofill, 1975)
Facultad de Ciencias de la Información (Universidad Complutense de Madrid), Madrid, (José María Laguna Martínez and Juan Castañón Fariña, 1979)

Sweden

Villa Göth, Uppsala, Sweden (Bengt Edman and Lennart Holm, 1950)

Switzerland

University of St. Gallen Campus Rosenberg, St. Gallen (Walter Maria Förderer, 1957–1963)
Therme Vals Spa Building, Vals, Switzerland (Peter Zumthor, 1993–1996)
Swiss Medical Research Foundation (La Tulipe), Geneva (Jack Bertoli, 1976)
Villa Dominik von Streng, Hitzligen, Mauensee, ([Georges-Pierre Dubois, 1963-1964])

United Kingdom

England

Many of the notable surviving brutalist buildings in England are listed on the National Heritage List for England. Inclusion on the list is based on a building's "special architectural and historic interest", with "particularly careful selection required" for buildings constructed after 1945 (i.e. all brutalist structures).^[10] There are three grades of listed building: grade I for buildings "of exceptional interest", grade II* for "particularly important buildings of more than special interest" and grade II for buildings "of special interest".^[10] Buildings may also be locally listed by planning authorities as non-designated heritage assets.^[11] Buildings may also be granted a certificate of immunity from listing for a period of five years, allowing a building to be developed or demolished in the knowledge that it will not be subject to listing in that period.^[12] A certificate of immunity was issued for the Robin Hood Gardens Estate in 2009 and then again in 2015, prior to its demolition in 2017, after Historic England determined that it "[did] not meet the very high threshold for listing".^[13] Listing has not always prevented the demolition of buildings, such as Imperial College London's Southside Halls of Residence that was demolished in 2005 after the university presented structural engineers' reports – disputed by reports from other structural engineers – that the building was failing and could not be repaired.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Smithdon High School, Norfolk, Alison and Peter Smithson (1950–54); grade II* listed^[17]
Dorman Long tower, Redcar (1955–56); Emergency listing granted 10 September 2021,^[18]^[19] revoked by new secretary of state on 16 September 2021,^[20]^[21] demolished 18 September 2021.^[22]
Langham House Close, James Stirling and James Gowan (1957–58); grade II* listed^[23]
Department of Architecture extension, University of Cambridge, Colin St John Wilson and Alex Hardy with participation by students at the university (1959); grade II listed^[24]
Weeks Hall, Imperial College London, Sheppard Robson and Partners (1957–58); grade II listed^[25]
Park Hill, Sheffield, Ivor Smith & Jack Lynn (1957–60); grade II* listed^[26]
The Beehives, St John's College, Oxford, Michael Powers of Architects' Co-Partnership (1958–60); grade II listed^[27]
Crescent House Golden Lane Estate, London, Chamberlin, Powell and Bon (1958–62); grade II* listed^[28]
Falmer House, University of Sussex, Basil Spence (1960–62); grade I listed,^[29]^[30] and surrounding university buildings, Basil Spence (1956–71); grade II* listed^[31]
Ringway Centre, Birmingham, James Roberts (1962); set for demolition as of 2023^[update].^[32]
Eros House, Catford, Owen Luder (1960–63)^[33]
Kingsgate Bridge, Durham, Ove Arup (1963); grade I listed^[34]

Southside Halls of Residence, Imperial College London, Sheppard Robson (1963); grade II listed but demolished 2005^[14]^[15]^[16]
St Aidan's College, Durham, Sir Basil Spence (1960–1964); locally listed^[35]^[36]^[37]
The Economist group buildings, Alison and Peter Smithson (1960–64); grade II* listed^[38]
Birmingham New Street Signal Box, Birmingham, Bicknell & Hamilton (1964); grade II listed^[39]
Tricorn Centre, Portsmouth, Owen Luder (1964); Demolished in 2004^[40]
Bull Ring Centre, Birmingham, (1964); Demolished in 2000^[41]
Piccadilly Plaza, Manchester, Covell Matthews and Partners (1959–1965)
Dunelm House, Durham Students' Union, Richard Raines of Architects' Co-Partnership (1964–66); grade II listed^[42]
Hendon Hall Court, Owen Luder (1966)^[43]
Buckinghamshire County Hall, Aylesbury, Frederick B. Pooley (1966)
New County Hall, Truro, Francis Kenneth Hicklin & Alan J. Groves (1966); grade II listed^[44]
Balfron Tower, London, Ernő Goldfinger (1965–1967); grade II* listed^[45]
Stoke Newington School, Hackney, Stillman & Eastwick-Field Partnership (1967)
Brunel University Lecture Centre, Uxbridge, Richard Sheppard, Robson and Partners (1965–66); grade II listed^[46]
Churchill College, Cambridge, Sheppard Robson and Partners (1961–1968); grade II listed^[47]
The 'ziggurats' at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, Sir Denys Lasdun (1964–68); grade II* listed^[48]

Central Hall and Derwent College at the University of York, Robert Matthew, Johnson-Marshall & Partners (1962–68); all grade II listed^[49]^[50]^[51]
University of Essex, Main campus complex, Kenneth Capon of Architects' Co-Partnership (1964–1968)
Queen Elizabeth Hall, Purcell Room and Hayward Gallery, Southbank Centre, London, Hubert Bennett & Jack Whittle (1967–68); certificate of immunity from listing issued 2020, expired 2025; recommended for listing on five occasions since 1991 but rejected.^[52]
Mathematics Tower, Manchester, Scherrer & Hicks (1968); Demolished in 2005
Finsbury Estate, London (1968)
Apollo Pavilion, Peterlee, Victor Pasmore (1968), grade II listed^[53]
South Norwood Library near Croydon, Surrey (1968)^[54]
Garden building, St Hilda's College, Oxford, Alison and Peter Smithson (1968); grade II listed^[55]
Middleton Grange Shopping Centre, Hartlepool (1969)
Wyndham Court, Southampton (1969) grade II* listed^[56]
Preston bus station, Preston, Keith Ingham & Charles Wilson (1968–1969); grade II listed^[57]

The Trinity Centre Multi-Storey Car Park, a.k.a. The Get Carter Carpark, Gateshead, Owen Luder (1964–1969); Demolished in 2010
Tyne Bridge Tower, Gateshead (1960s); Demolished in 2010
Extension to Chartered Accountants' Hall, William Whitfield (1966–70); grade II* listed^[58]
Pimlico School, London, John Bancroft (1967–1970); Demolished in 2010
Leeds International Pool, Leeds, John Poulson (1970); Demolished in 2009
Roger Stevens Building, University of Leeds, Chamberlin, Powell and Bon (1970); grade II* listed^[59]
Hyde Park Barracks, London, Sir Basil Spence (1970); listing refused 2015^[60]
Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford, Philip Dowson (1963–71); recommendation for listing declined in 2015.^[61]
Pebble Mill Studios, Birmingham, John Madin (1971); Demolished in 2005^[62]
Trellick Tower, London, Ernő Goldfinger (1968–1972); grade II* listed^[63]
Blackheath Quaker Meeting House, London, Trevor Dannatt (1971–72); grade II listed^[64]
High Point, Bradford, John Brunton Partnership (1972)
Princes Hall, Aldershot, Hampshire, Building Design Partnership (1972)
Robin Hood Gardens, London, Peter & Alison Smithson (1972); Demolished in 2017
Westgate House, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear (1972); Demolished in 2007
School of Oriental and African Studies Philips Building, London, Sir Denys Lasdun (1973); grade II* listed^[65]
Clifton Cathedral, Bristol, Ronald Weeks, E S Jennett and Antoni Poremba of the Percy Thomas Partnership (1969–1973); grade II* listed^[66]
Titan House, The Northern School of Art, Hartlepool (1974)
Birmingham Central Library, Birmingham, John Madin (1974); Demolished in 2015^[60]
Grenfell Tower, London (1974); Currently shrouded post fire, awaiting outcome of investigation
New Hall Place, Liverpool (1974)
Guy's Hospital Tower, Southwark, London, Watkins Gray (1974)
The Barbican Estate, London, Chamberlin, Powell and Bon (1964–1975); grade II listed^[67]
Pollen wing, Downside Abbey, Francis Pollen (1970–75); grade II* listed^[68]
50 Queen Anne's Gate, Ministry of Justice), London, Fitzroy Robinson & Partners with Basil Spence (1976)

Royal National Theatre, London, (Sir Denys Lasdun (1969–76)^[69]
Greyfriars bus station, Northampton (1976); Demolished in 2015^[60]
Institute of Education building, London, Sir Denys Lasdun (1970–76); grade II* listed^[70]
Brighton Centre, Brighton (1977)
Alexandra Road Estate, London, Neave Brown of Camden Architects' Department (1972–78); grade II* listed^[71]
Sampson House, Southwark, London, Fitzroy Robinson & Partners (1979); Demolished in 2018
Woking Civic Offices, Woking, Surrey (1983)