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Family of Russian missiles From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Novator Kalibr (Калибр, caliber), also referred to as 3M54-1 Kalibr, 3M14 Biryuza (Бирюза, turquoise), (NATO reporting name SS-N-27 Sizzler and SS-N-30A) is a family of Russian cruise missiles developed by NPO Novator (OKB-8). It first saw service in 1994. There are ship-launched, submarine-launched and air-launched versions of the missile, and variants for anti-ship, and land attack use. Some versions have a second propulsion stage that initiates a supersonic sprint in the terminal approach to the target, reducing the time that air defense systems have to react, while subsonic versions have greater range than the supersonic variants. The missile can carry a warhead weighing up to 500 kilograms (1,100 lb).
| Kalibr | |
|---|---|
An export variant of the missile (mockup) | |
| Type | Cruise missile Anti-ship missile |
| Place of origin | Russia |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1994 |
| Used by | See Operators |
| Wars | Syrian Civil War Russo-Ukrainian War |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Novator Design Bureau, KTRV, MKB Fakel, NPO Mash, Raduga, NPO Zvezda Strela (Orenburg) |
| Unit cost | $6.5 million (export cost, anti-ship version)[1] |
| Produced | 1994–present |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | Varies on variant, from 1,300 kg-1,780 kg-2,300 kg |
| Length | Varies on variant, from 6.2 m to 8.9 m |
| Diameter | (ca. 0.514 m) 0.533 m |
| Warhead | 400–500 kg[2][3] |
| Engine | Multi-stage solid-fuel rocket, turbojet engine for 3M-54/E/TE/E1/TE1, -14/E/TE, solid fuel rocket for 91RE1/RTE2 |
Operational range | 91R variants: ≥50 km 3M54E (export anti-ship version): 220 km |
| Flight ceiling | 1,000 m |
| Flight altitude | 50–150 m AGL 20 m over water[2] |
| Maximum speed | 0.8–2.5–3.0 Mach |
Guidance system | Inertial guidance plus terminal active radar homing |
| Accuracy | 2-3 m (domestic version, with GLONASS) 50 m CEP (Club-T export version, without GLONASS) [4] |
Launch platform | naval ships, submarines, containers, TEL |
The missile is a modular system with several versions: two anti-shipping types, and one for land attack. The missile is designed to share common parts between the surface and submarine-launched variants but each missile consists of different components, for example, the booster. The missile can be launched from a surface ship using a vertical launching system (VLS).
It has a booster with thrust vectoring capability. The missile launched from a submarine torpedo tube has no need for such an addition but has a conventional booster instead. The air launched version is held in a container that is dropped as the missile launches, detaching from the container.
There are several claims about the maximum range of Kalibr land attack versions in use by Russia. The U.S. Department of Defense estimates its range at 1,400 km (870 mi), and Russian Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu put its range at "almost 1,500 km (930 mi)." Following its first operational firing in October 2015, Russian Ministry of Defence statements suggested a range of 2,000 km (1,200 mi), while a December 2015 Office of Naval Intelligence report gathered a number of Russian statements projecting ranges between 1,500-2,500 km (1,600 mi).[2][5]
Discrepancies in range values may be political declarations for strategic effect,[2] or potentially longer 2,500 km-range claims could be associated with a thermonuclear armed variant while shorter 1,500 km-range estimates are for the conventionally armed missile.[5]
Launch of production of a submarine-variant of the 3M14TE Kalibr-NK called the Kalibr-PL missile occurred in 2012, according to state television news (broadcast of 11.10.2015).[6]
Russia has improved the targeting system of its ship- and submarine-launched Kalibr cruise missiles to improve their ability to conduct time sensitive attacks. Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu revealed the development, which was initiated as a result of combat experience in Syria, in an interview with the Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper on 22 September 2019.[7][8]
'Club-K' – a Russian container complex of missile weapons, placed in the standard 20- and 40-foot sea container. It is designed to defeat surface and ground targets. The complex can be mounted on shorelines, vessels of various classes, rail platforms and trucks. It is a modification of the Kalibr missile system.
A Club-K variant, which is disguised as a shipping container that can be placed on a truck, train, or merchant vessel, was advertised in 2010 and was shown for the first time at the MAKS 2011 air show.[9][10]
Russian submarines of the Kilo class, Lada class, Amur[11] class, Akula class, Yasen class, and Borei class are launch platforms for the missiles.[citation needed]
The Russian Gremyashchy class, Buyan-M class, the second batch of Steregushchy class corvettes and the Karakurt class are low displacement platforms with Kalibr system ability.[citation needed]
The Russian Admiral Gorshkov class, Admiral Grigorovich class, and Gepard class frigates are able to carry these missiles. Also the Indian Talwar class frigate is another shipborne launch platform for the Club missile system.[citation needed]
Kalibr cruise missiles have been widely used by Russian forces since the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. The opening assault is said to have included at least 30 cruise missiles, targeting command and control points, air bases, and air-defense batteries. The missiles were likely fired by the Buyan-class corvettes, Admiral Grigorovich-class frigates and Kilo-class submarines of the Russian Black Sea Fleet.[39] Ukraine's military command reported widespread usage of Kalibr cruise missiles in strikes against strategic and non-combat targets across Ukraine.[40][41] Most notable incidents were:
Domestic variants are basic versions of this missile family; these are the 3M54, 3M51, 3M14 and 91R variants. The export model is called Club (formerly Klub). There are two major launch platforms: the Kalibr-PL (export Club-S), designed for use from submarines, and the Kalibr-NK (export Club-N), designed for surface ships. These two launch platforms can be equipped with the following warhead and guidance combinations:[50]
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| Name | Length | Warhead | Range | Launch platform | Target type | User | Notes | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3M54K | 8.22 m (27.0 ft) | 200 kg (440 lb) | 550–660 km (340–410 mi) | Submarine | Surface ship | Russian Navy | [citation needed] | |
| 3M54T | 8.9 m (29 ft) | Surface ship | VLS-launched; Thrust vectoring booster | |||||
| 3M14K (SS-N-30A) | 6.2 m (20 ft) | 450 kg (990 lb) | 2,500 km (1,600 mi) | Submarine | Land | Mach 0.8; inertial guidance | ||
| 3M14T | 8.9 m (29 ft) | Surface ship | VLS-launched; Thrust vectoring booster | |||||
| Kalibr-M | 4,500 km (2,800 mi) | ship, submarine, air, and land-launched | Under development | [51] |
| Name | Length | Warhead | Range | Launch platform | Target type | Notes | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Club-S[52] | |||||||
| 3M-54E | 6.2 m (20 ft) | 200 kg (440 lb) | 300 km (190 mi) | Submarine | Surface ship | [citation needed] | |
| 3M-54E1 | Sea-skimming; Terminal speed: Mach 0.8 | ||||||
| 3M-14E | 450 kg (990 lb) | Land | |||||
Club-N[52] | |||||||
| 3M-54TE | 8.9 m (29 ft) | 200 kg (440 lb) | 300 km (190 mi) | Surface ship | Surface ship | Thrust vectoring booster | [citation needed] |
| 3M-54TE1 | Sea-skimming; Terminal speed: Mach 0.8; Thrust vectoring booster | ||||||
| 3M-14TE | 450 kg (990 lb) | Land | inertial guidance; Thrust vectoring booster | ||||
Club-T | |||||||
| 3M-54E2 | 450 kg (990 lb) | Land | Surface ship | Weight: 1,700 kg (3,700 lb); CEP: 50 m (160 ft); Cruise speed: 240 m/s (Mach 0.71) | [4] | ||
| 3M-14E1 | Land | ||||||
Club-A | |||||||
| 3M-54AE | 200 kg (440 lb) | 300 km (190 mi) | Air-launched | Surface ship | Terminal: Supersonic speed | [citation needed] | |
| 3M-54AE1 | |||||||
| 3M-14AE | 6.2 m (20 ft) | 450 kg (990 lb) | Land | Weight: 1,400 kg (3,100 lb); Inertial navigation system; Satellite navigation | |||
Russia:
Russian Navy uses the 3M14, 3M54, 3M54-1, 91R1, 91RT2. Submarine-launched variants (entered service in 2016)[53] are used by Kilo-class submarine, Lada-class submarine, Akula-class submarine, Oscar II-class submarine and the Yasen-class submarine. Surface ship launched variants are used by the Gremyashchy class, Karakurt class, Buyan-M class corvettes, Gepard class, Admiral Gorshkov class and the Admiral Grigorovich-class frigates.[citation needed]
Algeria: The Algerian National Navy uses the 'Club-S' variant for their Kilo class submarines.[citation needed]
India: The Indian Navy uses both 'Club-S' and 'Club-N' variants for the Kilo class submarines (known as the Sindhughosh-class submarine in Indian service), the Talwar class frigates respectively.[54]
Vietnam: The Vietnam People's Navy uses the 'Club-S' variant for its six Kilo class submarines.[55]
China: The People's Liberation Army Navy uses the 'Club-S' variant for its Kilo class submarines.[56]
Iran: Contradictory sources indicate that the Iranian Navy is thought to have purchased or is about to purchase 'Club-S' missiles for its three Kilo class submarines.[57][58][needs update]Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
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