Karlodinium

Karlodinium is a genus of athecate dinoflagellates that lives worldwide.^[1] They are often toxin producing, and compared to the other members of the Kareniaceae, are fairly small at <8-15 μm diameter. They are also able to form intense algal blooms.^[2] This species relies of photosynthesis and phagotrphy to grow.^[3]

Karlodinium
Karlodinium veneficum
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Clade:	Diaphoretickes
Clade:	SAR
Clade:	Alveolata
Phylum:	Myzozoa
Superclass:	Dinoflagellata
Class:	Dinophyceae
Order:	Gymnodiniales
Family:	Kareniaceae
Genus:	Karlodinium J.Larsen
Species
See text

Species

• Karlodinium antarcticum^[4]
• Karlodinium armiger^[5][6]
• Karlodinium ballantinum^[4]
• Karlodinium conicum^[4]
• Karlodinium corrugatum^[4]
• Karlodinium decipiens^[4]
• Karlodinium veneficum^[7]

References

1. Müller, Marius N.; Dorantes-Aranda, Juan José; Seger, Andreas; Botana, Marina T.; Brandini, Frederico P.; Hallegraeff, Gustaaf M. (2019). "Ichthyotoxicity of the Dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum in Response to Changes in Seawater pH" (PDF). Frontiers in Marine Science. 6. doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00082. ISSN 2296-7745.
2. Place, Allen R.; Bowers, Holly A.; Bachvaroff, Tsetvan R.; Adolf, Jason E.; Deeds, Jonathan R.; Sheng, Jian (2012). "Karlodinium veneficum—The little dinoflagellate with a big bite". Harmful Algae. 14. Elsevier BV: 179–195. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.021. ISSN 1568-9883.
3. Place, Allen R.; Bowers, Holly A.; Bachvaroff, Tsetvan R.; Adolf, Jason E.; Deeds, Jonathan R.; Sheng, Jian (2012-02-01). "Karlodinium veneficum—The little dinoflagellate with a big bite". Harmful Algae. Harmful Algae--The requirement for species-specific information. 14: 179–195. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.021. ISSN 1568-9883.
4. de Salas, Miguel F.; Laza-Martínez, Aitor; Hallegraeff, Gustaaf M. (2008). "NOVEL UNARMORED DINOFLAGELLATES FROM THE TOXIGENIC FAMILY KARENIACEAE (GYMNODINIALES): FIVE NEW SPECIES OF KARLODINIUM AND ONE NEW TAKAYAMA FROM THE AUSTRALIAN SECTOR OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN¹". Journal of Phycology. 44 (1): 241–257. Bibcode:2008JPcgy..44..241D. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00458.x. ISSN 0022-3646. PMID 27041059. S2CID 25477095.
5. Bergholtz, Trine; Daugbjerg, Niels; Moestrup, Ojvind; Fernandez-Tejedor, Margarita (2006). "ON THE IDENTITY OF KARLODINIUM VENEFICUM AND DESCRIPTION OF KARLODINIUM ARMIGER SP. NOV. (DINOPHYCEAE), BASED ON LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, NUCLEAR-ENCODED LSU RDNA, AND PIGMENT COMPOSITION¹". Journal of Phycology. 42 (1). Wiley: 170–193. Bibcode:2006JPcgy..42..170B. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00172.x. ISSN 0022-3646. S2CID 53620395.
6. Garcés, Esther; Fernandez, Margarita; Penna, Antonella; Van Lenning, Kees; Gutierrez, Andrés; Camp, Jordi; Zapata, Manuel (2006). "CHARACTERIZATION OF NW MEDITERRANEAN KARLODINIUM SPP. (DINOPHYCEAE) STRAINS USING MORPHOLOGICAL, MOLECULAR, CHEMICAL, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL METHODOLOGIES¹". Journal of Phycology. 42 (5). Wiley: 1096–1112. Bibcode:2006JPcgy..42.1096G. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00270.x. hdl:11576/1884792. ISSN 0022-3646. S2CID 84085728.
7. Fuentes-Grünewald, C.; Garcés, E.; Rossi, S.; Camp, J. (2009). "Use of the dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum as a sustainable source of biodiesel production". Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. 36 (9): 1215–1224. doi:10.1007/s10295-009-0602-3. hdl:10261/16953. PMID 19536573.