June 22, 1912: Incumbent U.S. President William Howard Taft nominated ahead of former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt by RepublicansJune 8, 1912: Columbus Memorial unveiled in Washington DC
French troops killed 600 Moroccan tribesmen who had marched on Fez to oppose the French Protectorate in Morocco. Governor Hubert Lyautey ordered artillery to be used against the lesser armed opposition.[3]
A premature detonation of dynamite killed 18 men who were working on construction of the Canadian Northern road, near Lake Opinicon, Ontario.[6]
The first gasoline filling station in the United States to use an enclosed gas pump opened at Oak Street and Young Street in Columbus, Ohio, dispensing Standard Oil gas.[7] Gas stations had opened as early in 1905 in St. Louis, with gasoline dispensed by "a hose from a tall tank."[8]
American pilot Philip Orin Parmelee, 24, was killed in a plane crash while performing in an air show at Yakima, Washington. Parmalee ignored requests to postpone his flight until heavy winds died down, and his plane dropped from a height of 400 feet (120m).[9]
Official results of the parliamentary elections in Belgium gave the Catholic Party of Charles de Broqueville, in power for 28 years without interruption, 101 seats and increasing its majority in the Chamber of Representatives. The Catholic Party also retained a majority in the Belgian Senate. The results led to protests nationwide.[11]
The first contest for a human-powered flying machine was sponsored by Robert Peugeot and attracted 23 entrants, none of which were able to leave the ground. Peugeot then offered a competition on July 4 for any plane that could stay 10 centimeters off the ground for a distance of 100 meters.[12]
A fire in Istanbul destroyed 2,000 houses, four mosques and seven schools.[15]
Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to pass a law authorizing a guaranteed minimum wage; the law would take effect on July 1, 1913, provided only that a state commission would issue regulations. Eight other states followed in 1913, with Utah being third, but having its law taking effect first, immediately upon passage on March 18, 1913.[16] The Massachusetts law applied only to women and children, and penalties for its violation were light.[17]Oregon, whose law passed second, would become the first state to have orders implementing a wage.[18]
A group of 570 U.S. Marines landed in Cuba at Caimanera, the first group sent to protect American citizens on the island.[21][22] After rebel leader Evaristo Estenoz was killed on June 27, the Marines would withdraw on August 5.[23]
After using "whistles, trumpets, rattles, or other instruments of the most discordant character" to shout down debates over the Army Bill, 75 members of the opposition party in Hungary were expelled by police, leaving a quorum from Prime Minister István Tisza's National Party, which passed the Army Bill.[24] By the end of October, Tisza's powers would be extended to allow him to send a guard unit to use force against Members of Parliament as necessary.[25]
Mexico's President Francisco I. Madero and the Standard Oil Company agreed to allow Standard Oil to operate in Mexico tax-free for ten years, and the rights to eminent domain over any private or public property it wished to obtain to support its oil fields in four Mexican states.[26]
The Mount Katmai volcano erupted in Alaska, dumping a foot of ashes at Kodiak and on other villages on Woody Island, killing hundreds of people. The 200 inhabitants of villages on the mainland near Shelikof Strait were gone when the tugboat Redondas arrived. The villages of Kanatuk, Savinodsky, Douglas, Cold Bay, Kamgamute and Katmai were empty.[29][30][31] The revenue cutter Manning rescued 500 survivors left homeless by the volcano.[32] Katmai was one of the largest eruptions of the century and produced 35 cubic kilometers of pumice, burying the Ukak River valley to a depth of 200 meters within sixty hours; steam and gas persisted for decades in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.[33] The explosion of Katmai was heard in Juneau, Alaska, 750 miles away, and spread an ash cloud of 100,000 square miles, with traces of dust were found as far east as Algeria.[34] Eruptions would last until July 8.[35]
The tanker SS Ottawa recovered the body of steward William Thomas Kerley, who died in the sinking of the Titanic. After identification, his body was buried at sea.[36]
Gyula Kovács, a legislator in the Hungarian House of Deputies, fired three gunshots at Prime Minister István Tisza on the floor of Parliament, missed, and then shot himself. Tisza had just rid the chamber of opposition deputies and remarked, "Now that the House is cleared... we will proceed to work." Kovacs shouted out, "There is still a member of the Opposition in the House," while firing his gun before turning it on himself.[37]
A 7.0 magnitude earthquake shook Alaska at 9:26 pm, as eruptions of Mount Katmai continued.[35]
Died:Hubert Latham, 29, French aviation pioneer, was fatally injured by a water buffalo while hunting in Africa. Latham had been with natives deep into the French Sudan, near the Bahr as Salamat and Lake Chad on the Chari River, when he shot the buffalo. The wounded animal then charged Latham, goring and then trampling him. News did not reach the French Equatorial Africa Governor-General, Martial Henri Merlin, until six weeks later.[39] (b. 1883)
An Italian force of 12,000 soldiers were defeated by Turkish-Arab troops at Zanzur in Tripolitania during the Italo-Turkish War, despite suffering between 1,000 and 1,400 casualties.[40]
The first annual Aerial Derby took place, sponsored by the Daily Mail. Seven participants flying a single circuit of an 81-mile (130-kilometer) course, starting and finishing at Hendon Aerodrome in London, with control points at Kempton Park, Esher, Purley, and Purfleet. A crowd of 45,000 spectators paid to attend the event, and larger numbers of people watched the race along its route. Thomas Sopwith won the derby flying a Bleriot aircraft with a time of 1 hour 23 minutes 8.4 seconds, winning £250 and a gold cup.[42][additional citation(s) needed]
Governor Slavko Cuvaj of Croatia escaped an assassination attempt by Bosnian law student Lukas Vukica. The bullet instead struck and killed a fellow cabinet minister.[43][publishermissing]
The body of steward William Frederick Cheverton, a Titanic victim, was recovered by the steamer Ilford, then buried at sea. He was the last Titanic victim to be recovered.[44]
Universal Pictures was incorporated by Carl Laemmle as the Universal Film Manufacturing Company, bringing together a consortium of seven motion picture companies: Laemmle's Independent/IMP, Powers, Rex, Champion, Centaur, Nestor and New York. According to Bernard Dick, the original name of the company was going to be the Mutual Film Manufacturing Company, but Laemmle changed it after seeing a wagon of the Universal Pipe Fittings company pass beneath his window, inspiring him to drop Mutual from the company name and replacing it with Universal.[45]
Max von Laue presented the confirmation of the theory of the diffraction of radiation by a three-dimensional lattice (for which he would win the Nobel Prize in 1914), describing the April 21 experiment by Walter Friedrich and Paul Knipping to the Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich.[46]
Tsar Nicholas pardoned Kate Malecka on condition that she leave the country forever. Malecka had been sentenced to four years imprisonment for aiding secessionists in Poland, at that time the Polskoe province in the westernmost Russian Empire.[57]
Portuguese colonial forces laid siege to a rebel stronghold of 12,000 people in the mountainous region of East Timor, after successfully putting down the rebellion in other parts of the country from April to May, 1912.[62]
Former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, running for the Republican Party nomination against incumbent President William Howard Taft, said in a speech that he was in favor of the right of women to vote in national elections.[64]
Peace negotiations started between rebellious tribes around the Afghan city of Khost and the Emirate of Afghanistan. Negotiations broke down later in the month and fighting resumed until August.[70]
Dr. Robert Bell won his libel lawsuit against Dr. Henry Howarth Bashford, who criticized his cancer treatment in the British Medical Journal, in the article "Cancer Credulity and Quackery." Dr. Bell brought the testimony of Drs. Paul Ehrlich and August von Wassermann, who testified that cancer could be cured in mice "by injecting into the blood stream a specific compound of selenium and eosin."[71][72]
In the absence of opposition to Prime Minister István Tisza's National Party, the Hungarian Army bill was adopted in the House of Magnates, 174 to 33.[19]
Dr. F. W. Forbes Ross of the United Kingdom announced that he had developed an anesthetic, consisting of quinine and urea hydrochloride, which could eliminate pain.[73][74]
Twenty people were killed and 14 injured in a railroad crash at Malmslätt, Sweden, when an express train struck a freight train, on the three sleeping cars.[77]
U.S. President William Howard Taft vetoed the Army appropriation bill that had been passed by Congress with cuts of defense spending. It was reported that Secretary of WarHenry L. Stimson had threatened to resign if the bill was not vetoed.[79][80]
The Supreme Court of Canada held that the Parliament of Canada could not pass a national law governing marriage, and that mixed marriages solemnized by a Protestant clergyman could not be outlawed.[19]
More than 60 people were killed in Guanajuato, Mexico after floodwaters swept through the town.[81]
The largest payoff in American horse racing history, according to the American Racing Manual, took place when "Wishing Ring", at 941-1 odds, won a race at the Latonia Race Track near Florence, Kentucky. A $2 bet would have returned $1,885.50 to the bettor.[82]
Died:Julia Clark, the third American woman to receive a pilot's license, was killed in a plane crash at an airshow in Springfield, Illinois.[83] Crashing into a tall tree while flying in a fog, she was the third woman to die in a plane crash, after Mme. Deniz Moore in July, 1911, and Suzanne Bernard on March 11, both at Étampes, France.[84][85]
The Republican National Convention opened in Chicago, with incumbent U.S. President William Howard Taft having 454+1⁄2 delegates, former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt469+1⁄2, and 239 claimed by both sides. With a simple majority (513 of 1026) required to win the nomination, the awarding of the contested delegates was critical to the nomination. The Republican National Committee, controlled by Taft's supporters, would resolve 6 in favor of Roosevelt, and the other 233 in favor of Taft.[86]
The French dirigibleConte and its crew of six ascended to a record height of 9,922 feet. The previous record had been 7,053 feet on December 7, 1911.[87]
An explosion at the Victor-American Fuel Company mine at Hastings, Colorado, killed twelve coal miners.[88]
U.S. President William Howard Taft signed into law a provision that workers on U.S. government contracts would be limited to an eight-hour workday.[19]
Near Douai, France, Captain Marcel Dubois and Lt. Albert Peignan, each piloting a different vehicle, were killed in the first fatal mid-air collision between two airplanes, and only the second mid-air airplane collision in history. The first, on September 27, 1911, between Eugene Ely and Harry Atwood, did not seriously injure either pilot.[89]
Tennessee State University began its first classes, as the State Agricultural and Industrial Normal School, with 147 African American students in its first summer class.[90]
William D. Coolidge of General Electric laboratories applied for a patent for his process of treating brittle tungsten with heat in order to fashion it into fine wire. U.S. Patent 1,082,933 would be granted in 1913.[91]
LieutenantJohn Henry Towers survived the U.S. Navy's first fatal airplane accident after Ensign W. L. Billingsly, the pilot, was thrown out of the plane at 1,700 feet. Towers, a passenger, was able to hold onto the plane and survived a crash landing, then set about to design the first seat belt for an airplane.[94]
At the Republican Convention, U.S. President William Howard Taft was nominated for a second term by a vote of 561 to 107, after 344 of the delegates refused, out of protest, to participate. The aggrieved delegates were primarily supporters of former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, in a convention where the National Committee had resolved most delegate challenges in favor of Taft. Robert M. La Follette got 41 and Albert B. Cummins 17.[97] Roosevelt left the convention and proposed to form a new Progressive Party. The nominating speech for the Ohio native had been made by Ohio U.S. Senator Warren G. Harding.[98][99]
U.S. President William Howard Taft implemented the first specific regulations governing the proportions and design of the flag of the United States, with the signing of Executive Order 1566. The President accepted the recommendation of a committee, chaired by former U.S. AdmiralGeorge Dewey, for the new, 48 star flag, to be arranged in six rows of eight stars each. The most prominent design rejected was that of Wayne Whipple, consisting of a six sided star containing 13 stars, surrounded by a circle of 25 stars (for additional states admitted in the nation's first century) and an outer circle of 10 stars for those admitted after 1876. The 48 star flag would remain the standard until 1959. The ratio of height to width of the flag ever-after would be 1:1.9[104]
A strike involving thousands of waiters and hotel workers in New York City ended with most strikers heading back to work, in part due to strike suppression tactics by police and partial agreements of hotel and restaurant owners to some of the strikers' demands.[108]
At Alcorta, in the Santa Fe Province of Argentina, a crowd of 2,000 tenant farmers went on strike to protest high rents, inaugurating the first organized farm movement in Argentina.[109]
The Bornean Baillon's crake (Porzana pusilla mira), a subspecies of the waterbird Baillon's crake, was collected for the first and last time in Borneo, never located again, and is presumed to be extinct.[110]
The Welsh National Museum was opened at Cardiff.[19]
Evaristo Estenoz, leader of the uprising of Negro rebels in Cuba, was killed in battle.[115] The death of General Estenoz brought an end to the uprising, which resulted in the death of 3,000 black Cubans.[116]
The Italian Army established its first air force, the Battaglione Aviatori (Airmen's Battalion).[117]
On the first ballot at the Democratic Party convention, former House Speaker Champ Clark received 440+1⁄2 votes, New Jersey GovernorWoodrow Wilson 324, Judson Harmon 148, Oscar Underwood117+1⁄2 and Thomas R. Marshall 31. Thirteen more ballots were taken without any candidate receiving the 2/3rds majority of delegates.[19]
The "Korean Conspiracy Trial" began for 123 defendants, mostly Christians, accused of inciting rebellion against the Japanese colonial government. On September 28, 106 would be convicted of treason and sentenced to terms of five years or more, although worldwide criticism of the unfairness of the trial would lead to the release of most of them the following year.[119]
Champ Clark moved closer to the Democratic nomination for President, when a shift of New York's votes gave him 556 of the 1,094 delegates, more than all of the other candidates combined, but still short of the two-thirds (730) needed to win.[120]
Thirty-five Arabs were sentenced to death by a French court for participating in November 8 riots in Tunisia.[19]
On the 30th ballot, New Jersey GovernorWoodrow Wilson edged ahead of former House Speaker Champ Clark for the first time, with 460 votes to 455, as the Iowa delegation swung its support to Wilson. On the next ballot, Wilson's lead was 475 1/2 to 446.[122]
"Viaduct Cars All Running: East Cambridge Folk Much Pleased. Seven Minutes Saved and End Put to Vexatious Delays. Few Paid Fares to Say They Were on First Cars". Boston Daily Globe. 1 June 1912. ProQuest502054556.
The Britannica Year-Book 1913: A Survey of the World's Progress Since the Completion in 1910 of the Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica, 1913) pp. xxviii-xxx
Layman, R.D., Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849–1922, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1989, ISBN0-87021-210-9, p. 13
Kalman, Harold; Roaf, John (1 April 1983). Exploring Ottawa: An Architectural Guide to the Nation's Capital. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p.28. ISBN978-0802063953.
Henry Chung, The Case of Korea: A Collection of Evidence on the Japanese Domination of Korea, and on the Development of the Korean Independence Movement (Fleming H. Revell Co., 1921) p. 161
"First Presbyterian Church of Redmond", National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Registration Form, National Park Service, United States Department of Interior, Washington, D.C., July 6, 2001.
