Jind State

Jind State (also spelled Jhind State) was a princely state located in the Punjab and Haryana regions of north-western India. The state was 3,260 km² (1,260 sq mi) in area and its annual income was Rs.3,000,000 in the 1940s.^[1] This state was founded and ruled by Jats of Sidhu clan.^[2]

Jind & Sangrur State
Princely State of British India (1809–1948)
1763–20 August 1948
Coat of arms
Jind State in a 1911 map of Punjab
Capital	Sangrur
Area
• 1931	3,460 km2 (1,340 sq mi)
Population
• 1931	324,676
History
• Established	1763
• Accession to India	20 August 1948
Preceded by Succeeded by Maratha Empire Phulkian Misl India
Today part of	India

Location

The area of the state was 1259 square miles in total and it ranged from Dadri, Karnal, Safidon, and Sangrur.^[1][3]

History

Origin

The ruling house of Jind belonged to the Phulkian dynasty, sharing a common ancestor named Tiloka with the Nabha rulers. Tiloka was the eldest son of Phul Sidhu of the Phulkian Misl.^[3] The Jind rulers descend from Sukhchain Singh, the younger son of Tiloka.^[4] The Jind State was founded in 1763 by Gajpat Singh after the fall of Sirhind.^[3] Other sources give a date of 1768 for the founding of the state.^[1]

Gajpat Singh, son of Sukhchain Singh and great-grandson of Phul, launched a rebellion against the hostile authority based out of Sirhind.^[1] The rebellion was a Sikh coalition against the Afghan governors of Jind State.^[3] As a reward, Gajpat received a large tract of land, which included Jind and Safidon.^[3] Gajpat established his headquarters at Jind, building a large, brick fort in the location.^[3]

View of the fortress and palace of Jind State, 1815

He established the state in 1763 or 1768 and made Sangrur its capital.^[1][3] Gajpat was bestowed with the title of Raja by the Mughal emperoer Shah Alam in the year 1772.^[1][3] As a mark of sovereignty, the Sikh raja minted coins bearing his name.^[1][3] Shortly after being bestowed with the raja title by the Mughals, Jind was attacked by Rahim Dad Khan, the governor of Hansi, but he was killed-in-action.^[3] In 1774, a dispute arose between Jind and Nabha states.^[3] The precarious intra-Phulkian situation led to Gajpat Singh of Jind sending troops against Hamir Singh of Nabha, with the former taking possessions of Imloh, Bhadson, and Sangrur from the latter's control.^[3] However, the ruler of Patiala State and influential members of the family led to Imloh and Bhadson being returned back to Jind's rule.^[3] Sangrur remained with Jind and was not given back to Nabha.^[3] A daughter of Gajpat Singh of Jind married Mahan Singh of the Sukerchakia Misl and was the mother of Ranjit Singh.^[3]

Gajpat Singh ordered the raising of several fortresses, whom were constructed using lakhauri (thin burnt-clay) bricks in the year 1775.^[1] One of the forts was built to the left of the present-day Rani Talab and the second was built to the right of present-day Tanga Chowk.^[1] There was a family connection shared between Jind State and the Sukerchakia Misl, due to the fact that Gajpat's daughter, Raj Kaur, was the mother of Maharaja Ranjit Singh whom founded the Sikh Empire.^[1]

Gajpat Singh died in 1786.^[3]

After the passing of Gajpat, his son Bhag Singh succeeded to the throne of Jind in 1789.^[1] Bhag Singh is notable as being the first cis-Sutlej or Phulkian Sikh ruler to develop amicable ties with the British East India Company, which developed into a state of allyship between the two parties.^[1]

British era

Detail of the main, continuous tract of territory of Jind State from a map created by the British East India Company, ca.1829–1835 (the state also held many exclave territories that can be seen in the full-map).

It was part of the Cis-Sutlej states^{[citation needed]} until 25 April 1809, when it became a British protectorate.^[5] After Bhag Singh died, he would be succeeded by Fateh Singh, who in-turn was followed by Sangat Singh.^[1] After the death of Sangat Singh, the throne went to his cousin, Swarup Singh.^[1] Then the throne passed to Swarup's son, Raghubir Singh.^[1] Raghubir Singh did produce an immediate heir in the form of a son named Balbir Singh, but his son had died while young so the line of succession passed to his grandson, Ranbir Singh, who is described as a "philanderer, an extravagant and a philanthropist".^[1] Ranbir is noted for being the longest reigning ruler of the Phulkian dynasty.^[1] He had twelve children born from his four wives.^[1]

Indian painter Sita Ram produced watercolours of the local scenery (landscape and architecture) of Jind State between June 1814 to early October 1815.^[6]

During the First World War, the Jind Imperial Service Regiment saw conflict.^[1] The state was awarded with a fifteen-gun salute.^[1]

On 20 August 1948, with the signing of the instrument of accession, Jind became a part of the Patiala and East Punjab States Union of the newly independent India on 15 July 1948.^[1]

Postage stamps prior to King George V consisted of Indian stamps over printed as "Jhind State", with the letter 'H' in the name. On the George V stamps, the 'H' is omitted and is overprinted as "Jind State" (Reference actual stamps from the Victorian, Edward VII and George V eras).

Post-independence

Ranbir Singh died on 31 March 1948, shortly after he signed the instrument of accession.^[1] He was succeeded by his son Rajbir Singh.^[1] Rajbir died in 1959 and in-turn was succeeded by his brother named Jagatbir Singh.^[1] However, Rajbir's son named Satbir Singh, claims to have been crowned as a successor to his father, leading to a dispute between the brother and son of the late Rajbir.^[1]

After the division of Punjab in 1966, the former territories of Jind State were given to the then newly formed state of Haryana.^[1] Thus, Jind town and district now form a part of Indian state of Haryana.

The family of the former Jind rulers are mired in family divisions and conflicts over shares of their declining wealth.^[1] The Jind royals currently reside at Raja ki Kothi on Amarhedi Road.^[1]

Economy

The revenue per annum of Jind State was around 2,800,000 rupees.^[3]

Heritage conservation

Many monuments and structures related to the erstwhile Jind state lie in disrepair and disregard and few efforts are being taken to conserve them, in-contrast to the heritage of Patiala and Nabha states.^[1] Two historical forts (both constructed in 1775 and were located near Rani Talab and Tanga Chowk) related to the history of the state were demolished in the 1990s to make way for newer developments, such as shopping bazaars, a Doordarshan Relay Centre, and parks.^[1] There was also a third Jind fort that was demolished in the 1990s as well, it was located beside the fort near Rani Talab.^[1] The land the former forts stood on has also suffered from illegal encroachments.^[1] Many historical artefacts related to the state have been looted and smuggled.^[1] The city of Jind was also known for its three city-gates connected by a border wall, which were named Jhanjh Gate, Ramrai Gate, and Safidon Gate, however these gates have not survived to the present-day.^[1] Efforts are ongoing to have the ASI declare the buildings of Rani Talab, Raja-Ki-Kothi, and Khunga Kothi as protected heritage sites.^[1] Indo-Saracenic buildings of Jind have fallen into a decrepit condition.^[1]

List of rulers

No.	Name (Birth–Death)	Portrait	Reign	Enthronement	Ref.
Sardars
1	Sukhchain Singh (1683 – 1758)	?	? – 1758	?	[4]
Rajas
2	Gajpat Singh (15 April 1738 – 11 November 1789)		1758 – 1789	?	[7][4]
3	Bhag Singh (23 September 1760 – 16 June 1819)		1789 – 1819	November 1789	[7][4]
4	Fateh Singh (6 May 1789 – 3 February 1822)		1819 – 1822	?	[7][4]
5	Sangat Singh (16 July 1810 – 4/5 November 1834)		1822 – 1834	30 July 1822	[7][4]
6	Swarup Singh (30 May 1812 – 26 January 1864)		1834 – 1864	April 1837	[7][4]
7	Raghubir Singh (1832 – 7 March 1887)		1864 – 1887	31 March 1864	[7][4]
8	Ranbir Singh (11 October 1879 – 1 April 1948)		1887 – 1948	27 February 1888	[7][4][1]
Titular
9	Rajbir Singh		1948 – 1959		[7][4][1]
10	Jagatbir Singh (disputed[1])[a]		1959 – ?		[8][1][7]
11	Rambir Singh (1944 – 1992)		? – 1992		[1]
12	Gajraj Singh (1981 – 2016)		1992 – 2016		[1]
13	Jagbir Singh Sidhu (1979 – 2018)		2016 – 2018		[1]
14	Gunveer Singh (born 2014)		2018 – present		[1]

Demographics

Religious groups in Jind State (British Punjab province era)

Religious group	1881[9][10][11]		1891[12]		1901[13]		1911[14][15]		1921[16]		1931[17]		1941[18]
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Hinduism [b]	210,627	84.3%	230,846	81.12%	211,963	75.16%	210,222	77.36%	234,721	76.16%	243,561	75.02%	268,355	74.17%
Islam	34,247	13.71%	38,508	13.53%	38,717	13.73%	37,520	13.81%	43,251	14.03%	46,002	14.17%	50,972	14.09%
Sikhism	4,335	1.73%	15,020	5.28%	29,975	10.63%	22,566	8.3%	28,026	9.09%	33,290	10.25%	40,981	11.33%
Jainism	649	0.26%	173	0.06%	1,258	0.45%	1,233	0.45%	1,548	0.5%	1,613	0.5%	1,294	0.36%
Christianity	3	0%	7	0%	80	0.03%	187	0.07%	637	0.21%	210	0.06%	161	0.04%
Zoroastrianism	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	3	0%
Buddhism	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	3	0%
Judaism	—	—	6	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Others	1	0%	0	0%	10	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	43	0.01%
Total population	249,862	100%	284,560	100%	282,003	100%	271,728	100%	308,183	100%	324,676	100%	361,812	100%
Note: British Punjab province era district borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the historic Punjab Province region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.

Gallery

• 
  Raja Gajpat Singh of Jind State
• 
  Raja Sangat Singh of Jind State
• 
  Raja Swarup Singh of Jind State
• 
  Miniature painting of Sardar Daya Singh Sibia of Ramgarh, revenue minister of Jind State during the reign of Maharaja Raghubir Singh
• 
  Photograph taken in the erstwhile Jind State
• 
  Stamp of the Jind State. Edward VII, 1905

See also

• Political integration of India
• Phulkian sardars
• Patiala State
• Nabha State
• Faridkot State
• Malaudh
• Bhadaur
• Kaithal
• Cis-Sutlej states

Notes

1. Rajbir's other son Satbir Singh also claims to have been coroneted.
2. 1931-1941: Including Ad-Dharmis