Jeseri

Jeseri (also known as Dweep Bhasha) is a dialect of Malayalam,^[1] spoken in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep in India.^[2][3]

Jeseri
Jasari, Dweep Bhasha
ജസരി
Native to	India Lakshadweep
Region	Lakshadweep
Ethnicity	Lakshadweep people
Native speakers	(undated figure of 65,000[citation needed])
Language family	Dravidian Southern Southern I Tamil–Kannada Tamil–Kota Tamil–Toda Tamil–Irula Tamil–Kodava–Urali Tamil–Malayalam Malayalamoid Malayalam Jeseri
Dialects	Aminidivi, Koya, Malmi, Melacheri
Writing system	Malayalam script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
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The word 'Jeseri' derives from Arabic word 'Jazari' (جزري) which means 'Islander' or 'of island'. It is spoken on the islands of Chetlat, Bitra, Kiltan, Kadmat, Amini, Kavaratti, Androth, Agatti, and Kalpeni, in the archipelago of Lakshadweep. Each of these islands has its own dialect. The dialects are similar to Arabi Malayalam, a traditional dialect spoken by the Mappila community of Malabar Coast.^[4]

Phonology

The phonology is similar to the Mainland dialect of Old Malayalam, but with certain notable differences.

The initial short vowels, especially 'u', may fall away. For example: rangi (Mal. urangi) - slept, lakka (Mal. ulakka) - pestle.

As for the consonants, the following differences are notable:

1. Initial ch in Mainland Malayalam, becomes sh: sholli (Mal.(old) cholli) - said.
2. Initial p in Mainland Malayalam, becomes f: fenn (Mal. pennu) - girl.
3. Initial v in Mainland Malayalam, becomes b: buli/ bili (Mal. vili) - call.

Grammar

The grammar shows similarities to Mainland Malayalam.

Nouns

Case endings

The case endings for nouns and pronouns are generally as follows:

• Nominative: nil;
• Accusative: a, na
• Genitive: aa, naa, thaa;
• Dative: kk, n, oon;
• Communicative: oda, aa kooda, naa kooda;
• Instrumental: aa kond, naa kond;
• Locative: nd, naa ul, l (only in traces);
• Ablative: nd;
• Vocative: e, aa;

Pronouns

			singular	plural
1st person	exclusive		naan	nanga
	inclusive			noo, namma, laaba
2nd person			née	ninga
3rd person	proximate	masculine	ben	iba
		feminine	bel
		neuter	idh
	remote	masculine	on	aba
		feminine	ol
		neuter	adh

• thaan: self;

Verbs

The conjugations of verbs are similar to Mainland Malayalam.

The verb 'kaanu' - meaning 'see', the same as in Mainland Malayalam, is illustrated here.

There are three simple tenses.

1. Present: suffix added is nna (mostly nda); so kaanunna/kaanunda - sees, is seeing.
2. Past: the stem of the verb may change as in Mainland Malayalam. For 'kaanu', past is kanda - saw.
3. Future: the suffix added is 'um'. So, kaanum - will see.

The negatives of these tenses show some differences:

1. For present tense, the negative is formed by adding vela (ppela for some verbs) to the stem. Not only that, a present negative may also function as a future negative. So, kaanuvela - is not seeing, does not see, will not see.
2. For past tense, the negative is formed by suffixing ela to the past stem. So, kandela - did not see, has not seen.
3. For the future tense, the old Malayalam poetic suffix 'aa' may be used (kaanaa).

The interrogative forms are made by suffixing 'aa' with some changes effected. So, kaanundyaa (does/do ... see?) for kaanunda (sees), kandyaa (did ... see?) for kanda (saw), and kaanumaa/kaanunaa/kaanungaa (will ... see?) for kaanum (will see).

References

1. Kōyammakkōya, Eṃ (2012). Lakshadweep Pradesikabhasha Nighandu (Translation: Lakshadweep Regional Language Dictionary), Editor: Dr. Koyammakoya M. Sāhityapr̲avarttaka Sahakaraṇasaṅghaṃ, Nāṣaṇal Bukkȧ St̲āḷ. ISBN 978-81-922822-9-9.
2. Sura's Year Book 2006. Sura Books. 2006. p. 250. ISBN 978-81-7254-124-8.
3. India, a reference annual. Government of India. 2004. p. 851. ISBN 978-81-230-1156-1.
4. Subramoniam, V. I. (1997). Dravidian Encyclopaedia. Vol. 3, Language and literature. Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala): International School of Dravidian Linguistics. pp. 508-09.