Ice hockey in the United States

"Hockey in the United States" redirects here. For field hockey, see Field hockey in the United States.

Ice hockey, referred to in the US simply as "hockey", is a popular sport in the United States.^[4][5][6] Hockey in the US began in 1894 when the first artificial ice rink was built in Baltimore, Maryland. Now hockey is most popular in regions of the US with cold winter climates, such as the northeast and the upper Midwest.^[7] However, since the 1990s, ice hockey has become increasingly popular in the Sun Belt due in large part to the expansion of the National Hockey League to the southeast and southwest US, coupled with the mass relocation of many residents from northern cities with strong hockey support to these Sun Belt locations.^{[8][9][10][11][12]}

Ice hockey in the United States
The Pittsburgh Penguins and the Washington Capitals compete in the National Hockey League's (NHL) 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs in the nation’s capital, Washington, D.C.
Country	United States
Governing body	USA Hockey[1][2][3]
National team(s)	Men's national team Women's national team
First played	1894
Club competitions
List Men's: National Hockey League (Major League) American Hockey League (first tier Minor League) ECHL (second tier Minor League) Federal Prospects Hockey League (third tier Minor League) Southern Professional Hockey League (third tier Minor League) Women's: Professional Women's Hockey League
International competitions
IIHF World Championships Winter Olympics World Cup IIHF Women's World Championship

History of ice hockey in the United States

The contemporary sport of ice hockey was developed in Canada, most notably in Montreal, Quebec, where the first indoor hockey game was played on March 3, 1875. Some characteristics of that game, such as the length of the ice rink and the use of a puck, have been retained to this day.^[13][14] The game soon spread south through Canadian immigrants, who played the stick and ball game referred to as "shinny" on frozen ponds and lakes in the winter.^[15] The first organized game of this precursor to modern ice hockey in the United States was on November 17, 1883 on the Lower School Pond of St. Paul's School in Concord, NH.^[16][17] The first known formal game of ice hockey in the United States was subsequently played between Yale University and Johns Hopkins University in 1893, and is generally considered to be the start of present-day ice hockey in the nation.^[18]

In 1894, the first artificial ice rink was built in Maryland. The rink was called the North Avenue Ice Palace, which was located in Baltimore, Maryland. A few years later, in 1896, the first ice hockey league in the United States was formed called The US Amateur Hockey League. It was founded in New York City around the same time as the second artificial ice rink was opened in New York, New York, called the St. Nicholas Arena. The US Amateur Hockey League then became a member of the International Professional Hockey League in 1904. There were five teams from the United States and Ontario that formed the International Ice Hockey Federation. This league only lasted three seasons but it was the first professional ice hockey league that the United States participated in.^[19]

By 1898 the following leagues had already formed: the Amateur Hockey League of New York, the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada, and the Ontario Hockey Association. The 1898 Spalding Athletic Library book includes rules (laws) and results for each league (association).^[20]

Meanwhile, teams in western Canada formed the Pacific Coast Hockey Association in 1911. This league created new designs and rules that helped ice hockey evolve into the game it is today. Some of these new innovations that were created were blue lines that were painted under the ice which divided the ice into three sections, goaltenders are allowed to fall and slide on the ice to help prevent the other team from scoring a goal, forward passing is permitted in the neutral zone, and the game was split into three periods of 20 minutes.

National Hockey League

Main article: History of the National Hockey League

The NHL is the major professional hockey league in North America, with 25 US-based teams and 7 Canadian-based teams competing for the Stanley Cup.^[21] While NHL stars are still not as readily familiar to the general American public as are stars of the NFL, MLB, and the NBA, average attendance for NHL games in the US has surpassed average NBA attendance in recent seasons,^[22][23] buoyed in part by the NHL Winter Classic being played in large outdoor stadiums.^{[24][25] [26]}

In 1924, the Boston Bruins were the first American team to join the National Hockey League.^[27] During that season, the first NHL game was played in the United States where the Boston Bruins defeated the Montreal Maroons 2–1. That same season, the NHL increased the season schedule from 24 games to 30 games. Three more American teams the New York Rangers, Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Cougars, joined the NHL in the year 1926. That same year, the Western Hockey League fell apart and sold most of its players to the new NHL teams. This makes the NHL the top hockey league in North America. In 1942, the Brooklyn Americans withdrew from the NHL. This left the Canadiens, Maple Leafs, Red Wings, Bruins, Rangers, and Black Hawks as the only teams left in the NHL for the next 25 years. Those six teams are now called "the Original Six."

New Brunswick-born skater Willie O'Ree became the first black ice hockey player in the NHL for the Boston Bruins.^[28] while Val James was the first African American player to compete in the NHL for the Buffalo Sabres and Toronto Maple Leafs.^[29]

In 1972 the World Hockey Association formed of 12 teams from Canada and the United States intended to rival the NHL but ultimately failed and many of the teams merged with the NHL.^[30]

Stanley Cup

The Stanley Cup is the oldest trophy in North American sports. Lord Stanley of Preston was appointed by Queen Victoria to be the Governor General of Canada on June 11, 1888. While governor, Ice hockey was still just forming in Canada. He first got to see the game of hockey played at Montreal's 1889 Winter Carnival. During the carnival he watched the Montreal Victorias play the Montreal Hockey Club. Since then he and his family became very involved in the game of ice hockey. His two sons, Arthur and Algernon, convinced their father to donate a trophy that would be considered to be a visible sign of the ice hockey championship. This trophy was a silver bowl inlaid with gold. The trophy was first presented in 1893 and was called the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup. The name of the trophy was later changed to the famous name, The Stanley Cup.

In 1914 the Portland Rosebuds, an American-based team, joined the Pacific Coast Hockey Association. After that, the trustees of the Stanley Cup made a statement that the Stanley Cup was no longer for the best team in Canada, but now the best team in the whole world. The Rosebuds became the first American team to compete in the Stanley Cup Finals two years later. In the year 1917, the team Seattle Metropolitans was the first American team to win the Stanley Cup.^[31] Once that season was over, the National Hockey Association was changed into the NHL or the National Hockey League.^[32]

Minor leagues

Minor league professional hockey leagues in the US include the American Hockey League and the ECHL. USA Hockey is the official governing body for amateur hockey in the US The United States Hockey Hall of Fame is located in Eveleth, Minnesota.^[33][34]

Ice hockey structure

The United States ice hockey structure includes elements from traditional American scholastic high school and college athletics, affiliated and independent minor leagues, and the unique "Major Junior" leagues. The hierarchy of the ice hockey league system forms a pyramid with a large number of regional minor and development leagues making up the base of the pyramid and a linear progression through the professional minor leagues leading to the National Hockey League at the top of the pyramid.

Amateur ice hockey

Nine US-based teams compete in the three member leagues of the Canadian Hockey League.

College hockey has a regional following in the northeastern and upper midwestern United States. However in the 2015 season, the Arizona State hockey program made its jump from club to the varsity level.^[35] College hockey is increasingly being used to develop players for the NHL and other professional leagues (the US has junior leagues, the United States Hockey League and North American Hockey League, but they are more restricted to protect junior players' college eligibility). The Frozen Four is college hockey's national championship.

Summer senior ice hockey is increasing in popularity in the 21st century, with Edina, Minnesota's Da Beauty League and Buffalo, New York's Fattey Hockey League both drawing NHL players who use the leagues to stay in shape during the offseason.^[36] Da Beauty League, established in 2016, is considered the nation's premier summer ice hockey league and benefits from corporate sponsorship from the Minnesota business community.^[37] The GLHL is a travel, full-contact league that plays for the Kohlman Cup every year. Teams are all based in Wisconsin and the upper peninsula of Michigan. Several of the teams in the GLHL are the oldest hockey teams in the world, including the Portage Lake Pioneers and Calumet Wolverines, both established in the early 1900s.

Olympics

Main article: Ice hockey at the Olympic Games

The bronze medal winning 1936 American Olympic team.

A hockey tournament debuted in the Summer Olympics in 1920 and would later also be recognized as the first World Ice Hockey Championship. Canada took the gold medal, with the United States getting the silver. The Canadians went on to claim three consecutive golds after the sport was permanently transferred to the newly established Winter Olympics in 1924. In 1936, their streak was ended by the British team that went on to beat the Canadians and tie the Americans, claiming the gold. Canada reclaimed gold in 1948 and defended it in 1952. However, the Soviet Union ended Canadian dominance in 1956, winning gold, and went on to win all Olympic tournaments until 1992 with 1960 and 1980, when the Americans were victorious, being lone exceptions. Much of this has to do with the fact that, unlike the Soviets, the Canadians were unable to use their best players. After 1992, four nations won gold medals: Canada (7th, 8th, and 9th titles), Sweden (1st and 2nd title), Czech Republic (1st title), Russia (9th title), and, the most recent champions, Finland (1st title). From 1998 to 2014, NHL players participated in the Olympics. In all other years players from all professional leagues except the NHL and AHL competed. Prior to 1947 there was no nationally recognized national governing body for ice hockey in the United States. The Amateur Hockey Association of the United States or AHAUS, which later became USA Hockey, was created that year and has remained the governing body of ice hockey in the United States since then. The United States men's team has won two gold medals (1960, 1980), eight silver medals (1920, 1924, 1932, 1952, 1956, 1972, 2002, 2010) and one bronze medal (1936). The 1980 gold medal victory is still remembered as one of the greatest upsets in sporting history, with team USA beating four-time defending champions the USSR in the medal round.^{[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]}

On the women's side, the US national team won the first Olympic tournament featuring women in 1998.^[46] The Americans won gold again in 2018 and have played in every Olympic final except for one, in 2006, when they won bronze. As such, they have four silver medals.^[47]

Women's ice hockey

Main article: History of women's ice hockey in the United States

Women's ice hockey is growing in the United States.^[48] The Premier Hockey Federation (PHF), founded in 2015 as the National Women's Hockey League, was the first in North America to pay its players a salary, and at its foundation featured four teams from the Northeast.^[49] Through partnerships with NHL teams, the league expanded to five teams for its fourth season in 2018, adding the Minnesota Whitecaps (a long-established independent team) that year, before expanding into Canada in 2020.^[50] However, after the dissolution of the Canadian Women's Hockey League in 2019, hundreds of prominent women's players, including several American Olympians, founded the Professional Women's Hockey Players' Association and opted to boycott existing leagues in pursuit of a unified, financially stable professional league.^[51] In 2023, the PHF was purchased and ultimately dissolved as part of the foundation of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL), the unified league many players had been working towards.^[52] The league debuted in January 2024, with three of its six charter franchises located in the US in Boston, New York, and Minnesota.^[53]

Television coverage

Main article: History of the National Hockey League on United States television

In 1957, CBS was the first US television network to carry NHL games.^[54] Later, the television network NBC also started carrying some NHL games. Both television networks held rights to show NHL games at times, but neither television network showed a full NHL schedule. They only carried select games from the Stanley Cup Finals. From the year 1971 to the year 1995 no United States television network had exclusive coverage of the NHL games. The USA television network started carrying 35 regular-season games and played the full schedule of the playoff games from the year 1981 to 1985.^[55] ESPN replaced the USA network in 1985 and then Sports Channel replaced ESPN in 1989. ESPN came back and later took over the NHL contract in 1993. The Fox network joined ESPN in the year 1995.^[56][57] After the 1999 season, ABC, a sister network of ESPN, took over as the NHL's over-the-air broadcast partner in the US, a role it held until 2004. Following the 2004–05 lockout, the NHL signed a new television contract with NBC, initially with co-existing cable TV rights with OLN/Versus. In 2011, NBC and the NHL signed a new 10-year deal, and shortly after, Versus was rebranded into NBCSN following NBC's merger with Comcast. The new deal also made available all televised playoff games on a national basis, with NBC's sister networks such as CNBC and the USA Network broadcasting a limited number of playoff games. Following the 2021 season, the NHL elected to split American TV rights, with ESPN and new partner TNT inking new seven-year contracts. This deal also allows all Stanley Cup Finals games to air on over-the-air television (in this case ABC), though only on even-numbered seasons.

Pop culture

Main article: Ice hockey in popular culture

Movies such as Miracle, The Mighty Ducks, Youngblood, Soul on Ice, and Goon (film) have become part of American culture regarding hockey.^[58]

Fanbase

Ice hockey is one of the 4 major sports watched in the United States, and the US-based National Hockey League is watched by many people around the world.^{[59][60][61][62]}

Ice hockey is traditionally popular in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States, particularly in Massachusetts (and New England in general), Michigan, New York (especially Upstate New York) and Minnesota. Minnesota is known as the State of Hockey and the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area is the hockey capital of the US.^[63][64]

The NHL has also made inroads into other areas of the US not historically known for hockey. Teams based in North Carolina, Tennessee, Florida, Texas, Arizona, Nevada, and California have all contributed to an increase in the sport's popularity in those states, with Dallas, Tampa Bay, Carolina, Anaheim, Los Angeles, and Vegas all winning the Stanley Cup at least once each since 1999.

The NHL is trying to grow the sport of ice hockey by attempting to diversify the fanbase and expand from its traditional demographic.^{[65][66][67][68]} A notable example is the Chicago Blackhawks, who have seen a significant increase in attention from ethnic minorities since their Stanley Cup successes in the 2010s, which has resulted in the team setting up outreach programs for urban youths and low income neighborhoods.^{[69][70][71][72]} The Washington Capitals also have noteworthy outreach programs for to garner interest ice hockey.^[73][74][75]

The NHL has outreach programs like "Hockey is for Everyone" to make ice hockey more accessible to urban youth and low income communities.^[76][77]

Present day

As of the year 2015, there are over 2,000 ice rinks in the United States alone (United States, 2008). There are now 32 teams participating in the NHL, with 25 in the United States and 7 in Canada. As of spring 2014, the United States has won 16 Olympic medals (gold, silver, and bronze) total.

The US now has more youth hockey players than all other countries, excluding Canada, combined.^[78] The legacy of the Miracle on Ice is believed to be influential in popularizing the sport from a regional sport to a mainstream sport.^[41]

Number of players by state

USA Hockey

USA Hockey had 564,468 registered hockey players during the 2023-24 season, including male, female and junior players.^[79]

State	Players[79]	% of population[80]
Minnesota	59,190[a]	1.03%
Massachusetts	45,838	0.65%
New York	45,047	0.23%
Michigan	39,990	0.40%
California	32,201	0.08%
Pennsylvania	28,361	0.22%
Illinois	25,530	0.20%
Wisconsin	21,346	0.36%
Florida	21,199	0.09%
Ohio	18,034	0.15%
New Jersey	18,018	0.19%
Colorado	17,902	0.30%
Texas	16,498	0.05%
Washington	12,282	0.16%
Connecticut	11,954	0.33%
Missouri	11,244	0.18%
Virginia	10,610	0.12%
Maryland	10,164	0.161%
Arizona	9,524	0.13%
Alaska	8,743	1.19%
North Carolina	8,174	0.08%
North Dakota	7,262	0.93%
Indiana	6,497	0.10%
Maine	6,042	0.43%
Montana	5,937	0.52%
New Hampshire	5,569	0.40%
Nevada	5,091	0.16%
Tennessee	4,901	0.07%
Idaho	4,700	0.24%
Utah	4,235	0.12%
Vermont	4,088	0.63%
Iowa	3,627	0.11%
Rhode Island	3,580	0.33%
South Carolina	3,247	0.06%
South Dakota	2,919	0.32%
Oregon	2,916	0.07%
Georgia	2,215	0.02%
Nebraska	2,205	0.11%
Alabama	2,161	0.04%
Wyoming	2,097	0.36%
Kentucky	2,070	0.5%
Kansas	1,976	0.07%
New Mexico	1,469	0.07%
District of Columbia	1,201	0.18%
West Virginia	1,025	0.06%
Oklahoma	993	0.02%
Delaware	915	0.09%
Hawaii	422	0.03%
Arkansas	398	0.01%
Louisiana	278	0.01%
Mississippi	271	0.01%

1. Minnesota's total does not include the roughly 6,500 high school hockey players who are not affiliated with USA Hockey.

Players by Birth State 2024 - 25 Season

Below are a lists of US-born hockey players ranked by birth state. The numbers do not include players who transferred to other states to play high school hockey or for other programs including boarding schools or AAA teams. For example, neither T. J. Oshie,^[81] who was born in Washington state, but played high school hockey in Warroad, Minnesota or Jack Johnson, who was born in Indiana, and played at Shattuck-Saint Mary's in Faribault, Minnesota count towards the total number of players currently from Minnesota.

National Hockey League

As of November 2024, there are 230 US-born hockey players representing 34 states in the National Hockey League (NHL).^[82]

Rank	State	Total
1	Minnesota	39
2	Michigan	25
3	Massachusetts	23
3	New York	23
4	New Jersey	11
5	Illinois	10

NCAA Division I Men's Hockey

Division I men's ice hockey is made up of 64 schools. Minnesota produces more NCAA Division I players than every other US state as well as any Canadian province.^[83]

Rank	State	Total
1	Minnesota	216
2	Michigan	103
3	New York	99
4	Massachusetts	97
5	Illinois	68
6	New Jersey	54
7	California	48
8	Wisconsin	34
9	Pennsylvania	33
10	Connecticut	29

American Hockey League

The American Hockey League (AHL) is a professional ice hockey league based in Springfield, Massachusetts. It is considered the primary developmental league for the National Hockey League (NHL). The league currently has 286 US-born players.^[84]

Rank	State	Total
1	Minnesota	45
2	Michigan	42
3	Massachusetts	30
4	New York	27
5	Illinois	15

ECHL

The ECHL (formerly known as the East Coast Hockey League) is a league based in Shrewsbury, New Jersey. It is considered the premier "AA" or secondary professional league in the United States and Canada and is a tier below the American Hockey League (AHL).^[85]

Rank	State	Total
1	Michigan	66
2	Minnesota	44
3	Massachusetts	24
4	Illinois	22
4	New York	22
5	Pennsylvania	16

Southern Professional Hockey League

The Southern Professional Hockey League (SPHL) is a professional ice hockey independent minor league based in Huntersville, North Carolina. It is considered a lower-level professional league.^[86]

Rank	State	Total
1	Michigan	16
2	Massachusetts	15
2	New York	15
3	Minnesota	12
4	Illinois	10
5	Pennsylvania	8

United States Hockey League

The United States Hockey League (USHL) is the top junior ice hockey league in the United States. The league consists of 16 teams throughout the Midwestern United States, for players between the ages of 16 and 21. The USHL is strictly amateur, allowing former players to compete in NCAA college hockey.^[87]

Rank	State	Total
1	Minnesota	97
2	Illinois	33
3	Michigan	32
4	New York	26
5	Massachusetts	20
6	California	18
7	New Jersey	14
8	Wisconsin	13
9	Texas	10
9	Pennsylvania	10

North American Hockey League

The North American Hockey League (NAHL) is a Tier II junior hockey league headquartered in Addison, Texas. It is the only Tier II junior league sanctioned by USA Hockey, and acts as an alternative for those who would not or did not make the roster of a team in the Major Junior Canadian Hockey League (CHL) nor Tier I United States Hockey League (USHL).^[88]

Rank	State	Total
1	Minnesota	157
2	Michigan	74
3	New York	70
4	Illinois	69
5	California	49

Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL) 2023 - 24 Season

The Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL) is a North American women's professional league that began operations in the 2023-2024 season. During the inaugural season, 35 percent of the league's American players were born in Minnesota. ^[89]

• 2023-2024 Season

Rank	State	Total
1	Minnesota	18
2	Massachusetts	6
2	New York	6
3	Michigan	5
4	Illinois	3
4	Wisconsin	3

References

1. "USA Hockey encourages kids with NHL dreams to play other sports". ESPN The Magazine. June 26, 2013. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
2. Maiman, Beth (March 22, 2016). "NHL inner city youth hockey programs continue to grow". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
3. Waldron, Travis (January 22, 2016). "What A Mostly Black Hockey Club For Kids Tells Us About The Sport's Future". The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
4. Gillis, Charlie (February 20, 2012). "Is hockey becoming America's game?". Maclean's. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
5. Campbell, Ken (January 27, 2014). "Hockey ranks 6th in popularity survey: Harris Poll". The Hockey News. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
6. Wise, Aaron N.; Meyer, Bruce S. (1997). International Sports Law and Business. Vol. 3. Kluwer Law International. p. 1983. ISBN 90-41106022. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
7. Klein, Jeff; Hackel, Stu (January 25, 2014). "A Blow to the N.H.L.'s Positive Buzz". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
8. Cooper, Josh (May 10, 2015). "California puck love: Hockey popularity surging in the Golden State". Puck Daddy (Yahoo Sport). Retrieved September 23, 2016.
9. Elliott, Helene (May 2, 2014). "The ice is greener in Southern California hockey". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
10. Elliott, Helene (February 21, 2015). "California has warmed to hockey, and vice versa; Kings, Ducks helped". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
11. Steinberg, Leigh (June 8, 2012). "Will Hockey Ever Be Popular in California?". The Huffington Post. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
12. Peters, Chris (December 3, 2013). "Sharks, Ducks, Kings turning California into hockey central". CBS Sports. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
13. Hays, Matthew (May 28, 2014). "Ice hockey not invented in Canada? That's cold, man". The Guardian. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
14. Nauright, John; Parrish, Charles, eds. (2012). Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. ABC-CLIO. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-59884-300-2.
15. Glave, Garry (2015). A Brief History Of International Ice Hockey. ShieldCrest Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-911090-10-6.
16. O’Connor, Brion (January 25, 2011). "On Frozen Pond: Playing Up a Hockey Legacy (Published 2011)". The New York Times.
17. "The Evolution of Hockey in Concord, New Hampshire" (PDF). nhlegendsofhockey.com. 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
18. Kirsch, George B.; Harris, Othello; Nolte, Claire Elaine (January 1, 2000). Encyclopedia of Ethnicity and Sports in the United States. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313299117. Retrieved December 14, 2016 – via Google Books.
19. Nancy Howell; Maxwell Howell (1969). Sports and Games in Canadian Life: 1700 to the Present. Macmillan of Canada. p. 206.
20. US Archive, Spalding Athletic Library 1898 Ice Hockey and Ice Polo. Retrieved January 8, 2021
21. Cayton, Andrew R. L.; Sisson, Richard; Zache, Chris, eds. (2007). The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia. Indiana University Press. p. 912. ISBN 978-0-253-34886-9. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
22. Dunkak, Ashley (January 9, 2014). "Why Is Hockey More Popular Than Basketball – In Detroit And Across The Country?". WWJ-TV. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
23. Glasspiegel, Ryan (January 8, 2014). "The NHL is Reportedly Selling Out More Markets Than the NBA This Season". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
24. Berr, Jonathan (November 10, 2014). "How the NHL got on a scoring streak". CBS News. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
25. Burdetskiy, Igor (September 21, 2015). "Hockey Continues to Grow in the United States". Hooked on Hockey Magazine. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
26. Brough, Jason (April 22, 2008). "NHL Popularity Rising – Here's the Proof". The Province. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
27. Tom King (September 28, 2010). The Legendary Game - Ultimate Hockey Trivia. Trafford. p. 29. ISBN 9781426943799. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
28. Thompson, Harry (November 2013). "Equal Ice: Diversity in Hockey". USA Hockey Magazine. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
29. Borzi, Pat (February 3, 2015). "N.H.L. Trailblazer Finds Forgiveness in the Tip of a Pen". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
30. Scott Surgent (1995). The Complete Historical and Statistical Reference to the World Hockey ... Xaler Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780964477407. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
31. "When Seattle was Hockeytown USA". SB Nation. March 2, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
32. Gretz, Adam (August 5, 2014). "Remembering America's first Stanley Cup champion". Seattle Times. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
33. "Boating Life". Retrieved December 13, 2016 – via Google Books.
34. Mancuso, Jim (January 1, 2006). Hockey in Providence. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738545318. Retrieved December 13, 2016 – via Google Books.
35. "ASU men's ice hockey moves to the big time". ASU News. October 13, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
36. Yerdon, Joe (August 10, 2018). "Here's how Dahlin, Mittelstadt ended up playing in Buffalo's Fattey Hockey League". The Athletic. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
37. Blinn, Michael (July 12, 2018). "NHLer-Laden Da Beauty League Returns for Third Season of Summer Hockey". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
38. Kirsch, George B.; Harris, Othello; Nolte, Claire Elaine (January 1, 2000). Encyclopedia of Ethnicity and Sports in the United States. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313299117. Retrieved December 14, 2016 – via Google Books.
39. "All living 'Miracle' members reunite". ESPN. February 22, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
40. Mifflin, Lawrie (February 23, 1980). "Miracle on Ice! Mike Eruzione's goal, Jim Craig's heroics lead U.S. to stunning upset over the Russians in Lake Placid, 4–3". New York Daily News. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
41. Peters, Chris (February 24, 2015). "American hockey has come a long way since 1980's miraculous gold". CBS Sports. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
42. Shapiro, Leonard (February 23, 1980). "U.S. Shocks Soviets in Ice Hockey, 4–3". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
43. Eskenazi, Gerald (February 23, 1980). "U.S. Defeats Soviet Squad In Olympic Hockey by 4–3". The New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
44. Farrey, Tom (June 26, 2013). "Miracle on ice". ESPN. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
45. Gordon, Stefanie (February 23, 2015). "Poignant reunion for the Miracle on Ice team at Lake Placid". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
46. "1998 U.S. Olympic Women's Ice Hockey Team". U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on February 4, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
47. "All-Time U.S. Women's Olympic Statistics". USA Hockey. Archived from the original on January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
48. Berkman, Seth (March 4, 2016). "Obstacles for Global Talent in National Women's Hockey League". The New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
49. "Women's Hockey Takes Stage As New Pro Sports League". NPR. January 21, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
50. "NWHL adding first Canadian team, in Toronto". ESPN.com. April 22, 2020. Archived from the original on May 3, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
51. Kaplan, Emily (May 2, 2019). "Women's hockey stars to boycott pro leagues". ESPN. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
52. Wyshynski, Greg (June 29, 2023). "Sources: Premier Hockey Federation sale could unite women's hockey". ESPN. Archived from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
53. Donkin, Karissa (January 5, 2024). "Players beaming as physical play, new rules and historic moments highlight PWHL's 1st week". CBC Sports. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
54. Parker, Dan (October 28, 1957). "The Hockey Rebellion". Sports Illustrated.
55. Taaffe, William (January 24, 1983). "Getting Down To Business". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015.
56. "NHL Agrees on $155-Million Deal With Fox". Los Angeles Times. September 10, 1994. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
57. Sandomir, Richard (September 10, 1994). "HOCKEY - Fox Outbids CBS for N.H.L. Games". The New York Times. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
58. Dodds, Eric (June 9, 2014). "Quack, Quack, Quack: An Oral History of the Mighty Ducks Trilogy". Time. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
59. "Why Are Most Hockey Fans White?". Pacific Standard. June 19, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
60. Settimi, Christina (November 24, 2015). "The NHL's Least Engaged Fans". Forbes. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
61. Thompson, Derek (February 10, 2014). "Which Sports Have the Whitest/Richest/Oldest Fans?". The Atlantic. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107476486. ISBN 9781107476486. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
62. Wyshynski, Greg (January 27, 2014). "NHL has least diverse, but most advertiser friendly, TV audience". Puck Daddy (Yahoo Sport). Retrieved October 24, 2016.
63. Bryan Murphy (April 21, 2023). "Why is Minnesota called the 'State of Hockey'? Explaining the history behind the state's nickname". Sporting News. The Sporting News. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
64. Greg Wyshynski (February 18, 2020). "USA hockey hotbed heat check: What's the center of the American hockey universe?". ESPN. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
65. "NHL Looks to Inner-Cities for New Generation of Diverse Players". Rolling Stone. December 8, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
66. "NHL Aims To Include More Minority Players To Expand Fan Base". NPR. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
67. Bater, Martin (May 1, 2016). "Hockey eyes Hispanic fans for growth". ESPN. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
68. Yates, Clinton (March 2, 2012). "I'm a black hockey fan. We do exist". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
69. Ryan, Shannon (June 11, 2015). "African-American fans have the highest growth rate among NHL fans". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
70. "How Chicago, Chicago Blackhawks are trying to diversify youth hockey". ESPN. October 21, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
71. "Hockey interest among minorities gaining speed, NHL says". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
72. Powers, Scott (June 19, 2015). "Chicago Blackhawks see increase in minority hockey fans". ESPN. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
73. El, Tarik (February 8, 2012). "Capitals' Alex Ovechkin has made ice hockey cool for Washington area's youth athletes". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
74. Marron, Brian (May 14, 2015). "Hockey Growing in Maryland as Washington Capitals, Ovechkin Make Waves In NHL". Capital News Service. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
75. Lewis, Angie. ""Hockey in The Hood": But Is The Hood in Hockey?". Bleacher Report. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
76. Reid, Jason (October 6, 2011). "NHL diversity: An idea that needs to be heard". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
77. Diamosnov, Jason (November 13, 2005). "The NHL's Diversity Program is Beginning to Pay Dividends". The New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
78. Dryden, Ken (February 20, 2014). "Miracle Off Ice". Grantland.com. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
79. "2021-22 Season Final Registration Report" (PDF). USA Hockey. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
80. "US States - Ranked by Population 2021". World Population Review. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
82. "Active NHL Players Totals by Birth State - Career Stats".
83. "NCAA Birth State Breakdown".
84. "AHL Totals by Birth State - 2024‑2025 Stats".
85. "Active ECHL Players Born in United States - 2024-2025 Stats Leaders".
86. "SPHL Players Born in United States - 2024-2025 Stats Leaders".
87. "Active USHL Players Totals by Birth State - 2024‑2025 Stats".
88. "NAHL Totals by Birth State - 2024‑2025 Stats".
89. "PWHL Birth State Breakdown".