Heer Ranjha
Tragic romance in Punjabi literature From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Heer Ranjha[a] (Punjabi: [ɦiɾ ɾaːnd͡ʒ(ʱ)aː]) is a classical Punjabi folk tragedy with many historic poetic narrations;[2] with the first one penned by Damodar Gulati in 1600s, on the preexisting oral legend; and the most famous one, Heer, written by Waris Shah in 1766, in the form of an epic. Set in Takht Hazara and Tilla Jogian, it follows the story of love, forced separation, and eventual simultaneous demise of two youths in the Punjabi countryside.[3]
| Heer Ranjha | |
|---|---|
Painting by Shafqat Jilani (c. 1930) depicting Ranjha (playing his flute) and Heer | |
| Folk tale | |
| Name | Heer Ranjha |
| Mythology | Punjabi folklore |
| Region | Punjab |
| Origin Date | Late 15th century (traditionally)[1] |
| Related | |
It is one of the four popular tragic romances of the Punjab. The other three are Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahiwal and Sassi Punnun.[4][5][6][7][8]
History
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Heer Ranjha has been written by a number of poets. The earliest known Punjabi version was composed by Damodar Gulati in the early 17th century during the reign of Akbar. He claimed to be its eyewitness, likely as a poetic trope. However, the tale itself had been well known in Punjab for centuries and Damodar was not the first one to narrate it. His contemporaries Shah Hussain (1538 – 1599) and Bhai Gurdas (1551 – 1636) both have alluded to it in their kafis and vars, respectively. The most well-known version is that of Waris Shah, re-narrated in 1766, in which he stated that the story has a deeper meaning, referring to the unrelenting quest that man has towards God.[9] Damodar himself dates the events narrated to 1472 CE.[1]
The earliest known Persian version of Hīr was written between 1575 and 1579 by a Tajik poet Hayat Jan Baqi Kolabi. By the time of Waris Shah there were nine versions of Hīr extant in Persian, including among others, that of Mita Chenabi (1698) and Afarin Lahori (1730).[10] About twenty renditions of Hīr in Persian are known.[11] Earliest versions in Hindi (Braj) were narrated by Hari Das Haria (c. 1520s–50s), a member of Sikh Panth community, and Gang Bhatt (c. 1580s–90s), who was associated with the court of Akbar, and wrote a verse samvād in 1565.[12] There are over fifty renditions in Punjabi itself, other than that of Damodar and Waris Shah, from Hafiz Barkhudar, Fazal Shah Sayyad and Ahmad Yar.
Plot
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Heer (Izzat Bibi) is an extremely beautiful woman, born into a wealthy family belonging to the Sial clan,[13] while Dheedo Ranjha, who is from the Ranjha clan, is the youngest of four brothers and lives in the village of Takht Hazara by the Chenab river in rural Punjab.[14][15] Being his father's favourite son, unlike his brothers who have to toil in the lands, he leads a life of ease, playing the flute ('Wanjhli'/'Bansuri'). After the death of Ranjha's father, Mauju Chaudhry, Ranjha has a quarrel with his brothers over land, and leaves his home. In Waris Shah's version of the epic, Ranjha leaves home because his brothers' wives refused to serve him food.
Eventually he arrives in Heer's village and falls in love with her. Heer's father offers Ranjha a job of herding his cattle. Ranjha, routinely, plays his flute in the fields after work and Heer becomes mesmerized by it and eventually falls in love with him. They meet each other secretly for several years until they are caught by Heer's envious uncle, Kaido, and her parents Chuchak and Malki. Heer is forced by her family and the local priest (Maulvi) to marry another man named Saida Khera, belonging to the Khera clan.[3]
Ranjha is left heartbroken. He wanders the countryside alone, until he eventually meets a Jogi (ascetic). After meeting Gorakhnath, the legendary founder of the Kanphata (pierced ear) sect of Jogis at Tilla Jogian ("Hill of Ascetics"), Ranjha becomes a jogi himself, piercing his ears and renouncing the material world. While reciting the name of the Lord, he wanders all over Punjab, eventually finding the village where Heer now lives.
The two return to Heer's village, where Heer's parents agree to their marriage – though some versions of the tale state that the parents' agreement is only a deception. On the wedding day, Kaido, Heer's uncle, poisons her food in order to punish the girl for her behaviour. Hearing this news, Ranjha rushes to aid Heer, but is too late, as she has already eaten the poison-laced food and has died. Brokenhearted once again, Ranjha eats the remaining poisoned food and dies by her side.
Heer and Ranjha are buried in Heer's hometown, Jhang. Love-smitten couples and others often pay visit to their mausoleum.[3][16][17]
Legacy and influence
Heer Ranjha is part of the Qissa genre of tragic love stories, along with tales such as Laila Majnu and Sassui Punnhun.[18]
Because its plot involves a romance opposed by family members and ends with the two lovers dying, the story is often compared to the Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet.[19][20]
In popular culture
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The epic poem has been made into several feature films since 1928:[21]
| Film and release year | Actors | Producer and director | Film songs lyricist and music composer |
|---|---|---|---|
| Heer Ranjha (1928)[21] | Zubeida as Heer, Shehzadi, Jani Babu | Fatma Begum, Victoria Fatma Co./FCo | |
| Heer Sundari (1928)[22] | Janibabu, Nirasha, Master Vithal | Anand Prasad Kapoor, Sharda Film Co. | |
| Heer Ranjha (Hoor-e-Punjab) (1929)[21] | Salochna as Heer, Dinshaw Bilimoria as Ranjha, Jamshedji, Neelum, M. Ismail as Kaidu, Abdul Rashid Kardar as Saeda Kherra | Hakim Ram Parasad (Producer), Pesi Karani & R. S. Chaudhry (Directors), Imperial Film Company, Bombay | |
| Heer Ranjha (1931)[22] | Master Faqira as Ranjha, Shanta Kumari as Heer | J. P. Advani, Karishna Tone | |
| Heer Ranjha (1932)[22] | Rafiq Ghaznavi as Ranjha, Anwari Bai as Heer | Abdul Rashid Kardar, Hakim Ram Parasad at Lahore | Rafiq Ghaznavi |
| Heer Syal (1938)[22] | Eiden Bai, Haider Bandi, M. Ismail, Noor Jehan | Krishna Dev Mehra | |
| Heer Ranjha (1948)[22] | Mumtaz Shanti as Heer, Ghulam Mohammed as Ranjha | Wali Sahib | Aziz Khan |
| Heer (1955) | Swaran Lata as Heer, Inayat Hussain Bhatti as Ranjha | Nazir at Lahore | Hazin Qadri, Safdar Hussain |
| Heer (1956)[22] | Nutan as Heer, Pradeep Kumar as Ranjha | Hameed Butt | Majrooh Sultanpuri, lyricist, and Anil Biswas, composer |
| Heer Syal (1960)[22] | Shanti Prakash Bakshi | ||
| Heer Sial (1962) | Bahar Begum as Heer, Sudhir as Ranjha | ||
| Heer Sial (1965) | Firdaus as Heer, Akmal Khan as Ranjha | Jafar Bukhari at Lahore | Tanvir Naqvi, Bakhshi–Wazir |
| Heer Ranjha (1970)[21] | Firdaus as Heer, Ejaz Durrani as Ranjha | Masood Pervez at Lahore | Ahmad Rahi, Khurshid Anwar |
| Heer Raanjha (1970)[21] | Priya Rajvansh as Heer, Raaj Kumar as Ranjha | Chetan Anand | Kaifi Azmi, Madan Mohan |
| Sayyed Waris Shah (1980)[22] | Urmila Bhatt, Ajit Singh Deol, Koushalya Devi, Prema Kumari | Ganpat Rao | |
| Aaj Di Heer (1983)[22] | Tina Ghai, Satish Kaul, Mehar Mittal, Om Shivpuri | Raj Oberoi | B. N. Bali |
| Heer Ranjha (1992)[21] | Sridevi as Heer, Anil Kapoor as Ranjha | Harmesh Malhotra | Anand Bakshi, Laxmikant Pyarelal |
| Waris Shah: Ishq Daa Waaris (2006) | Gurdas Maan, Juhi Chawla, Sushant Singh, Divya Dutta | Manoj Punj, Manjeet Maan (Sai Productions) | Jaidev Kumar |
| Heer Ranjha: A True Love Story (2009) | Neeru Bajwa as Heer, Harbhajan Mann as Ranjha | Ksshitij Chaudhary and Harjit Singh | Babu Singh Mann, Gurmeet Singh |
In 2013, the television serial Heer Ranjha, directed by Shahid Zahoor and produced by Yousuf Salahuddin, aired on PTV Home. Heer Ranjha is a 2020 Indian Punjabi-language period drama television series starring Amaninder Pal Singh and Sara Gurpal in the lead roles. It aired on Zee Punjabi and is based on the folktale of Heer and Ranjha.[23]
In music
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Bally Jagpal British musician has a song named "Ranjha" dedicated to their story. The British musician Panjabi MC references the tale of Heer and Ranjha in his 2003 song Jogi.[24] It has been sung by various Pakistani singers, including the classical/traditional artist Ghulam Ali.
The tale is mentioned in popular Bollywood songs such as "Ranjha" by Rupesh Kumar Ram from the movie Queen ,"Ranjha Ranjha" by Rekha Bhardwaj and Javed Ali from the movie Raavan and "Dariya" from the movie Baar Baar Dekho.[25][26]
Tamasha (2015) mentions their love story and includes a song starting with Heer's name. Kuldeep Manak sings about the tale in his 2007 song Ranjha Jogi Hoya.[27]
The song Khaireyan De Naal from Shafqat Amanat Ali's debut solo album, Tabeer (2008), tells the tale of Heer Ranjha.[28]
One of the songs of 2012 Hindi film Jab Tak Hai Jaan has been named "Heer".[29]
The 2018 Hindi film Race 3 has a song named "Heeriye" which refers to Heer and Ranjha.
In 2020, popular Indian YouTuber Bhuvan Bam wrote and sang "Heer Ranjha". The song has garnered more than 10 million views.
In Raf Saperra's 2023 single "Ranjha", he sings from the perspective of Heer longing Ranjha's return after she is married off and he becomes a jogi.
Gallery
Marriage procession of Heer by a Lahori artist
Heer Ranjha and Qaido. Gujjar Singh Saudagar Kutubfrosh. Amritsar. ca.1875
Heer Ranjha - Two Women, Jodhpur school, watercolor, Tokyo National Museum.
See also
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
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