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Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Haplogroup I (M170) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is a subgroup of haplogroup IJ, which itself is a derivative of the haplogroup IJK. Subclades I1 and I2 can be found in most present-day European populations, with peaks in some Northern European and Southeastern European countries.
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Haplogroup I most likely arose in Europe,[1][2] with it so far found in Palaeolithic sites throughout Europe, but not outside it.[3] It diverged from common ancestor IJ* about 43,000 years ago.[4] Early evidence for haplogroup J has been found in the Caucasus and Iran.[3] In addition, living examples of the precursor Haplogroup IJ* have been found only in Iran, among the Mazandarani and ethnic Persians from Fars.[5] This may indicate that IJ originated in South West Asia.
The oldest example found was originally that of Paglicci133 from Italy, which is at least 31,000 years old,[6] however, in a later study this was changed, and instead Dolní Věstonice (DV14) from the Czech Republic was reported as the oldest, being at least 30,800 years old.[7]
Haplogroup I has been found in multiple individuals belonging to the Gravettian culture. The Gravettians expanded westwards from the far corner of Eastern Europe, likely Russia, to Central Europe. They are associated with a genetic cluster that is normally called the Věstonice cluster.[8][9][10]
Available evidence suggests that I-M170 was preceded into areas in which it would later become dominant by haplogroups K2a (K-M2308) and C1 (Haplogroup C-F3393). K2a and C1 have been found in the oldest sequenced male remains from Western Eurasia (dating from circa 45,000 to 35,000 years BP), such as: Ust'-Ishim man (modern west Siberia) K2a*, Oase 1 (Romania) K2a*, Kostenki 14 (south west Russia) C1b, and Goyet Q116-1 (Belgium) C1a.[3][11] The oldest I-M170 found is that of an individual known as Krems WA3 (lower Austria), dating from circa 33,000-24,000 BP. At the same site, two twin boys were also found, both were assigned to haplogroup I*.[12][13]
Haplogroup IJ was in the Middle East and/or Europe about 40,000 years ago.[citation needed] The TMRCA (time to most recent common ancestor) for I-M170 was estimated by Karafet and colleagues in 2008 to be 22,200 years ago, with a confidence interval between 15,300 and 30,000 years ago.[4] This would make the founding event of I-M170 approximately contemporaneous with the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which lasted from 26,500 years ago until approximately 19,500 years ago.[14] TMRCA is an estimate of the time of subclade divergence. Rootsi and colleagues in 2004 also note two other dates for a clade, age of STR variation, and time since population divergence. These last two dates are roughly associated, and occur somewhat after subclade divergence. For Haplogroup I-M170 they estimate time to STR variation as 24,000 ±7,100 years ago and time to population divergence as 23,000 ±7,700 years ago.[1] These estimates are consistent with those of Karafet 2008 cited above. However, Underhill and his colleagues calculate the time to subclade divergence of I1 and I2 to be 28,400 ±5,100 years ago, although they calculate the STR variation age of I1 at only 8,100 ±1,500 years ago.[15]
Semino (2000) speculated that the initial dispersion of this population corresponds to the diffusion of the Gravettian culture.[16] Later the haplogroup, along with two cases of Haplogroup C, was found in human remains belonging to the previously mentioned Gravettian culture and in individuals of the Magdalenian and Azilian cultures.[17] Rootsi and colleagues in 2004 suggested that each of the ancestral populations now dominated by a particular subclade of Haplogroup I-M170 experienced an independent population expansion immediately after the Last Glacial Maximum.[1]
The five known cases of Haplogroup I from Upper Paleolithic European human remains make it one of the most frequent haplogroup from that period.[17] In 2016, the 31,210–34,580-year-old remains of a hunter-gatherer from Paglicci Cave, Apulia, Italy were found to carry I-M170.[18] So far, only Haplogroup F* and Haplogroup C1b have been documented, once each, on older remains in Europe. I2 subclade of I-M170 is the main haplogroup found on male remains in Mesolithic Europe, until circa 6,000 BCE, when mass migration into Europe of Anatolian farmers carrying Y-DNA G2a happened.[19]
Due to the arrival of so-called Early European Farmers (EEFs), I-M170 is outnumbered by Haplogroup G among Neolithic European remains and by Haplogroup R in later remains.
The earliest documentation of I1 is from Neolithic Hungary, although it must have separated from I2 at an earlier point in time.
In one instance, haplogroup I was found far from Europe, among 2,000-year-old remains from Mongolia.[20]
It would seem to be that separate waves of population movement impacted Southeastern Europe. The role of the Balkans as a long-standing corridor to Europe from Anatolia and/or the Caucasus is shown by the common phylogenetic origins of both haplogroups I and J in the parent haplogroup IJ (M429). This common ancestry suggests that the subclades of IJ entered the Balkans from Anatolia or the Caucasus, some time before the Last Glacial Maximum. I and J were subsequently distributed in Asia and Europe in a disjunctive phylogeographic pattern typical of "sibling" haplogroups. A natural geographical corridor like the Balkans is likely to have been used later by members of other subclades of IJ, as well as other haplogroups, including those associated with Early European Farmers.
The existence of Haplogroup IJK – the ancestor of both haplogroups IJ and K (M9) – and its evolutionary distance from other subclades of Haplogroup F (M89), supports the inference that haplogroups IJ and K both arose in Southwestern Asia. Living carriers of F* and IJ* have been reported from the Iranian Plateau.[5]
Frequencies of Haplogroup I:
| Population | % hg I | % hg I (Subpopulation) | Sampled individuals | Source |
| Abazinians | 3.4 | 88 | Sergeevich 2007[21] | |
| Abkhazians | 33.3 | 12 | Nasidze Ivan 2004[22] | |
| Adyghe (Adygea) | 7 | 154 | [23] | |
| Adyghe (Cherkessia) | 2 | 126 | Sergeevich 2007[21] | |
| Adyghe (Kabardia) | 10 | 59 | Nasidze Ivan 2004[22] | |
| Afghanistan | 3 (Hazara people) | 60 | El Sibai 2009[24] | |
| Afghanistan | 1.5% | 3.3% (2/60) Hazara, 1.8% (1/56) Tajik | 204 | Haber et al. 2012[25] |
| Afghanistan | 0.99% | 2.6% (2/77) Hazara, 2.1% (3/142) Tajiks, 0/74 Turkmens, 0/87 Pashtuns, 0/127 Uzbeks | 507 | Di Cristofaro 2013[26] |
| Albanians | 13% (29/223) (Albania) | 223 | Sarno 2015 | |
| Albanians | 16 (Tosk), 4 (Gheg) | Ferri 2010 | ||
| Albanians | 21.82% (12/55) (Tirana) | 55 | Battaglia 2008 | |
| Albanians | 7 (Tirana) | 30 | Bosch 2006 | |
| Algerians | 0 | 156 | [27] | |
| Andis | 27 | |||
| Armenians | 5 | FTDNA 2013[28] | ||
| Avars | 2 | 115 | Balanovsky | |
| Austrians | 28 | 50 (Vienna), 29 (Graz), 6 (Tyrol) | [29] | |
| Ashkenazi | 1 | 1099 | [30] | |
| Azeri | 3 | 72 | Nasidze Ivan 2004 | |
| Balkars | 3 | 135 | Kutuev 2007[31] | |
| Belarusians | 23 | 11 (West), 15 (North), 16 (East), 28 (Centre), 30 (East Polesie), 34 (West Polesie) | 565 | Kushniarevich 2013 |
| Belarusians | 32 | Polesie- 43 (Vichin), 12 (Avtyuki) | 204 | Sergeevich 2015[32] |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 53 | 73 (Croats), 49 (Bosniaks), 33 (Serbs) | 256 | Marjanovic 2006 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 65 | Herzegovina- 71 (Mostar, Siroki Brijeg), Bosnia- 54 (Zenica) | 210 | Pericic 2005[33] |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 73 (Croats), 45 (Bosniaks), 36 (Serbs) | 255 | Battaglia 2008[34] | |
| Bulgarians | 27-29 | 40 (Varna), 32 (Sofia), 30 (Plovdiv), 10 (Haskovo) | 935 | Karachanak 2009–13[35][36] |
| Bulgarians | 34 | 100 | Begona Martinez-Cruz 2012 | |
| Bulgaria | 19 (Bulgarian Turks) | 63 | Zaharova 2002[37] | |
| Central Asia | 2 | 984 | Rootsi 2004 | |
| Chechens | 0 | 330 | Balanovsky | |
| Croats | 45 | 1100 | Mrsic 2012 | |
| Croats | 47 | 55 (Hvar), 52 (Osijek), 41 (Pula), 57 (Split), 29 (Varaždin) | 518 | Primorac 2022[38] |
| Cyprus | 1 | 164 | El-Sibai 2009[39] | |
| Czechs | 18 | 25 (Klatovy), 25 (Písek), 15 (Brno) 14 (Hradec Králové), 10 (Třebíč) | 257 | Luca 2007[40] |
| Danes | 49 | 194 | Rootsi 2004 | |
| Darginians | 58 | 26 | Nasidze Ivan 2004 | |
| Darginians (Kaitak) | 0 | 101 | ||
| Dutch | 27.8 | 2085 | Altena 2020[41] | |
| Dutch | 33 | 410 | Van Doorn 2008[42] | |
| Egyptians | 0 | 124 | El-Sibai 2009[43] | |
| Egyptians | 1 | 370 | [27] | |
| Estonians | 19 | 194 | Rootsi 2004 | |
| English | 18 | 945 | Rootsi 2004 | |
| English | 26 | 12 (Cornwall), 38 (Essex) | 1830 | FTDNA 2016[44] |
| Estonians | 17 | 118 | Lappalainen 2008[45] | |
| Flemish Belgians | 28 | 113 | [46] | |
| Finland | 29 | 36 (Swedes from Ostrobothnia), 15 (Northern Savo) | 536 | Lappalainen 2006[47] |
| French | 16 (South), 24 (Normandy), 4 (Lyon), 4 (Corsica) | Rootsi 2004 | ||
| French | 9 | 5 (Auvergne), 13 (Brittany), 9 (Nord Pas de Calais) | 555 | Ramos-Luis 2009[48] |
| French | 13 | 11 (Paris), 18 (Strasburg), 10 (Lyon) | 333 | Kari Hauhio[29] |
| Gagauzes | 28 | 89 | Varzari 2006 | |
| Georgians | 0 | 63 | Rootsi 2004 | |
| Georgians | 4 | 77 | Nasidze Ivan 2004 | |
| Germans | 24 | 32 (Berlin), 32 (Hamburg), 15 (Leipzig) | 1215 | Kayser 2005[49] |
| Greeks | 14 | 30 (Macedonia) | 261 | Rootsi 2004 |
| Greeks | 10 (Athens), 30 (Macedonia) | 149 | Battaglia 2008 | |
| Greeks | 36 (Serres), 24 (Agrinio), 20 (Thessaloniki), 18 (Mytilene), 14 (Crete), 14 (Larissa), 11 (Patrai), 12 (Karditsa), 8 (Ioannina), 2 (Chios) | 366 | Di Giacommo 2003[50] | |
| Greeks | 12 (North), 24 (South) | 142 | Zalloua 2008 | |
| Greenlanders | 17 | 215 | Sanchez 2004[51] | |
| Hungarians | 23 | 162 | Rootsi 2004 | |
| Hungarians | 28 | 230 | Vago Zalan Andrea 2008 | |
| Indians | 0 (North India) | 560 | [52] | |
| Ingush | 0 | 143 | ||
| Iranians | 2 | 22 (South Iran), 5 (Khorasan), 0 (Teheran) | 186 | Di Cristofaro 2013[26] |
| Iranians | 1 (West), 1 (East) | 324 | [53] | |
| Iranians | 0 | 83 | Rootsi 2004 | |
| Iranians | 1 | 92 | El-Sibai 2009[39] | |
| Iranians | 0 | 6 (Armenians of Teheran), 0 (Persians of Teheran, Fars, Isfahan, Khorasan, Yazd) | 952 | Grugni 2012 |
| Iraqis | 1 | 176 | Rootsi 2004[54] | |
| Iraqis | 1 | 117 | El-Sibai 2009[39] | |
| Irish | 11 | 76 | Rootsi 2004 | |
| Irish | 10 | 119 | Cappeli 2013[55] | |
| Irish | 11 (Rush, Dublin) | Capelli 2003 | ||
| Italians | 5 (North), 7 (Central), 9 (South and Sicily), 39 (Sardinia) | Rootsi 2004 | ||
| Italians | 10 | 31 (Sardinia), 4 (Umbria, Marche) | 884 | Boattini 2013[56] |
| Italians | 7 | 0 (Calabria, Pescara, Garfagnana, Val di Non), 5 (Verona), 7(Genoa), 19 (Foggia) | 524 | Di Giacomo 2003[57] |
| Italians | 36 (Filettino) 35 (Cappadocia, Abruzzo), 28 (Vallepietra) | Messina 2015[58] | ||
| Italians | 23 (Udine), 17 (Saniti), 13 (Picenium), 7 (Latini) | 583 | Brisighelli 2012[59] | |
| Italians | 30 (Stelvio) | [60] | ||
| Italians | 31 (Caccamo) | Gaetano 2008[61] | ||
| Jordanians | 1 | 273 | El-Sibai 2009[39] | |
| Jordanians | 5 (Amman), 0 (Dead Sea) | 146 | Flores 2005[62] | |
| Kara Nogays | 13 | 76 | ||
| Karachays | 9 | 69 | Sergeevich 2007[21] | |
| Kazakhs | 1 | 370 | [63] | |
| Kosovar Albanians | 8 | 114 | Pericic 2005 | |
| Kumyks | 0 | 73 | Kutuev 2007[31] | |
| Kurds | 4 (West Iran) | 21 | Malyarchuk 2013[64] | |
| Kurds | 2 (Iran) | 59 | Gragni 2012 | |
| Kurmanji | 17 (Turkey), 0 (Georgia) | 112 | Nasidze 2005[65] | |
| Kuwaiti | 0 | 42 | El-Sibai 2009[39] | |
| Kyrgyzstan | 0 (Uyghurs), 0 (Kyrgyz) | Di Cristofaro 2013[26] | ||
| Laks | 14 | [66] | ||
| Latvians | 9 | 3 (Southwest) | [67] | |
| Lebanese | 3 | 10 (North Maronite), 0 (Shia) | 951 | [39][68] |
| Lebanese | 5 | 66 | Rootsi 2004 | |
| Lezgis | 0 | 81 | ||
| Lithuanians | 7 | Kushniarevich 2015 | ||
| Libyans | 0 | 83 | [27] | |
| Libyans | 2 | 1 | 175 | Fendri 2015[69] |
| Macedonians | 34 (Skopje) | 79 | Pericic 2005 | |
| Macedonians | 24 | 31 (Macedonians), 12 (Albanians) | 343 | Noevski 2010 |
| Macedonians | 13 (Albanians) | 64 | Battaglia 2008[34] | |
| Maltese | 12 | 90 | El-Sibai 2009[39] | |
| Moldovans | 29 (Moldovans), 25 (Ukrainians) | Varzari 2006 | ||
| Moroccans | 0 | 316 | El-Sibai 2009[39] | |
| Moroccans | 0 | 760 | [27] | |
| Mongols | 1 | 160 | Di Cristofaro 2013[26] | |
| Norwegians | 37 | 40 (Oslo) 30 (West), 42 (East, South), 35 (North), 33 (Bergen) | Dupuy 2005 | |
| Pakistan | 0 | 638 | [70] | |
| Poles | 17 | 19 (Warsaw), 12 (Lublin), 22 (Szczecin) | 913 | Kayser 2005 |
| Poles | 18 | 191 | Rootsi 2004 | |
| Portuguese | 5 | 303 | Rootsi 2004 | |
| Portuguese | 8 | 3 (Lisboa), 0 (Setubal), 18 (Braga) | 657 | Beleza 2005[71] |
| Qatar | 0 | 72 | El-Sibai 2009[39] | |
| Romani | 17 (Hungary), 10 (Tiszavasvari), 5 (Tokaj) 37 (Taktakoz), 11 (Slovakia) | Vago Zalan Andrea 2008 | ||
| Romanians | 28 | 36 (Brasov), 18 (Cluj) | 178 | Martinez-Cruz 2012[72] |
| Romanians | 22 | 361 | Rootsi 2004 | |
| Russians | 13 (North Europe), 18 (Centre Europe), 21 (South Europe), 27 (Unzha), 0 (Mezen) | 1228 | Balanovsky 2008 | |
| Russia | 2 (Udmurts), 5 (Pinega), 5 (Komi), 5 (Tatars), 6 (Bashkortostan), 7 (Chuvashes), 19 (Kostroma), 11 (Smolensk), 17 (Belgorod), 19 (Mordvins), 23 (Cossacks), 24 (Adygea) | Rootsi 2004 | ||
| Saami | 31 | Rootsi 2004 | ||
| Saudis | 0 | 1597 | [73] | |
| Scotland | 11 | 17 (Scottish Isles) | Rootsi 2004 | |
| Sephardi | 4 (Portugal) | 57 | ||
| Serbs | 39 | Serbia with Kosovo | 209 | Zgonjanin 209[74] |
| Serbs | 48 (Serbia), 39 (Kosovo), 52 (Herzegovina and Montenegro) | 1200 | Mihajlovic 2022[75] | |
| Slovaks | 28 | 250 | Petrejcikova 2013[76] | |
| Slovenians | 30 | 57 (Spodnjeposavska) | 458 | Vakar 2010[77] |
| Spaniards | 6 | 18 (Asturias), 0 (Gascony) | 1002 | Adams 2008[78] |
| Sudanese | 5 (Nubians), 4 (Gaalien), 7 (Mesereia) | [79] | ||
| Swedes | 42 | 32 (Ostergotaland & Jonkoping) 50 (Gotland & Varmland) | 305 | Karlsson2006[80] |
| Swedes | 26 (North Sweden),[81] | Rootsi2004 | ||
| Swedes | 41 (South), 26 (North) | Rootsi 2004 | ||
| Swedes | 44 | 60 (Kristianstad), 60 (Kalmar), 59 (Kronoberg), 55 (Stockholm), 37 (North Norrland), 52 (South Norrland) | 1800 | FTDNA 2016[82] |
| Swiss | 8 | 144 | Rootsi 2004 | |
| Swiss | 23 | 13 (Lausanne), 32 (Bern) | [29] | |
| Syrians | 2 (West), 3 (East) | 520 | [53] | |
| Syrians | 2 | 554 | El Sibai 2009[39] | |
| Tataers | 33 (China) | 33 | [83] | |
| Tunisians | 0 | El-Sibai 2009[39] | ||
| Tunisians | 0 | 601 | [27] | |
| Turks | 5 | 12 (Marmara), 10 (Istanbul), 7 (Western Anatolia), 4 (Central Anatolia), 0 (Eastern Anatolia ) | 523 | Cinnioglu 2003 |
| Turks | 5 | 741 | Rootsi 2004 | |
| UAE | 0 | 164 | El-Sibai 2009[39] | |
| Ukrainians | 22 | 585 | Rootsi 2004 | |
| Ukrainians | 28 | 33 (Sumy), 23 (Ivano-Frankivsk) | 701 | Kushniarevich 2013 |
| Welsh | 8 | 196 | Rootsi 2004 | |
| Yemenese | 0 | 62 | El-Sibai 2009[39] | |
| Zazas | 33 (Turkey) | 27 | Nasidze 2005[65] | |
| 17 (Albanians in Tirana), 29 (Macedonians in Skopje), 21 (Aromanians in Krusevo), 19 (Greeks in Thrace), 42 (Aromanians in Andon Poci), 42 (Romanians in Constanta), 39 (Romanians in Piteşti) | Bosch 2006[84] | |||
| 47 (Romanians from Buhusi and Piatra Neamț), 35 (Moldovans from Sofia), 24 (Moldovans from Karasahani) 24 (Gagauzes from Etulia), 31 (Gagauzes from Kongaz), 25 (Ukrainians from Rashkovo) | Vazari 2006 | |||
| 38 (Sweden), 41 (Western Finland), 28 (Eastern Finland), 18 (Karelia), 12 (Lithuania), 7 (Latvia), 17 (Estonia) | Lappalainen2008[85] | |||
| 34 (Iranians from Teheran), 10 (Iranians from Isfahan), 32 (Ossetians from Ardon), 13 (Ossetians from Digora) | Nasidze Ivan. 2004[22] | |||
| 3 (Tajiks) 3 (East Persians) | Malyarchuk 2013[64] | |||
| 2 (Kizhi), 4 (Teleuts), 4 (Khakassians), 3 (Todjins), 2 (Evenks) 3 (Tofalars), 1 (Tuvinians) |
The subclades of Haplogroup I-M170 with their defining mutations, as of 2011.[86] Up-to-date phylogenetic trees listing all currently known subclades of I can be found at Y-Full and FamilyTreeDNA
Note that the naming of some of the subgroups has changed, as new markers have been identified, and the sequence of mutations has become clearer.
The composite subclade I-M170 contains individuals directly descended from the earliest members of Haplogroup I, bearing none of the subsequent mutations which identify the remaining named subclades.
Several I* individuals, who do not fall into any known subclades, have been found among the Lak people of Dagestan, at a rate of (3/21),[89] as well as Turkey (8/741), Adygea in the Caucasus (2/138) and Iraq (1/176), even though I-M170 occurs at only very low frequencies among modern populations of these regions as a whole. This is consistent with the belief that the haplogroup first appeared in South West Eurasia.
There are also high frequencies of Haplogroup I* among the Andalusians (3/103), French (4/179), Slovenians (2/55), Tabassarans (1/30),[89] and Saami (1/35).[90]
(Neither study from which the above figures were drawn excluded the present I2-M438 clade as a whole, but only certain subclades, so these presumed cases I* may possibly belong to I2.)
A living Hazara male from Afghanistan has also been found to carry I*, with all known subclades of both I1 (M253) and I2 (M438) ruled out.[91]
Haplogroup I1-M253 (M253, M307, P30, P40) displays a very clear frequency gradient, with a peak frequency of approximately 35% among the populations of southern Norway, southwestern Sweden, and Denmark, and rapidly decreasing frequencies toward the edges of the historically Germanic-influenced world. A notable exception is Finland, where frequency in West Finns is up to 40%, and in certain provinces like Satakunta more than 50%. I1 is believed to have become common as a result of a founder effect during the Nordic Bronze Age, and subsequently spread throughout Europe during the Migration Period when Germanic tribes migrated from southern Scandinavia and northern Germany to other places in Europe.[92]
Outside Fennoscandia, distribution of Haplogroup I1-M253 is closely correlated with that of Haplogroup I2a2-M436; but among Scandinavians (including both Germanic and Uralic peoples of the region) nearly all the Haplogroup I-M170 Y-chromosomes are I1-M253. Another characteristic of the Scandinavian I1-M253 Y-chromosomes is their rather low haplotype diversity (STR diversity): a greater variety of Haplogroup I1-M253 Y-chromosomes has been found among the French and Italians, despite the much lower overall frequency of Haplogroup I1-M253 among the modern French and Italian populations. This, along with the structure of the phylogenetic tree of I1-M253 strongly suggests that most living I1 males are the descendants of an initially small group of reproductively successful men who lived in Scandinavia during the Nordic Bronze Age.[93][94]
Haplogroup I2-M438, previously I1b, may have originated in southern Europe – it is now found at its highest frequencies in the western Balkans and Sardinia – some 15,000–17,000 years ago and developed into three main subgroups : I2-M438*, I2a-L460, I2b-L415 and I2c-L596.
Haplogroup I2a1a-M26 is notable for its strong presence in Sardinia. Haplogroup I-M170 comprises approximately 40% of all patrilines among the Sardinians, and I2a1a-M26 is the predominant type of I among them.
Haplogroup I2a1a-M26 is practically absent east of France and Italy,[95] while it is found at low but significant frequencies outside of Sardinia in the Balearic Islands, Castile-León, the Basque Country, the Pyrenees, southern and western France, and parts of the Maghreb in North Africa, Great Britain, and Ireland. Haplogroup I2a1a-M26 appears to be the only subclade of Haplogroup I-M170 found among the Basques, but appears to be found at somewhat higher frequencies among the general populations of Castile-León in Spain and Béarn in France than among the population of ethnic Basques.[citation needed] The M26 mutation is found in native males inhabiting every geographic region where megaliths may be found, including such far-flung and culturally disconnected regions as the Canary Islands, the Balearic Isles, Corsica, Ireland, and Sweden.[95]
The distribution of I2a1a-M26 also mirrors that of the Atlantic Bronze Age cultures, which indicates a potential spread via the obsidian trade or a regular maritime exchange of some of metallurgical products.[95]
Haplogroup I2a1b-M423 is the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroup I-M170 in Central and Eastern European populations, reaching its peak in the Western Balkans, most notably in Dalmatia (50–60%[33]) and Bosnia-Herzegovina (up to 71%,[96] avg. 40-50%[33]). Its subclade I-L161 has greater variance in Ireland and Great Britain, but overall frequency is very low (2–3%), while subclade I-L162 has the highest variance and also high concentration in Eastern Europe (Ukraine, Southeastern Poland, Belarus).[97]
The distribution of Haplogroup I2a2-M436 (M436/P214/S33, P216/S30, P217/S23, P218/S32) is closely correlated to that of Haplogroup I1 except in Fennoscandia, which suggests that it was probably harbored by at least one of the Paleolithic refuge populations that also harbored Haplogroup I1-M253; the lack of correlation between the distributions of I1-M253 and I2a2-M436 in Fennoscandia may be a result of Haplogroup I2a2-M436's being more strongly affected in the earliest settlement of this region by founder effects and genetic drift due to its rarity, as Haplogroup I2a2-M436 comprises less than 10% of the total Y-chromosome diversity of all populations outside of Lower Saxony. Haplogroup I2a2-M436 has been found in over 4% of the population only in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, England (not including Cornwall), Scotland, and the southern tips of Sweden and Norway in Northwest Europe; the provinces of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Perche in northwestern France; the province of Provence in southeastern France; the regions of Tuscany, Umbria, and Latium in Italy; and Moldavia and the area around Russia's Ryazan Oblast and Republic of Mordovia in Eastern Europe. One subclade of Haplogroup I2a2-M436, namely I2a2a1a1-M284, has been found almost exclusively among the population of Great Britain, which has been taken to suggest that the clade may have a very long history in that island. It is notable, however, that the distributions of Haplogroup I1-M253 and Haplogroup I2a2-M436 seem to correlate fairly well with the extent of historical influence of Germanic peoples. The punctual presence of both haplogroups at a low frequency in the area of the historical regions of Bithynia and Galatia in Turkey may be related to the Varangian Guard or rather suggests a connection with the ancient Gauls of Thrace, several tribes of which are recorded to have immigrated to those parts of Anatolia at the invitation of Nicomedes I of Bithynia. This suggestion is supported by recent genetic studies regarding Y-DNA Haplogroup I2b2-L38 have concluded that there was some Late Iron Age migration of Celtic La Tène people, through Belgium, to the British Isles including north-east Ireland.[98]
Haplogroup I2a2-M436 also occurs among approximately 1% of Sardinians, and in Hazaras from Afghanistan at 3%.[99]
The technical details of U179 are:
This haplogroup reaches its maximum frequency in the Western Balkans (with the highest concentration of I2 in present-day Herzegovina). It may be associated with unusually tall males, since those in the Dinaric Alps have been reported to be the tallest in the world, with an average male height of the range 180 cm (5 ft 11 in)–182 cm (6 ft 0 in) in the cantons of Bosnia, 184 cm (6 ft 0 in) in Sarajevo, 182 cm (6 ft 0 in)–186 cm (6 ft 1 in) in the cantons of Herzegovina mostly populated by Croats.[100] A 2014 study examining the correlation between Y-DNA haplogroups and height found a correlation between the haplogroups I1, R1b-U106, I2a1b-M423 and tall males.[101] The study featured the measured average heights of young German, Swedish, Dutch, Danish, Serbian and Bosnian men. The German male average height was 180.2 cm, the Swedish men were on average 181.4 cm, the Dutch men were 183.8 cm, the Danish men were 180.6 cm, the Serbians were 180.9 cm, and Bosnian Croat men from Herzegovina were 185.2 centimeters on average.
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