A goose (pl.: geese) is a bird of any of several waterfowlspecies in the familyAnatidae. This group comprises the generaAnser (grey geese and white geese) and Branta (black geese). Some members of the Tadorninae subfamily (e.g., Egyptian goose, Orinoco goose) are commonly called geese, but are not considered "true geese" taxonomically.[1] More distantly related members of the family Anatidae are swans, most of which are larger than true geese, and ducks, which are smaller.
A greylag goose (Anser anser), with a rail in the background.
The term "goose" may refer to such bird of either sex, but when paired with "gander", refers specifically to a female one (the latter referring to a male). Young birds before fledging are called goslings.[2] The collective noun for a group of geese on the ground is a gaggle; when in flight, they are called a skein, a team, or a wedge; when flying close together, they are called a plump.[3]
The word "goose" is a direct descendant of Proto-Indo-European*ǵʰh₂éns. In Germanic languages, the root gave Old Englishgōs with the plural gēs and gandra (becoming Modern English goose, geese, gander, respectively), West Frisiangoes, gies and guoske, Dutch: gans, New High GermanGans, Gänse, and Ganter, and Old Norsegās and gæslingr, whence English gosling.
Two genera of geese are only tentatively placed in the Anserinae; they may belong to the shelducks or form a subfamily on their own: Cereopsis, the Cape Barren goose, and Cnemiornis, the prehistoric New Zealand goose. Either these or, more probably, the goose-like coscoroba swan is the closest living relative of the true geese.
Fossils of true geese are hard to assign to genus; all that can be said is that their fossil record, particularly in North America, is dense and comprehensively documents many different species of true geese that have been around since about 10 million years ago in the Miocene. The aptly named Anser atavus (meaning "progenitor goose") from some 12 million years ago had even more plesiomorphies in common with swans. In addition, some goose-like birds are known from subfossil remains found on the Hawaiian Islands.
Geese are monogamous, living in permanent pairs throughout the year; however, unlike most other permanently monogamous animals, they are territorial only during the short nesting season. Paired geese are more dominant and feed more, two factors that result in more young.[5][6]
Goose fossils have been found ranging from 10 to 12 million years ago (Middle Miocene). Garganornis ballmanni from Late Miocene (~ 6-9 Ma) of Gargano region of central Italy, stood one and a half meters tall and weighed about 22 kilograms. The evidence suggests the bird was flightless, unlike modern geese.[7]
Most goose species are migratory, though populations of Canada geese living near human developments may remain in a locality year-round.[8] These 'resident' geese, found primarily in the eastern United States, may migrate only short distances, or not at all, if they have adequate food supply and access to open water.[8]
Navigation
Migratory geese may use several environmental cues in timing the beginning of their migration, including temperature, predation threat, and food availability.[9][10] Like all migratory birds, geese exhibit an ability to navigate using an internal compass, using a combination of innate and learned behaviors. The preferred direction of migration is heritable, and birds appear to orient themselves using Earth's magnetic field.[11] Migrations occur over the course of several weeks, and up to 85% of migration time is spent at perennial stopover sites, where individuals rest and build up fat stores for further travel.[12]
Formation
Geese, like other birds, fly in a V formation. This formation helps to conserve energy in flight, and aids in communication and monitoring of flock mates.[13][14] Using great white pelicans as a model species, researchers showed that flying in a V formation increased the aerodynamics of trailing birds, thus requiring fewer wing flaps to stay aloft and lowering individuals' heartrates.[15] Leading geese switch positions on longer flights to allow for multiple individuals to gain benefits from the less energy-intensive trailing positions; in family groups, parental birds almost always lead.[16][17]
The spur-winged goose (Plectropterus gambensis) is most closely related to the shelducks, but distinct enough to warrant its own subfamily, the Plectropterinae.
The blue-winged goose (Cyanochen cyanopterus) and the Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis novaehollandiae) have disputed affinities. They belong to separate ancient lineages that may ally either to the Tadorninae, the Anserinae, or closer to the dabbling ducks (Anatinae).
The three species of small waterfowl in the genus Nettapus named "pygmy geese"; they seem to represent another ancient lineage, with possible affinities to the Cape Barren goose or the spur-winged goose.
The maned goose, also known as the maned duck or Australian wood duck (Chenonetta jubata)
A genus of prehistorically extinctseaducks, Chendytes, is sometimes called the "diving-geese" due to their large size.[18]
The northern gannet (Morus bassanus), a seabird, is also known as the "solan goose", although it is unrelated to the true geese, or any other Anseriformes for that matter.[19][20]
Sayings and phrases that reference geese
To "have a gander" is to look at something.
"What's good sauce for the goose is good sauce for the gander" or "What's good for the goose is good for the gander" means that what is an appropriate treatment for one person is equally appropriate for someone else. This statement supporting equality is frequently used in the context of sex and gender, because a goose is female and a gander is male.[21]
Saying that someone's "goose is cooked" means that they are about to be punished.[21]
The common phrase "silly goose" is used when referring to someone who is acting particularly silly.[21]
"A wild goose chase" is a useless, futile waste of time and effort. It is derived from a 16th-century horse racing event.[21]
A raised, rounded area of swelling (typically a hematoma) caused by an impact injury is sometimes metaphorically called a "goose egg", especially if it occurs on the head.[22]
Geese as characters in cultural works
Mother Goose is a fictitious children's storybook author associated with several collections of fairy tales and nursery rhymes translated into English during the 18th century.[23]
Gänsewein (German, lit.'Goose wine') is a playful term for plain drinking water, first documented the Podagrammisch Trostbüchlein by Johann Fischart (1577).[24]
Popular indie gameUntitled Goose Game released in 2019 chronicles the activities of an ornery goose in an English village.
Canada geese in flight, Great Meadows Wildlife Sanctuary
Goose breastbone, the colour of the bones after cooking was used to predict how cold winter would be in Lincolnshire folkloric traditions (North Lincolnshire Museum)
Three flying geese in the coat of arms of Polvijärvi
Ottenburghs, Jente; Megens, Hendrik-Jan; Kraus, Robert H.S.; Madsen, Ole; van Hooft, Pim; van Wieren, Sipke E.; Crooijmans, Richard P.M.A.; Ydenburg, Ronald C.; Groenen, Martien A.M.; Prins, Herbert H.T. (2016). "A tree of geese: A phylogenomic perspective on the evolutionary history of True Geese". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 101: 303–313. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.05.021
"AskOxford: G". Collective Terms for Groups of Animals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
van Wijk, Rien E.; Koelzch, Andrea; Kruckenberg, Helmut; Ebbinge, Barwolt S.; Mueskens, Gerhard J.D.M.; Nolet, Bart A. (2012). "Individually tracked geese follow peaks of temperature acceleration during spring migration". Oikos. 121 (5): 655–664. Bibcode:2012Oikos.121..655V. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20083.x.
Howard, Hildegarde (1955). "New Records and a New Species of Chendytes, an Extinct Genus of Diving Geese". The Condor. 57 (3): 135–143. doi:10.2307/1364861. JSTOR1364861.
Plummer, Ellen S.; Crary, Shelley E.; Buchanan, George R. (2013). "Prominent forehead hematomas ("goose-eggs") as an initial manifestation of hemophilia". The Journal of Pediatrics. 163 (6): 1781–1783. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.07.012. PMID23968747.
Boulhosa, Patricia Press. “The Law of Óláfr inn Helgi.” In Icelanders and the Kings of Norway: Mediaeval Sagas and Legal Texts. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2005.
Byock, Jesse L. "Grágás: The 'Grey Goose' Law in Viking Age Iceland London: Penguin, 2001.
Carboneras, Carles (1992). "Family Anatidae (Ducks, Geese and Swans)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of Birds of the World. Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp.536–629. ISBN84-87334-10-5.