Foreign relations of Monaco

The Principality of Monaco is a sovereign and independent state, linked closely to France by the Treaty of July 1918, which was formally noted in Article 436 of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. The foreign policy of Monaco is one illustration of this accord: France has agreed to defend the independence and sovereignty of Monaco, while the Monegasque Government has agreed to exercise its sovereign rights in conformity with French interests, whilst at the same time maintaining complete independence. Since then, the relations between the sovereign states of France and Monaco have been further defined in the Treaty of 1945 and the Agreement of 1963.

Although not a member of the European Union (EU), Monaco is closely associated with the economic apparatus of the EU through its customs union with France and its reliance upon the euro as its official currency.

Monaco actively participates in the United Nations, which it joined in 1993. Monaco joined the Council of Europe on October 4, 2004. Monaco also is a member of many international and intergovernmental organizations, including Interpol, the UNESCO, and the World Health Organization (WHO). The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is headquartered in Monaco.

The foreign relations are managed by the Department of External Relations.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Monaco maintains diplomatic relations with:

#	Country	Date[1]
1	France	29 April 1873
2	Italy	25 April 1875
–	Holy See	21 June 1875
3	Spain	2 June 1876
4	Austria	1 July 1891
5	Belgium	2 October 1931
6	Luxembourg	18 December 1947
7	Germany	16 October 1951
8	Switzerland	27 May 1959
9	Netherlands	29 August 1966
10	China	16 January 1995
11	Liechtenstein	16 February 1996
12	El Salvador	14 December 2000[2]
13	Colombia	15 December 2000
14	Maldives	19 March 2001
15	Ecuador	5 April 2001
16	Uruguay	10 April 2001
17	Thailand	26 June 2006
18	Andorra	7 July 2006
19	Bosnia and Herzegovina	27 July 2006
20	Slovenia	28 November 2006
21	Israel	30 November 2006
22	United States	7 December 2006
23	Ireland	14 December 2006
24	Japan	14 December 2006
25	Philippines	15 December 2006
26	Qatar	26 December 2006
27	Algeria	31 January 2007
28	San Marino	26 March 2007
29	Argentina	29 March 2007
30	Finland	29 March 2007
31	Australia	3 May 2007
32	Malaysia	22 May 2007[3]
33	Egypt	31 May 2007
34	Russia	31 May 2007
35	South Korea	14 June 2007
36	Malta	11 July 2007
37	Serbia	12 July 2007
38	Ukraine	26 July 2007
39	Montenegro	7 September 2007
40	India	21 September 2007
41	United Kingdom	21 September 2007
42	Poland	27 September 2007
–	Sovereign Military Order of Malta	18 October 2007
43	Guatemala	2 November 2007[4]
44	Vietnam	29 November 2007
45	Croatia	6 December 2007
46	Slovakia	13 December 2007
47	Cuba	19 December 2007
48	Azerbaijan	19 December 2007
49	Chile	23 January 2008
50	Mongolia	6 February 2008
51	Estonia	7 February 2008
52	Georgia	7 February 2008
53	Dominican Republic	12 February 2008
54	Morocco	12 February 2008
55	Bulgaria	14 February 2008
56	Canada	13 March 2008
57	Romania	19 March 2008
58	Mexico	21 March 2008
59	Jamaica	4 April 2008[5]
60	Seychelles	15 April 2008
61	Greece	15 May 2008
62	Czech Republic	4 July 2008
63	Lesotho	15 July 2008[6]
64	Turkey	16 September 2008[7]
65	Armenia	15 October 2008[8]
66	Latvia	15 October 2008[9]
67	Portugal	13 November 2008
68	Kazakhstan	15 January 2009[10]
69	Sweden	30 January 2009[11]
70	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	12 February 2009[2]
71	Pakistan	24 February 2009[12]
72	Dominica	27 February 2009[13]
73	Venezuela	27 May 2009[14]
74	Equatorial Guinea	16 June 2009[15]
75	Senegal	23 June 2009[16]
76	United Arab Emirates	9 October 2009[2]
77	East Timor	19 February 2010[17]
78	Brazil	14 April 2010[2]
79	Saint Kitts and Nevis	21 April 2010[2]
80	Samoa	4 May 2010[2]
81	Afghanistan	13 October 2010[18]
82	Peru	13 October 2010[19]
83	Norway	16 November 2010[20]
84	Indonesia	17 December 2010[21]
85	South Africa	19 January 2011[22]
86	Cyprus	23 February 2011[22]
87	Botswana	24 February 2011[2]
88	Honduras	25 February 2011[23]
89	Panama	2 March 2011[22]
90	Gabon	28 March 2011[22]
91	Lithuania	11 April 2011[22]
92	Saint Lucia	12 May 2011[2]
93	Denmark	16 June 2011[22]
94	Brunei	22 June 2011[24]
95	Moldova	8 September 2011[22]
96	Mauritania	9 September 2011[22]
97	Palau	26 October 2011[2]
98	Albania	24 November 2011[22]
99	Djibouti	1 December 2011[22]
100	Mali	26 January 2012[25]
101	Solomon Islands	6 March 2012[2]
102	Nepal	26 March 2012[25]
103	Iran	10 May 2012[25]
104	Tuvalu	29 May 2012[2]
105	Paraguay	14 June 2012[25]
106	Nigeria	6 July 2012[25]
107	Malawi	31 July 2012[25]
–	Kosovo	24 August 2012[25]
108	Oman	20 February 2013[2]
109	Bahrain	23 September 2013[2]
110	Fiji	13 November 2013[2]
111	Uzbekistan	29 November 2013[26]
112	Republic of the Congo	27 February 2014[27]
113	Rwanda	10 April 2014[28]
114	Sudan	10 April 2014[29]
115	Iceland	5 May 2014[27]
116	Kiribati	20 June 2014[2]
117	Angola	31 July 2014[27]
118	Burkina Faso	19 September 2014[30]
119	Burundi	31 October 2014[27]
120	Turkmenistan	27 August 2015[31]
121	Marshall Islands	29 September 2015[2]
122	Costa Rica	22 October 2015[32]
123	New Zealand	22 October 2015[33]
124	Laos	27 November 2015[34]
125	Togo	9 February 2016[35]
126	Ivory Coast	11 February 2016[36]
127	Belarus	15 April 2016[37]
128	Hungary	2 May 2016[38]
129	Sri Lanka	26 July 2016[2]
130	Tajikistan	13 January 2017[39]
131	Kyrgyzstan	9 March 2017[40]
132	Cabo Verde	10 August 2017[2]
133	Democratic Republic of the Congo	5 July 2018[41]
134	Kuwait	19 July 2018[42]
135	Vanuatu	10 September 2018[2]
136	Tunisia	19 September 2018[43]
137	Barbados	5 December 2018[2]
138	Lebanon	22 January 2019[44]
139	Antigua and Barbuda	28 February 2019[45]
140	Benin	8 March 2019[44]
141	Cambodia	11 July 2019[46]
142	Nicaragua	4 September 2019[2]
143	Namibia	12 September 2019[2]
144	Ghana	29 September 2019[2]
145	North Macedonia	29 September 2019[2]
146	Niger	9 October 2019[44]
147	Grenada	13 October 2020[47]
148	Ethiopia	20 October 2020[48]
149	Madagascar	11 December 2020[49]
150	Jordan	29 April 2021[50]
151	Guinea-Bissau	17 May 2022[51]
152	Mozambique	20 October 2022[52]
153	Saudi Arabia	2 March 2023[2]
154	Bangladesh	13 June 2023[53]
155	Bahamas	17 April 2024[2]
156	Nauru	21 May 2024[2]
157	Bolivia	26 July 2024[2]

Americas

Country	Formal relations began on	Notes
Canada	13 March 2008	Canada is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris and maintains an honorary consulate in Monaco.[54] Monaco is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States, and maintains honorary consulates in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.[55]
Chile	23 January 2008	Chile is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris and maintains an honorary consulate in Monaco. Monaco has an honorary consulate in Santiago and in Valparaíso.
Colombia	15 December 2000	Colombia is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris.[56] Monaco has an honorary consulate in Bogotá.[57]
Mexico	21 March 2008	Main article: Mexico–Monaco relations Mexico is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris and maintains an honorary consulate in Monaco.[58] Monaco has an honorary consulate in Mexico City.[59]
United States	7 December 2006	See Monaco–United States relations The United States and Monaco enjoy excellent relations. From 1956 until her death in 1982, the American-born Grace Kelly was married to Prince Rainier III, Prince Albert's father. The United States does not yet have a diplomatic mission located in Monaco but there is an embassy in Paris, and a consulate general in Marseille. In December 2006, the United States and Monaco upgraded from consular to full diplomatic relations. Shortly thereafter, Craig Stapleton (ambassador to France) was accredited to Monaco, and ambassador Gilles Noghes became the first Monegasque ambassador to the United States.[60] On December 3, 2013, Maguy Maccario Doylee replaced Noghes as the Principality's new emissary to Washington, DC, following her appointment by Prince Albert II of Monaco. Ambassador Maccario Doyle is the first woman to hold the post at the embassy. She previously served as Consul General of Monaco in New York since 1997 and head of the Principality's Tourism Board in North America since the early 1990s.[61] Monaco has an embassy in Washington, D.C. and a consulate-general in New York City.[62] The United States is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris.[63]

Asia

Country	Formal relations began in	Notes
India	21 September 2007	Main article: India–Monaco relations India is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France.
Indonesia	17 December 2010	Main article: Indonesia–Monaco relations Due to the resemblance of the colors red and white on their flags,[64] the Monégasque government asked Indonesia to modify its flag during the International Hydrographic Congress on 29 April 1952.[65] Indonesia has a non-resident embassy in Paris.[66] Monaco maintains an honorary consulate in Jakarta.[66]
Israel	30 November 2006	Main article: Israel–Monaco relations Israel is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France and has an honorary consulate in Monaco. Monaco has an honorary consulate in Ramat Gan.
Pakistan	24 January 2009	Pakistan is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris[67] and an honorary consulate was inaugurated in 2012 in Monaco.[68] Monaco maintains an honorary consulate in Karachi.[67]
South Korea	14 June 2007	Diplomatic relations between South Korea and Monaco were established in June 2007.[69] Monaco has an honorary consulate in Seoul. South Korea is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris.[70]
Turkey	16 September 2008	Main article: Monaco–Turkey relations Monaco has an honorary consulate in Istanbul. Turkey is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France and has an honorary consulate in Monaco.

Europe

Country	Formal relations began on	Notes
European Union		Main article: Monaco–European Union relations Monaco participates in a number of European Union policies through its interaction with France. Monaco is in the EU's customs and VAT area, is a de facto member of the Schengen Area due to its open border with France and uses the euro as its sole currency.
France	29 April 1873	Main article: France–Monaco relations Formal relations were established in 1918. France has agreed to defend the independence and sovereignty of Monaco, while the Monegasque Government has agreed to exercise its sovereign rights in conformity with French interests. Since then, the relations between the sovereign states of France and Monaco have been further defined in the Treaty of 1945 and the Agreement of 1963. In 2002, Monaco renegotiated its 1918 treaty with France. In 2005, it was ratified by both parties and entered into force. The terms of the treaty upgrade France's representation in Monaco from Consulate General to that of an embassy; permit, for the first time, other countries to accredit ambassadors to Monaco; and formally recognize the succession scheme set out in the 1962 Constitution, which extends eligibility to the Prince's daughters and other family members. France has an embassy in Monte Carlo.[71] Monaco has an embassy in Paris.[72]
Holy See	21 June 1875	It is part of Monaco's generally accepted cultural and political history that Monaco and the Holy See have maintained a diplomatic friendship bound by the Catholic faith since the founding of the Principality. Article 9 of the Monegasque Constitution, dated 17 December 1962, and modified in 2002, establishes the Catholic religion as the official religion of the sovereign state, which is a Catholic constitutional monarchy ruled by the Catholic Grimaldi dynasty. According to the Annuario Pontificio, the official yearbook of the Holy See, Monaco has maintained a diplomatic representative to the Holy See with the rank of minister plenipotentiary since 1915. In 1982, following the July 1981 signing of a new convention between Monaco and the Holy See reaffirming the close Catholic friendship and diplomatic relations which exists between the Catholic Principality and the Holy See, the rank of Monaco's diplomatic legation was elevated from that of a ministerial rank diplomatic legation to that of an embassy, with Cesar Charles Solamito, being elevated from the rank of minister plenipotentiary to ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary in June 1982. Ambassador Solamito served as Monaco's first ambassador to the Holy See until 1997. In 1999, the position of ambassador of Monaco to the Holy See was assumed by Monegasque ambassador Jean Claude Michel. With respect to the Holy See, the Holy See has only maintained a diplomatic legation in Monaco since 2006. The appointment of a papal diplomatic representative to the Principality was subsequent to the revision of Monaco's treaty with France which was revised in 2002 and ratified in 2005. This revised treaty granted the Principality the sovereign prerogative of establishing formal diplomatic relations with other sovereign states at the highest diplomatic level, that of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary—for the Holy See this means at the nunzorial level, i.e., that of an apostolic nunciature headed by an apostolic nuncio (apostolic nuncios normally hold the ecclesiastical rank of archbishop). The first, apostolic nuncio to represent the Holy See to Monaco, with residence and coterminous accreditation to the EU in Brussels, is Archbishop Andre Dupuy. Archbishop Dupuy presented his credentials to HSH Prince Albert II on 26 September 2006.[73] The Holy See is accredited to Monaco from its apostolic nunciature in Paris. Monaco has an embassy to the Holy See based in Rome.
Italy	25 April 1875	See Italy–Monaco relations Italy has an embassy in Monte Carlo. Monaco has an embassy in Rome.
Kosovo	19 March 2008	Formal relations were established on 19 March 2008.[74][75] Kosovo is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris. Monaco does not have an accreditation to Kosovo.
Norway	16 November 2010	Norway is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France and maintains an honorary consulate in Monaco.[76][77] Monaco maintains an honorary consulate in Oslo.[78]
Russia	31 May 2007	Main article: Monaco–Russia relations Monaco and Russia had bilateral relations since 1858, when Russia and Monaco signed treaties and agreements of extradition of criminals, of mutual legal assistance, on recognition of civil status of natural persons and of medical aid. However diplomatic relations were suspended in 1917. Diplomatic relations were re-established in April 2002. Monaco is accredited to Russia from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs based in Monaco and maintains honorary consulates in Moscow, Rostov-on-Don and in Saint Petersburg. Russia is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris and maintains an honorary consulate in Monaco.
Serbia	12 July 2007	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in November 2007.[79] Monaco does not have an accreditation to Serbia. Serbia is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris and maintains an honorary consulate in Monaco.
Spain	2 June 1876	Main article: Monaco–Spain relations Monaco has an embassy in Madrid. Spain is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France.
Ukraine	26 July 2007	Both countries have established diplomatic relations 26 July 2007.[80] Monaco does not have an accreditation to Ukraine. Ukraine is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris and maintains an honorary consulate in Monaco.
United Kingdom	21 September 2007	See Foreign relations of the United Kingdom Monaco established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 21 September 2007. Monaco maintains an embassy in London.[81] The United Kingdom is not accredited to Monaco through an embassy; the UK develops relations through its embassy in Paris, France.[82] Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, and the OSCE.

See also

• Department of External Relations (Monaco)
• List of diplomatic missions in Monaco
• List of diplomatic missions of Monaco

External links

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Principality of Monaco (in English and French)

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