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The foreign relations of Jordan have been consistently a pro-Western foreign policy.
Jordan has had close relations with the United States and the United Kingdom for many years.[1][2] During the first Gulf War (1990), these relations were damaged by Jordan's neutrality and its maintenance of relations with Iraq. Later, Jordan restored its relations with Western countries through its participation in the enforcement of UN sanctions against Iraq and in the Southwest Asia peace process. After King Hussein's death in 1999, relations between Jordan and the Persian Gulf countries greatly improved.[3]
In 2000, Jordan signed a Free Trade Agreement with the United States, which went into effect in 2010.[4]
In 2013, the U.S. approved the CIA–led Timber Sycamore covert operation, based in Jordan, to train and arm Syrian rebels.[5]
Jordan enjoys "advanced status" with the European Union and is part of the European Neighbourhood Policy, which aims to increase links between the EU and its neighbours.[6]
Owing to its location, bordering Israel, Syria, and Iraq, Jordan has experienced wars along its borders for decades, and maintains careful diplomatic relations with Israel and its main ally, the U.S.[7]
Along with Egypt and the United Arab Emirates, as of 2009[update] Jordan was one of only three Arab nations to have signed peace treaties with Israel, Jordan's direct neighbour.[8]
Jordan views an independent Palestinian state with the 1967 borders, as part of the two-state solution and of supreme national interest.[9] The ruling Hashemite dynasty has had custodianship over holy sites in Jerusalem since 1924, a position reinforced in the Israel–Jordan peace treaty. Turmoil in Jerusalem's Al-Aqsa mosque between Israelis and Palestinians created tensions between Jordan and Israel concerning the former's role in protecting the Muslim and Christian sites in Jerusalem.[10]
Jordan signed a non-aggression pact with Israel (the Washington Declaration) in Washington, D.C., on 25 July 1994. Jordan and Israel signed a historic peace treaty on October 26, 1994, witnessed by President Clinton, accompanied by Secretary of State Warren Christopher.[7][better source needed] The U.S. has participated with Jordan and Israel in trilateral development discussions during which key issues have been water-sharing and security; cooperation on Jordan Rift Valley development; infrastructure projects; and trade, finance, and banking issues.[citation needed]
Israel captured East Jerusalem and the West Bank, which was annexed by Jordan since 1950, in 1967. Since 1967, Pakistan has been demanding its vacation at the international level. Jordan, together with Pakistan, is playing an effective role in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.[citation needed]
The political landscape of Jordan has changed as a consequence of the conflict between Israel and Hamas from October 2023. Prime minister Bisher al Khasawneh expressed his country's disapproval of Israel's offensive in Gaza by recalling its ambassador from Israel, and declared that Israel's ambassador, who had departed Amman following Hamas' attack, would not be permitted to return. Khasawneh argued that Israel's blockade of the heavily-populated Gaza Strip could not be justified as self-defense, and criticised the indiscriminate Israeli assault, which had included safe zones and ambulances in its targets.[11][12]
Jordanian residents (including the approximately 2 million Palestinian refugees and others with Palestinian roots) have staged protests against Israel's actions in Gaza, which adds pressure to the government to take action on the issue.[7] There is also evidence that there is more sympathy with Hamas among Jordanians in recent years.[13] However, Jordan's Western allies view the kingdom as a potentially vital mediator, should Israel and Hamas agree to negotiate. King Abdullah has been taking part in diplomatic meetings in Europe, aiming to secure safe passage of humanitarian aid; however, the government is also grappling with domestic problems such as inflation, unemployment, and trafficking of arms and drugs through Jordan to the West Bank. The king and Queen Rania have criticised Israel's action in Gaza, and called for a ceasefire. Jordan's ambassador to Israel was recalled, and the Israeli ambassador was told to stay away. Queen Rania, whose family is Palestinian with roots in the West Bank town of Nablus, called on Western leaders to denounce Israel's attacks on Palestinian civilians in an interview aired on CNN in the U.S. There are fears of a huge influx of refugees into Jordan as a result of the Israel-Hamas War.[7]
Jordan is an active member of the UN[14] and several of its specialised and related agencies, including the Food and Agriculture Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, and World Health Organization.[citation needed]
Jordan is a founding member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and of the Arab League.[15][16]
It is also a member of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Non-Aligned Movement.[citation needed]
Jordan and Morocco tried to join the Gulf Cooperation Council in 2011, but the Gulf countries offered a five-year development aid programme instead.[17]
List of countries which Jordan maintains diplomatic relations with:
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# | Country | Date |
1 | ![]() |
17 June 1946[18] |
2 | ![]() |
1 October 1946[19] |
3 | ![]() |
11 January 1947[20][21] |
4 | ![]() |
19 April 1947[22] |
5 | ![]() |
4 May 1947[23] |
6 | ![]() |
24 May 1947[24] |
7 | ![]() |
28 May 1947[25] |
8 | ![]() |
29 December 1947[26] |
9 | ![]() |
1947[27][28] |
10 | ![]() |
1947[29][30] |
11 | ![]() |
12 January 1948[31] |
12 | ![]() |
5 February 1948[32] |
13 | ![]() |
12 August 1948[33] |
14 | ![]() |
1948[34] |
15 | ![]() |
18 February 1949[35] |
16 | ![]() |
26 March 1949[36] |
17 | ![]() |
15 April 1949[37] |
18 | ![]() |
16 November 1949[38] |
19 | ![]() |
27 February 1950[39] |
20 | ![]() |
15 December 1951[40] |
21 | ![]() |
1951[41] |
22 | ![]() |
16 February 1953[42][43] |
23 | ![]() |
17 November 1953[44] |
24 | ![]() |
14 July 1954[45] |
25 | ![]() |
23 August 1954[46] |
26 | ![]() |
28 September 1954[47] |
27 | ![]() |
1954[48] |
28 | ![]() |
1956[49] |
29 | ![]() |
1956[50] |
30 | ![]() |
1956[51] |
31 | ![]() |
1957[52] |
32 | ![]() |
18 January 1958[53] |
33 | ![]() |
6 April 1959[54][55] |
34 | ![]() |
28 November 1959[56] |
35 | ![]() |
16 May 1960[57] |
36 | ![]() |
17 April 1961[58] |
37 | ![]() |
30 August 1961[59] |
38 | ![]() |
30 September 1961[60] |
39 | ![]() |
2 December 1961[61] |
40 | ![]() |
26 July 1962[62] |
41 | ![]() |
December 1962[63] |
42 | ![]() |
1962[64] |
43 | ![]() |
21 August 1963[65] |
44 | ![]() |
20 February 1964[66] |
45 | ![]() |
30 April 1964[67] |
46 | ![]() |
16 May 1964[68] |
47 | ![]() |
9 October 1964[69] |
48 | ![]() |
23 December 1964[70] |
49 | ![]() |
2 April 1965[71] |
50 | ![]() |
6 July 1965[72] |
51 | ![]() |
20 August 1965[73] |
52 | ![]() |
1965[74][75] |
53 | ![]() |
24 December 1966[76] |
54 | ![]() |
17 May 1966[77] |
55 | ![]() |
10 November 1966[78] |
56 | ![]() |
7 January 1969[79] |
57 | ![]() |
12 July 1969[80] |
58 | ![]() |
January 1970[81] |
59 | ![]() |
4 May 1970[82] |
60 | ![]() |
8 December 1971[83] |
61 | ![]() |
18 May 1972[84] |
62 | ![]() |
10 June 1972[85] |
63 | ![]() |
11 June 1972[86] |
64 | ![]() |
27 June 1972[87] |
65 | ![]() |
5 July 1972[88] |
66 | ![]() |
15 October 1973[89][90] |
67 | ![]() |
5 December 1973[91] |
68 | ![]() |
4 June 1974[92] |
— | ![]() |
5 July 1974[94] |
69 | ![]() |
September 1974[95] |
70 | ![]() |
29 April 1975[96] |
71 | ![]() |
9 July 1975[97][98] |
72 | ![]() |
February 1976[99] |
73 | ![]() |
1 March 1976[100] |
74 | ![]() |
7 April 1977[101] |
75 | ![]() |
7 September 1979[102] |
76 | ![]() |
1 January 1980[103] |
77 | ![]() |
19 August 1980[104] |
78 | ![]() |
25 March 1981[105] |
79 | ![]() |
21 May 1981[106] |
80 | ![]() |
22 October 1982[107] |
81 | ![]() |
3 April 1984[108] |
82 | ![]() |
15 May 1984[109] |
83 | ![]() |
18 February 1985[110] |
84 | ![]() |
21 October 1985[111] |
85 | ![]() |
14 January 1987[112] |
86 | ![]() |
18 May 1987[113] |
87 | ![]() |
25 October 1987[114] |
88 | ![]() |
25 April 1988[115] |
89 | ![]() |
28 July 1988[116] |
— | ![]() |
7 January 1989[117] |
90 | ![]() |
31 January 1990[103] |
91 | ![]() |
1990[118] |
92 | ![]() |
27 May 1991[119] |
93 | ![]() |
19 April 1992[120] |
94 | ![]() |
13 July 1992[121] |
95 | ![]() |
9 February 1993[122] |
96 | ![]() |
10 February 1993[123] |
97 | ![]() |
13 February 1993[124] |
98 | ![]() |
15 February 1993[125] |
99 | ![]() |
18 February 1993[126] |
100 | ![]() |
3 March 1993[127] |
101 | ![]() |
15 July 1993[128] |
102 | ![]() |
28 September 1993[129] |
103 | ![]() |
22 October 1993[130] |
104 | ![]() |
7 February 1994[103] |
— | ![]() |
3 March 1994[131] |
105 | ![]() |
7 March 1994[132] |
106 | ![]() |
6 May 1994[133] |
107 | ![]() |
29 June 1994[134] |
108 | ![]() |
5 July 1994[135] |
109 | ![]() |
12 September 1994[136] |
110 | ![]() |
27 November 1994[137] |
111 | ![]() |
18 June 1996[138] |
112 | ![]() |
15 October 1996[103] |
113 | ![]() |
19 June 1997[139] |
114 | ![]() |
19 August 1998[103] |
115 | ![]() |
1998[140][141] |
116 | ![]() |
23 June 1999[103] |
117 | ![]() |
3 March 2000[142] |
118 | ![]() |
15 September 2000[143] |
119 | ![]() |
24 January 2001[144] |
120 | ![]() |
16 September 2002[145] |
— | ![]() |
29 June 2003[146] |
121 | ![]() |
7 September 2003[147] |
122 | ![]() |
15 July 2004[103] |
123 | ![]() |
15 November 2005[103] |
124 | ![]() |
6 June 2006[148] |
125 | ![]() |
28 June 2006[103] |
126 | ![]() |
11 December 2006[149] |
127 | ![]() |
10 January 2007[103] |
128 | ![]() |
10 January 2007[103] |
129 | ![]() |
13 March 2007[150] |
130 | ![]() |
5 June 2007[151] |
131 | ![]() |
10 December 2007[152] |
132 | ![]() |
23 September 2008[103] |
133 | ![]() |
14 June 2009[153] |
134 | ![]() |
19 May 2010[103] |
135 | ![]() |
15 November 2011[103] |
136 | ![]() |
13 January 2012[103] |
137 | ![]() |
9 August 2012[154] |
138 | ![]() |
3 December 2012[155] |
— | ![]() |
4 June 2013[156] |
139 | ![]() |
4 June 2014[157] |
140 | ![]() |
1 March 2015[158] |
141 | ![]() |
15 April 2015[159] |
142 | ![]() |
3 June 2015[160] |
143 | ![]() |
4 June 2017[161] |
144 | ![]() |
8 August 2017[162] |
145 | ![]() |
27 September 2017[103] |
146 | ![]() |
2 September 2018[163] |
147 | ![]() |
9 December 2020[164] |
148 | ![]() |
29 April 2021[165] |
149 | ![]() |
5 December 2021[166] |
150 | ![]() |
23 September 2023[167] |
151 | ![]() |
3 March 2024[168] |
152 | ![]() |
3 March 2024[168] |
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
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| |
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See Azerbaijan-Jordan relations
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In May 2008, King Abdullah II visited Brunei, to bolster ties between Jordan and the southeast Asian nation, as well as discuss issues facing the Muslim world. Along with Sultan of Brunei Darussalam, Abdullah signed agreements devised to enhance cooperation in the economic, tourism and defense fields.[169] | |
![]() | 28 September 1954 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 1954 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Jordan to Chile Mr. Issa Bandak.[47]
|
![]() | 7 April 1977 |
|
![]() |
| |
![]() | 18 January 1958 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 January 1958 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Jordan (resident in Cairo) Mr. Eggert Holten[53]
|
![]() | 28 May 1947 | See Egypt–Jordan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 1947 when Mohamed Bey Yassin, Egyptian Minister in Transjordan with residence in Baghdad presented his credentials.[25]
|
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France is Jordan's biggest European investor[174][175][176] | |
![]() | See Georgia–Jordan relations | |
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See Germany–Jordan relations
| |
![]() | See Greece–Jordan relations
| |
![]() | See Holy See–Jordan relations
The Holy See has a nunciature in Amman. Jordan has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See. The Holy See has maintained comparatively good relations with Jordan. The name of the country comes from the Jordan River, which is significant to Christians because it was the place where Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist. Various Christian clerics in the Arab world have a Jordanian background, such as Maroun Lahham in Tunisia and Fouad Twal in Palestine. | |
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The Republic of India and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan signed their first bilateral agreement for cooperation and friendly relations in 1947, which was formalised in 1950 when India became a sovereign democratic republic.[182] The Ministry of External Affairs of the Government of India stated in August 2011 that, 'India and Jordan have very warm, cordial and cooperative relations; and it is our hope that the existing mutually beneficial relationship would be further deepened and strengthened in the days ahead.'[183] Indian tourists visited Jordan in large numbers in 2010, with nearly 51,000 visitors. Apart from this, military, cultural and economic exchanges between the two nations is widespread. Quoting the Indian Foreign Ministry, 'India was the largest export partner and ninth largest import partner of Jordan in 2008. The trade turnover between the two countries stood at US$1.785 billion in 2008 i.e. Jordan's imports from India stood at about US$503 million in 2008 while its exports to India reached at US$1.283 billion in 2008. India's position in 2009 is third and fifteenth respectively as the trade turnover between the two countries stood at US$983 million in 2009 i.e. India's exports to Jordan in 2009 stood at US$297 million while imports were valued at US$686 million. In 2010, the India-Jordan trade volume stood at US$1.16 billion i.e. India's exports to Jordan stood at US$382 million in 2010 while imports were to the tune of US$783 million in 2010.'[183] Jordan is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and has thus forged close relations with India. | |
![]() | 24 May 1947 | See Iraq–Jordan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1947 when Jamil Pasha el Rawi, the first Iraqi Minister to Transjordan, presented his credentials.[24] Despite periodic crises of confidence and lingering Iraqi resentment over Jordan's close ties with Saddam Hussein, the two countries have managed to forge deep ties, in fact, Jordan has taken the lead among Arab states to do so. In the face of repeated attacks and threats, Jordan has maintained a strong diplomatic presence in Baghdad. The economic impact of the Iraq crisis in Jordan has been mixed. Jordan has benefited greatly from serving as a "gateway" to Iraq for governments, aid workers, contractors, and businesspeople, the real estate and banking sectors are booming, and it stands to reap more benefits from increased trade and transport should the situation in Iraq improve. However, with the fall of Saddam Hussein, Jordan lost the sizable oil subsidies and customary shipments it received from Iraq.[184] Unlike many of Iraq's other neighbors, Jordan can claim only modest influence over developments in Iraq. The kingdom does have notable intelligence capabilities vis-à-vis Iraq, and it reportedly helped the United States track down and kill Al-Qaeda in Iraq leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. Although some Jordanians highlight cross-border tribal and family connections with Iraqi Sunni Arabs, they pale in comparison to those of the West Bank, Lebanon, and Syria. Jordan's most significant means of influence is its hosting of a large and ever-changing Iraqi expatriate community, mostly of Sunni Arab origin. |
![]() | 27 November 1994 | See Israel–Jordan relations
Both countries established full diplomatic relations with the ratification of the peace treaty on 27 November 1994.[185] Jordan and Israel have had official relations since 1994, when their leaders signed a peace treaty.[186] Historically, Jordan has had relatively warm relations with Israel compared to other Arab nations. Jordan, Egypt, the UAE, Bahrain and Morocco are the only Arab nations to have signed peace treaties with Israel. |
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Japan is one of Jordan’s biggest donors.[187] | |
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Jordan recognised the independence of the Republic of Kosovo on 7 July 2009.[188] Jordan supported Kosovo at the International Court of Justice's advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence in December 2009.[189] | |
![]() | See Jordan–Kuwait relations
Kuwait's relations with Jordan weakened during the Gulf War because of Jordan's stand with Iraq. However, the two nations have apparently decided to bury the past. King Abdullah II and the Emir of Kuwait are working to restore good relations and further strengthen them. | |
![]() | See Jordan–Lebanon relations
| |
![]() | See Jordan–Malaysia relations
Jordan has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur,[190] and Malaysia has an embassy in Amman.[191] Relations between the two countries are mainly in economic and Islamic affairs. | |
![]() | See Jordan–Mexico relations
| |
![]() | See Jordan–Pakistan relations
The preliminary and initial forms of Pakistan-Jordan contact can date as early as up to the 1970s and 1980s, although associations have risen at firmer altitudes since the mid-1990s up to 2000. In 2001, some prominent Pakistani leaders completed a visit to Amman, where they discussed with leaders of Jordan about pledging full-scale cooperations. In the duration of the convention, the King of Jordan had lauded what he called "deep, strong and historical relations" between the two countries and affirmed Jordan's keenness on consolidating its ties with Pakistan for the benefit of the two peoples.[194] | |
![]() | See Jordan–Palestine relations | |
![]() | See Jordan–Portugal relations | |
![]() | See Jordan–Qatar relations
During the 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis, Jordan downgraded diplomatic ties with Qatar.[195] | |
![]() | See Jordan–Russia relations
Russia has an embassy in Amman, while Jordan has an embassy in Moscow. | |
![]() | See Jordan–Saudi Arabia relations | |
![]() | See Jordan–Spain relations
| |
![]() | See Jordan–Syria relations
Relations between Jordan and Syria have fluctuated widely between normal diplomatic relations and full armed confrontation. At times, each side has attempted to subvert the other, and has supported and provided refuge to the other's internal opposition groups. | |
![]() | See Jordan–Turkey relations
| |
![]() | See Jordan–United Arab Emirates relations
| |
![]() | See Jordan–United Kingdom relations ![]() The royal family has close ties to Britain - King Abdullah's mother Princess Muna is British by birth and Queen Noor has a country house in Berkshire. Jordan has good relations with the British armed services, with regular visits and training events such as Exercise Pashtun Commando 2013. | |
![]() | See Jordan–United States relations
U.S. policy seeks to reinforce Jordan's commitment to peace, stability, and moderation.
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