Falcataria falcata
Species of plant in the family Fabaceae From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Falcataria falcata (syns. Albizia falcata, Falcataria moluccana and Paraserianthes falcataria), commonly known as the Moluccan albizia, is a species of fast-growing tree in the family Fabaceae.[3] It is native to the Maluku Islands, New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands. It is cultivated for timber throughout South Asian and Southeast Asian countries. This tree is considered to be invasive in Hawaii, American Samoa and several other island nations in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.[4][5] It reaches about 30 m (100 ft) tall in nature, and has a massive trunk and an open crown.[4] It is most famous for its remarkable rate of growth. It has been recorded growing sixteen meters (52 ft) in three years, thirty-three meters (108 ft) in nine years and forty-five meters (148 ft) in seventeen years.[6]
| Falcataria falcata | |
|---|---|
| |
| Specimen at Waiehu, Maui | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Caesalpinioideae |
| Clade: | Mimosoid clade |
| Genus: | Falcataria |
| Species: | F. falcata |
| Binomial name | |
| Falcataria falcata | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Common names
Falcataria falcata is cultivated throughout the wet tropical and subtropical regions of the world and so has many common names. These include: albizia (Hawaii), Moluccan albizia, sengon (Java), salawaku (Maluku), jeungjing (Indonesia), ai-samtuco (Tetun, Timor-Leste), batai (Malaysia), kerosin tree (Pohnpei), sau, Moluccan sau, falcata (Philippines), and Tamaligi (Samoa).
Description
- Leaves – twice pinnately compound with small leaflets
- Flowers – creamy white small flowers are faintly fragrant
- Fruits – pods that fall from the trees when mature.
- Bark – smooth, light or white colored bark.
- Wood – light tan with long fibers.
- Wood density=280 kg / cubic meter (based on weight and volume at 18% moisture content)[7]
- Chromosome number 2n=26.[8]
The tree has become invasive in forests in Hawaii and on other Pacific islands, like New Caledonia.[9][10]
Uses
- Commercial uses – Falcataria falcata softwood is used to make match-sticks, chopsticks, shipping pallets, and wooden boxes. The pulp is used for paper-making.[11] Plywood production and veneer based products have increasingly been an important use for these trees.[7]
- Traditional uses – Whole tree trunks are carved for seagoing canoes. Also used extensively for firewood in Timor-Leste and elsewhere.
- Agroforestry – Grown as a coffee shade tree. Inter-cropped with Eucalyptus to add nitrogen. Used for agroforestry with pineapple and other crops in Indonesia and Timor-Leste.
Insects found on Falcataria falcata
Summarize
Perspective
In Hawaii the caterpillars of the endemic Hawaiian koa looper (Scotorythra paludicola) has been found to defoliate Falcataria falcata and complete their development on this invasive tree without the larvae eating the leaves of their native host Acacia koa.[12]
In Borneo the following moth species have been identified as feeding on Falcataria falcata.[13]
- Lymantria brunneiplaga – Family Lymantriidae
- Hypochrosis cryptopyrrhata – Family Geometridae
- Erygia spissa – Family Erebidae
- Hypopyra pudens – Family Erebidae
In the broader Indomalayan region the following species have also been found feeding on F. falcata:
- Charaxes bernardus – Lepidoptera: Family Nymphalidae[14]
- Eurema blanda and Eurema hecabe – Lepidoptera: Family Pieridae. Caterpillars of these two species are pests of young trees and seedlings (respectively).[14]
- Xystrocera festiva – Coleoptera: Family Cerambycidae. Large groups of larvae feed under the bark can cause tree death in plantation forestry.
The industrial tree plantation wood Falcataria falcata was found to be susceptible to the species of drywood termites, Cryptotermes cynocephalus, in trials in the Philippines.[7] This tree species has also been found to be susceptible to the subterranean termite species Coptotermes formosanus in tests conducted in Indonesia[15] and Hawaii.[16] The Formosan subterranean termites consumed 49 ± 4.0 μg/termite/day of F. falcata wood in the Indonesian Standard (SNI) laboratory tests or 66 ± 6.5 μg/termite/day under the Japanese Standard (JIS) tests for termite susceptibility.[15]
Diseases
Falcataria falcata is the primary host of the gall rust fungus Uromycladium falcatarium,[17] and has also been recorded as a host of Uromycladium tepperianum.[18] Both of these gall rust species cause severe damage throughout all stages of the tree's growth.
Two Actinomycetales bacteria Streptomyces asiaticus and S. cangkringensis have been isolated from the rhizosphere soil surrounding F. falcata in Indonesia.[19][20][21] Although at least 10 species of Streptomyces are plant pathogens it is unclear if these two species have any negative impacts on the roots or other tissues of this tree.
Gallery
Sapling in forest
Seedling in Indonesia
Bark
Cracked bark shape
Flowers and leaves
Small flowers falling on the root
Flowers in full bloom
Flowers in full bloom
Immature seedpods
Mature seedpods
Trees in forest
Tree crown
References
External links
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