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Located about 2,300 miles (3,680 km) from the nearest continental shore, the Hawaiian Islands are the most isolated group of islands on the planet. The plant and animal life of the Hawaiian archipelago is the result of early, very infrequent colonizations of arriving species and the slow evolution of those species—in isolation from the rest of the world's flora and fauna—over a period of at least 5 million years. As a consequence, Hawai'i is home to a large number of endemic species. The radiation of species described by Charles Darwin in the Galapagos Islands which was critical to the formulation of his theory of evolution is far exceeded in the more isolated Hawaiian Islands.
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The relatively short time that the existing main islands of the archipelago have been above the surface of the ocean (less than 10 million years) is only a fraction of time span over which biological colonization and evolution have occurred in the archipelago. High, volcanic islands have existed in the Pacific far longer, extending in a chain to the northwest; these once mountainous islands are now reduced to submerged banks and coral atolls. Midway Atoll, for example, formed as a volcanic island some 28 million years ago. Kure Atoll, a little further to the northwest, is near the Darwin point—defined as waters of a temperature that allows coral reef development to just keep up with isostatic sinking. And extending back in time before Kure, an even older chain of islands spreads northward nearly to the Aleutian Islands; these former islands, all north of the Darwin point, are now completely submerged as the Emperor Seamounts.
The islands are well known for the environmental diversity that occurs on high mountains within a trade winds field. On a single island, the climate can differ around the coast from dry tropical (< 20 in or 500 mm annual rainfall) to wet tropical; and up the slopes from tropical rainforest (> 200 in or 5,000 mm per year) through a temperate climate into alpine conditions of cold and dry climate. The rainy climate impacts soil development, which largely determines ground permeability, which affects the distribution of streams, wetlands, and wet places.
The distance and remoteness of the Hawaiian archipelago is a biological filter. Seeds or spores attached to a lost migrating bird's feather or an insect falling out of the high winds found a place to survive in the islands and whatever else was needed to reproduce. The narrowing of the gene pool meant that at the very beginning, the population of a colonizing species was a bit different from that of the remote contributing population. This list does not include species extinct in prehistoric times.
Throughout time, the Hawaiian Islands formed linearly from northwest to the southeast. A study was conducted to determine the approximate ages of the Hawaiian Islands using K–Ar dating of the oldest found igneous rocks from each island. Kauai was determined to be about 5.1 million years old, Oahu about 3.7 million years old and the youngest island of Hawaii about 0.43 million years old.[1] By determining the maximum age of the islands, inferences could be made about the maximum possible age of organisms inhabiting the island. The newly formed islands were able to accommodate growing populations, while the new environments were causing high rates of new adaptations.
Human contact, first by Polynesians and later by Europeans, has had a significant impact. Both the Polynesians and Europeans cleared native forests and introduced non-indigenous species for agriculture (or by accident), driving many endemic species to extinction. Fossil finds in caves, lava tubes, and sand dunes have revealed an avifauna that once had a native eagle,[2] two raven-size crows, several bird-eating owls, and giant ducks known as moa-nalos. Around 861 species of plants have been introduced to the islands by humans since its discovery by Polynesian settlers, including crops such as taro and breadfruit.[3]
Today, many of the remaining endemic species of plants and animals in the Hawaiian Islands are considered endangered, and some critically so. Plant species are particularly at risk: out of a total of 2,690 plant species, 946 are non-indigenous with 800 of the native species listed as endangered.[4]
Mammals
- Hawaiian hoary bat (a.k.a. ʻŌpeʻapeʻa) (Lasiurus semotus) - endangered
- Hawaiian monk seal (a.k.a. ʻIlio-holo-i-ka-uaua) (Neomonachus schauinslandi) - endangered
- Synemporion keana (a species of vesper bat) - extinct
Birds
- Hawaiian duck (a.k.a. Koloa) (Anas wyvilliana) - endangered
- Laysan duck (Anas laysanensis) - critically endangered
- Nene (a.k.a. Hawaiian goose) (Branta sandvicensis) - near threatened
- Hawaiian petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis) - endangered
- Newell's shearwater (a.k.a. Hawaiian shearwater or 'a'o) (Puffinus newelli) - critically endangered
- Hawaiian hawk (a.k.a. 'Io) (Buteo solitarius) - near threatened
- Laysan rail (Porzana palmeri) - extinct
- Hawaiian rail (Porzana sandwichensis) - extinct
- Hawaiian gallinule (Gallinula chloropus sanvicensis)
- Hawaiian coot (Fulica alai) - vulnerable
- Hawaiian stilt (Himantopus himantopus knudseni)
- Hawaiian black noddy (Anous minutus melanogenys)
- Pueo (Asio flammeus sandwichensis) - endangered
- Kauaʻi oʻo (Moho braccatus) - extinct
- Oʻahu ʻōʻō (Moho apicalis) - extinct
- Molokaʻi ʻōʻō (Moho bishopi) - extinct
- Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō (Moho nobilis) - extinct
- Kioea (Chaetoptila angustipluma) - extinct
- Kāmaʻo (Myadestes myadestinus) - extinct
- Puaiohi (Myadestes palmeri) - critically endangered
- Olomaʻo (Myadestes lanaiensis) - critically endangered/extinct
- ʻAmaui (Myadestes lanaiensis woahensis) - extinct
- ʻŌmaʻo (Myadestes obscurus) - vulnerable
- Millerbird (Acrocephalus familiaris) - critically endangered
- Hawaiʻi ʻelepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis) - vulnerable
- Oʻahu ʻelepaio (Chasiempis ibidis) - endangered
- Kaua'i ʻelepaio (Chasiempis sclateri) - vulnerable
- Hawaiian crow (Corvus hawaiiensis) - extinct in the wild
- Laysan finch (Telespiza cantans) - vulnerable
- Nihoa finch (Telespiza ultima) - critically endangered
- Lesser koa finch (Rhodacanthus flaviceps) - extinct
- Greater koa finch (Rhodacanthus palmeri) - extinct
- Maui parrotbill (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) - critically endangered
- ʻŌʻū (Psittirostra psittacea) - critically endangered/extinct
- Palila (Loxioides bailleui) - critically endangered
- Lanaʻi hookbill (Dysmorodrepanis munroi) - extinct
- Kona grosbeak (Chlroidops kona) - extinct
- Common ʻamakihi (Hemignathus virens) - least concern
- Oʻahu ʻamakihi (Hemignathus flavus) - vulnerable
- Kauaʻi ʻamakihi (Hemignathus kauaiensis) - vulnerable
- Greater ʻamakihi (Hemignathus sagittirostris) - extinct
- Maui nukupuʻu (Hemignathus affinis) - critically endangered/extinct
- Kauaʻi nukupuʻu (Hemignathus hanapepe) - critically endangered/extinct
- Oʻahu nukupuʻu (Hemignathus lucidus) - extinct
- ʻAkiapolaʻau (Hemignathus munroi) - endangered
- ʻAnianiau (Magumma parva) - vulnerable
- Hawaiʻi ʻakialoa (Akialoa obscura) - extinct
- Kauaʻi ʻakialoa (Akialoa stejnegeri) - extinct
- Maui Nui ʻakialoa (Akialoa lanaiensis)- extinct
- Oahu ʻakialoa (Akialoa ellisiana) - extinct
- ʻAkekeʻe (Loxops caeruleirostris) - critically endangered
- Hawaiʻi ʻakepa (Loxops coccineus) - endangered
- Maui ʻakepa (Loxops ochraceus) - extinct
- Oʻahu ʻakepa (Loxops wolstenholmei) - extinct
- ʻAkikiki (Oreomystis bairdi) - critically endangered
- Hawaiʻi creeper (Oreomystis mana) - endangered
- Molokai creeper (Paroreomyza flammea) - extinct
- Oʻahu ʻalauahio (Paroreomyza maculata) - critically endangered/extinct
- Maui ʻalauahio (Paroreomyza montana) - endangered
- Lanaʻi ʻalauahio (Paroreomyza montana montana) - extinct
- ʻAkohekohe (a.k.a. Crested honeycreeper) (Palmeria dolei) - critically endangered
- Poʻouli (Melamprosops phaeosoma) - critically endangered/extinct
- ʻUla-ʻai-hawane (Ciridops anna) - extinct
- ʻIʻiwi (a.k.a. Scarlet honeycreeper) (Drepanis coccinea) - vulnerable
- Hawaiʻi mamo (Drepanis pacifica) - extinct
- Black mamo (Drepanis funerea) - extinct
- Laysan honeycreeper (Himantione fraithii) - extinct
- ʻApapane (Himantione sanguinea) - least concern
Freshwater fishes
- None of Hawaii's native fish are entirely restricted to freshwater (all are either anadromous, or also found in brackish and marine water in their adult stage).
- ʻOʻopu nākea (Awaous stamineus)[5]
- Āholehole (Kuhlia xenura)
- ʻOʻopu ʻalamoʻo (Lentipes concolor) - data deficient
- ʻOʻopu naniha (Stenogobius hawaiiensis)
- ‘O‘opu ‘akupa (Eleotris sandwicensis) - data deficient
- ʻOʻopu nōpili (Sicyopterus stimpsoni) - near threatened
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Insects
- Hyposmocoma (a genus of moths, such as the snail-eating caterpillar)
- Agrotis (a genus of moths)
- Drosophila (a genus of flies)
- Campsicnemus mirabilis (an extinct species of fly)
- Campsicnemus brevipes (a species of fly)
- Paralopostega (a genus of moths)
- Mestolobes (a genus of moths)
- Hypena (a genus of moths)
- Orthomecyna (a genus of moths)
- Helicoverpa (a genus of moths)
- Scotorythra (a genus of moths)
- Genophantis (a genus of moths)
- Tritocleis (a genus of moths)
- Eurynogaster (a genus of flies)
- Kamehameha butterfly (a.k.a. Pulelehua) (Vanessa tameamea)
- Green Hawaiian blue (Udara blackburni)
- Longhead yellow-faced bee (a.k.a. the Hawaiian yellow-faced bee) (Hylaeus longiceps)
- Thaumatogryllus (a genus of crickets)
- Wēkiu bug (Nysius wekiuicola)
- Drosophila sharpi (a rare species of fly)
- Koʻolau spurwing long-legged fly (an extinct species of fly
- Lanai pomace fly (an extinct species of fly)
- Phyllococcus oahuensis (a species of mealybug)
- Megalagrion (a genus of damselfly)
- Clavicoccus (a genus of mealybug)
- Dryophthorus distinguendus (a species of weevil)
- Laysan weevil (an extinct species of weevil)
- Rhyncogonus bryani (an extinct species of weevil)
- Manduca blackburni (an endangered species of hawkmoth)
- Thyrocopa (a genus of moths)
- Caconemobius nori (a species of cricket)
- Caconemobius howarthi (a species of cricket)
- Caconemobius schauinslandi (a species of cricket)
- Caconemobius varius (a species of cricket)
Crustaceans
- Atyoida bisulcata (a freshwater shrimp)
- Halocaridina (a genus of marine and brackish water shrimp)
- Hawaiian river shrimp (Macrobrachium grandimanus)
Spiders
- Ariamnes makue (a species of spider)
- Happy face spider (Theridion grallator)
- Kauaʻi cave wolf spider (Adelocosa anops) - endangered
- Orsonwelles, a genus of 13 species, each endemic to a single island
- Nihoa (a genus of spiders)
- Lycosa hawaiiensis (a species of spider)
Gastropods
Gastropods are snails.[6]
- Oahu tree snails (Achatinella) - threatened, several already extinct
- Auriculella (a genus of land snails) - threatened, several already extinct
- Amastra (a genus of land snails) - many species extinct
- Carelia (a genus of land snails) - entire genus extinct
- Erinna (a genus of freshwater snails) - one vulnerable species, the other possibly extinct
- Gulickia alexandri (a land snail) - critically endangered
- Newcombia (a genus of land snails) - threatened, one already extinct
- Neritina granosa (a freshwater snail) - vulnerable
- Perdicella (a genus of land snails) - threatened, several already extinct
- Partulina (a genus of land snails) - threatened, several already extinct
Marine fishes
Cnidarians
- Finger coral (Porites compressa)
- Thick finger coral (Porites duerdeni)
- Brigham's coral (Porites brighami)
- Molokaʻi cauliflower coral (Pocillopora molokensis)
- Irregular rice coral (Montipora dilatata)
- Blue rice coral (Montipora flabellata)
- Sandpaper or Ringed rice coral (Montipora patula)
- Verril's lump coral (Psammocora verrilli)
- Serpentine cup coral (Eguchipsammia serpentina)
- Grand black coral (Antipathes grandis)
- Bicolor gorgonian (Acabaria bicolor)
- Small knob leather coral (Sinularia molokaiensis)
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Ferns
- Pendant kihi fern
- wahine noho mauna
- Athyrium haleakalae
- hāpuʻu ʻiʻi or Hawaiian tree fern
- Pacific lacefern or pauoa
- Molokai twinsorus fern
- Microsorum spectrum
- Sadleiria spp
- Cibotium glaucum
- Polypodium pellucidum
- amaumau fern
- Sphenomeris chinensis
- Hawaiʻi silversword
- Hesperomannia - genus of fern
- Hualalai hau kuahiwi
- Kokia drynarioides
Apiales
Arecales
- Loulu (Pritchardia fan palms)
Asparagales
Asparagaceae
- Golden hala pepe (Dracaena aurea)
- Lanai hala pepe (Dracaena fernaldii)
- Waianae Range hala pepe (Dracaena forbesii)
- Royal hala pepe (Dracaena halapepe)
- Dracaena halemanuensis
- Hawai'i hala pepe (Dracaena konaensis)
- Maui hala pepe (Dracaena rockii)
Asteliaceae
- Astelia argyrocoma
- Puaʻakuhinia (Astelia menziesiana)
- Pa'iniu (Astelia waialealae)
Orchidaceae
- Hawai'i jewel orchid (Anoectochilus sandvicensis)
- Hawai'i widelip orchid (Liparis hawaiensis)
- Hawai'i bog orchid (Peristylus holochila)
Asterales
Campanulaceae
- Alula (Brighamia insignis) - critically endangered
- Schiedea - genus of plants
- Lobelia niihauensis - endangered
- Lobelia oahuensis - critically endangered
- Lobelia gaudichaudii - critically endangered
- Lobelia gloria-montis - critically endangered
- Lobelia kauaensis - critically endangered
- Lobelia villosa - critically endangered
- Lobelia dunbarii - critically endangered
- Lobelia grayana critically endangered
- Lobelia hillebrandii - critically endangered
- Lobelia hypoleuca - endangered
- Lobelia monostachya - critically endangered
- Lobelia remyi - endangered
- Lobelia yuccoides - critically endangered
- Clermontia pyrularia - critically endangered
- Cyanea konahuanuiensis - critically endangered
- Cyanea platyphylla - critically endangered
- Cyanea superba - extinct in the wild
- Cyanea truncata - critically endangered
- Clermontia peleana - critically endangered
- Brighamia insignis - critically endangered, possibly extinct in the wild
- Brighamia rockii - critically endangered
- Trematolobelia grandifolia - critically endangered
- Trematolobelia kauaiensis - critically endangered
- Trematolobelia macrostachys- critically endangered
- Trematolobelia singularis - critically endangered
- Clermontia calophylla - endangered
- Clermontia drepanomorpha - endangered
- Clermontia grandiflora - extinct
- Clermontia hawaiiensis
- Clermontia hanaulaensis - endangered
- Clermontia kakea
- Clermontia kohalae
- Clermontia lindseyana - endangered
- Clermontia micrantha
- Clermontia montis-loa
- Clermontia multiflora
- Clermontia oblongifolia - endangered
- Clermontia pallida
- Clermontia parviflora
- Clermontia persicifolia
- Clermontia samuelii - endangered
- Clermontia arborescens
- Clermontia clermontioides
- Clermontia fauriei
- Clermontia peleana - endangered
- Clermontia pyrularia - endangered
- Clermontia tuberculata - endangered
- Clermontia waimeae - endangered
Asteraceae
- Greensword (Argyroxiphium grayanum)
- Hawaii silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense)
- ʻEke silversword (Argyroxiphium caliginis)
- Mauna Loa silversword (Argyroxiphium kauense)
- Argyroxiphium virescens
- Hawaiian iliau (Wilkesia gymnoxiphium)
- Dwarf iliau (Wilkesia hobdyi)
- Tree dubautia (Dubautia arborea)
- Keaau Valley dubautia (Dubautia herbstobatae)
- Bog dubautia (Dubautia imbricata)
- Kalalau rim dubautia (Dubautia kenwoodii)
- Small-headed dubautia (Dubautia microcephala)
- Wahiawa bog dubautia (Dubautia pauciflorula)
- Plantainleaf dubautia (Dubautia plantaginea)
- Net-veined dubautia (Dubautia reticulata)
- Wahiawa dubautia (Dubautia syndetica)
- Waiʻaleʻale dubautia (Dubautia waialealae)
- Koholapehu (Dubautia latifolia)
- Dubautia kalalauensis
- Helodeaster erici
- Helodeaster helenae
- Helodeaster maviensis
Brassicales
Caryophyllales
- Nototrichium divaricatum
- Nototrichium humile
- Nototrichium sandwicense
Cornales
- Kanawao (Broussaisia arguta)
Cucurbitales
Fabales
- Acacia koaia - vulnerable
- Māmane (Sophora chrysophylla)
Gentianales
Malvales
- Abutilon eremitopetalum
- Abutilon menziesii
- Abutilon sandwicense
- Gossypium tomentosum
- Hibiscadelphus - endemic genus
- Hibiscus arnottianus
- Yellow hibiscus (Hibiscus brackenridgei) - endangered
- Hibiscus clayii
- Hibiscus hannerae
- Hibiscus immaculatus
- Hibiscus kahilii
- Hibiscus kokio
- Hibiscus punaluuensis
- Hibiscus saintjohnianus
- Hibiscus waimeae
- Kokia - endemic genus
- Waltheria pyrolifolia
Myrtales
- ʻŌhiʻa lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha)
- Lehua mamo (Metrosideros macropus)
- Lehua papa (Metrosideros rugosa)
Piperales
Rosales
- ʻĀkala (Rubus hawaiensis)
- ʻĀkalakala (Rubus macraei)
- Māmaki (Pipturus albidus)
- Pholiota peleae[7]
- Rhodocollybia laulaha[7]
- Mycena marasmielloides[7]
Hygrophoraceae
Hygrocybe
- Canoe plants
- Endemic birds of Hawaii
- Hawaiian lobelioids
- List of fishes of the Coral Sea
- List of fish of Hawaii
- List of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands
- List of Hawaii birds
- List of invasive plant species in Hawaii
- List of animal species introduced to the Hawaiian Islands
- Peripatric speciation on the Hawaiian archipelago
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