Euphorbia celastroides

Euphorbia celastroides is a flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae.^[1] It is referred to by the common name 'akoko by Hawaiians, and is a species of spurge closely related to the poinsettia.^[2] This species develops into a round-shape shrub. This species is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.

Euphorbia celastroides
Chamaesyce celastroides (inflorescence)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Euphorbiaceae
Genus:	Euphorbia
Species:	E. celastroides
Binomial name
Euphorbia celastroides Boiss.
Synonyms[1]
List *Chamaesyce celastroides (Boiss.) Croizat & O.Deg. *Chamaesyce celastroides var. laehiensis (O.Deg., I.Deg. & Sherff) Koutnik *Chamaesyce celastroides var. nelsonii (H.St.John) V.S.Raju & P.N.Rao *Chamaesyce celastroides var. tomentella (Boiss.) Koutnik *Chamaesyce lorifolia (A.Gray ex H.Mann) Croizat & O.Deg. *Euphorbia annulata Nutt. ex Sherff *Euphorbia celastroides var. arenisaxosa H.St.John *Euphorbia celastroides var. limahuliensis H.St.John *Euphorbia celastroides var. nelsonii H.St.John *Euphorbia celastroides var. tomentella (Boiss.) Oudejans *Euphorbia lorifolia (A.Gray ex H.Mann) Hillebr. *Euphorbia multiformis var. tomentella Boiss. *Euphorbia oahuensis Skottsb. *Euphorbia rivularis A.Heller *Euphorbia stokesii C.N.Forbes

Description

Fruit of E. celastroides

Euphorbia celastroides grows as a medium-sized shrub or small tree reaching 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height.^[3] To grow properly, this species requires temperatures of 15 °C (59 °F) and light shade.^[4] This plant develops in a fashion similar to a shrub. In the summer, it assumes a red-violet colouring. It does not lose its leaves in the winter, due to the warm climate of its range. Female flowers have a three-part pistil over a three-part ovary, usually producing three (or sometimes more) seeds.^[4] This species is tolerant of heat and drought. They are susceptible to fungal diseases. Its cyathia may be located in short or open-branched cymes, or remain ungrouped in leaf axils. The leaves are distichous (grow in two vertical rows) and may have a glaucous coating. This plant produces a green or brown, rounded fruit 2 to 4 mm long, containing grey-brown seeds 0.5 to 2.5 mm long.^[3]

Distribution and habitat

Most varieties of this species can only be found in the Hawaiian Islands.^[5][6] E. celastroides is tolerant of drought and grows in dry areas, inland as well coastal.^[7] This species is endemic to the polihale and kanaio regions of Kauai and Maui.^[8]

Conservation

Euphorbia celastroides has not yet been evaluated by the IUCN.^[9] However, due to its endemic nature, it is very vulnerable to human threats. Two examples of such threats are four-wheeled vehicles (which crush the plant) and introduced species (which compete for resources).^[8]

Varieties

Euphorbia celastroides

This plant has many varieties. These varieties include:^[10]

• Var. amplectens
• Var. halawana
• Var. hanapepensis
• Var. haupuana
• Var. humbertii
• Var. ingrata
• Var. kaenana
• Var. kohalana
• Var. laehiensis
• Var. lorifolia
• Var. mauiensis
• Var. nelsonii
• Var. nematopoda
• Var. niuensis
• Var. pseudoniuensis
• Var. saxicola
• Var. typica
• Var. waikoluensis

References

1. "Euphorbia celastroides Boiss". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
2. "Euphorbiaceae at hawaii.edu". Archived from the original on 2009-09-18. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
3. Hawaiian flora at botany.si.edu
4. E. celastroides at ZipCodeZoo
5. Wagner, W.; D. Herbst; S. Sohmer (1990). Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 1853. ISBN 978-0-8248-1152-5.
6. USDA.gov on Var.kaenana
7. Mitchell, Andrew W. (1989). The fragile South Pacific: an ecological odyssey. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-292-72466-2. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
8. CHAMAESYCE CELASTROIDES COASTAL DRY SHRUBLAND Archived 2009-09-18 at the Wayback Machine at hawaii.edu
9. Chamaesyce celastroides Archived 2010-07-14 at the Wayback Machine at EOL.org
10. Euphorbia on SageBud^{[permanent dead link‍]}