Eknath Easwaran
Indian-American spiritual teacher From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Indian-American spiritual teacher From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Eknath Easwaran (December 17, 1910 – October 26, 1999) was an Indian-born spiritual teacher, author and translator and interpreter of Indian religious texts such as the Bhagavad Gita and the Upanishads.
Eknath Easwaran | |
|---|---|
| |
| Born | December 17, 1910 |
| Died | October 26, 1999 (aged 88) |
| Nationality | India, United States |
| Known for | Spiritual teacher, author, translator and interpreter of spiritual literature, teacher of Passage Meditation |
Easwaran was a professor of English literature at the University of Nagpur in India when he came to the United States in 1959 on the Fulbright Program at the University of Minnesota before transferring to the University of California, Berkeley. In 1961, Easwaran founded the Blue Mountain Center of Meditation, based in northern California.[1] In 1968 Easwaran established Nilgiri Press.[2] Nilgiri Press has published over thirty books that he authored.
Easwaran was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi, whom he met when he was a young man.[3] Easwaran developed a method of meditation – silent repetition in the mind of memorized inspirational passages from the world's major religious and spiritual traditions[4] – which later came to be known as Passage Meditation.
His teachings inspired some of his students to create the 1976 vegetarian cookbook Laurel's Kitchen.
He has been accused of sexual abuse by former residents of Ramagiri Ashram.
Eknath Easwaran was born in 1910 in a village in Kerala, India.[5] Eknath is his surname, Easwaran his given name.[6] Brought up by his mother, and by his maternal grandmother whom he honored as his spiritual teacher, he was schooled in his native village until the age of sixteen, when he went to attend St. Thomas College, Thrissur, a Catholic college fifty miles away. He graduated at the University of Nagpur in English and law.[7]: 118 He served as Chair of the Department of English at University of Nagpur.[8] Prior to arriving in the United States, he had a family with two children.
In 1959, he came to the United States as a Fulbright scholar.[9][10]
From 1960–1961 Easwaran gave talks on the Indian scriptures in the San Francisco Bay Area.[11] He met his American wife Christine at one of these talks. Easwaran founded the Blue Mountain Center of Meditation in 1961. He went back to India in 1962 to fulfill the terms of the Fulbright,[12] returning to the Bay Area in 1965 to continue his teaching. In 1968 he was invited by a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, to teach on a Religious Studies course entitled The Theory and Practice of Meditation – the first in the country offering credits.[13]
In 1970 he founded Ramagiri Ashram as a community of dedicated followers in Marin County.[7]
He set up a publishing activity, Nilgiri Press, which printed his first book Gandhi The Man, telling the story of Gandhi as a spiritual as well as a political leader.[14] His first major work was his 3-volume commentary on the Bhagavad Gita, the Bhagavad Gita for Daily Living, the first volume of which was printed in 1975 and the last in 1984. His book Meditation on the program of meditation and allied disciplines that he developed first appeared in 1978.[15]
By 2018, Easwaran's methods of spiritual practice had been the focus of two major scientific research programs that had produced thirty refereed research reports.[16]
Easwaran's written works may be grouped into several major categories—primarily books, but also articles in newspapers and other periodicals. Most of his books have been reviewed by spiritually oriented publications or websites, or by nationally known media such as The New Yorker,[17] or the New York Post.[18]
In addition, a large number of Easwaran's recorded talks have been published in video and audio formats.[19]
Easwaran's translations of the Bhagavad Gita, the Upanishads, and the Dhammapada (see article) have been critically acclaimed. Religion scholar Huston Smith is cited by the publisher as writing: "No one in modern times is more qualified – no, make that 'as qualified' – to translate the epochal Classics of Indian Spirituality than Eknath Easwaran. And the reason is clear. It is impossible to get to the heart of those classics unless you live them, and he did live them. My admiration of the man and his works is boundless."[20] In Buddhism: A Concise Introduction[21] Smith and his coauthor Philip Novak wrote that "Our favorite translation is Eknath Easwaran's The Dhammapada. His Indian heritage, literary gifts, and spiritual sensibilities... here produce a sublime rendering of the words of the Buddha. Verse after verse shimmers with quiet, confident authority. A bonus is the sparkling 70-page introduction to the Buddha's life and teachings."[citation needed]
Since 2009, Easwaran's three translations "have each been the best-selling translations of these scriptures in the USA."[16]: 96 In the US in 2016, each of Easwaran's translations outsold the second best-selling translation in its category "by more than 3:1",[16]: 96 and the second editions have together sold more than 470,000 copies.[citation needed]
Essence of the Upanishads, originally entitled Dialogue with death: The spiritual psychology of the Katha Upanishad, explains how the Katha Upanishad embraces the key ideas of Indian spirituality within the context of a powerful mythic quest – the story of a young hero who ventures into the land of death in search of immortality. "Essence of the Upanishads is a westerner's guide to this vitally important Indian text and its modern relevance to the Indian mindset and spirituality."[22]
In Essence of the Bhagavad Gita, Easwaran places the Gita's teachings in a modern context and comments on the Gita's view of the nature of reality, the illusion of separateness, the search for identity, the meaning of yoga, and how to heal the unconscious. The book views the key message of the Gita as how to resolve our conflicts and live in harmony with the deep unity of life, through the practice of meditation and spiritual disciplines.[citation needed][23]
In Essence of the Dhammapada, Easwaran comments on the Dhammapada, sayings attributed to the Buddha himself, presenting it as a guide that gives straightforward teachings about spiritual perseverance, progress, and enlightenment.[citation needed][24]
His book Passage Meditation (original title Meditation) describes the Eight Point Program that Easwaran developed, while his book Conquest of Mind goes further into the practice of these disciplines in daily life. Timeless Wisdom is a companion book to Passage Meditation and contains passages for meditation drawn from across the world's spiritual traditions. His book Mantram Handbook: a practical guide to choosing your mantram and calming your mind addresses The Mantram, the second point in the program.[citation needed]
His book Strength in the Storm[25] is an introduction to The Mantram, containing many stories and practical examples to help the reader learn how to harness the inner resources for dealing with challenges in daily living. His book Take Your Time[26] explores "Slowing Down" and "One-Pointed Attention" in daily lives. Renewal[27][28] is a pocket book of short readings on themes such as loving relationships, raising children, living simply, and aging wisely; Patience, the second in the pocket book series, shows how to cultivate Patience – "the ornament of the brave" – at any age. Other (older) books describe various aspects of leading a spiritual life: Climbing the Blue Mountain, Compassionate Universe, and Undiscovered Country.[citation needed]
God Makes the Rivers to Flow[29] is an anthology of writings from the sacred literature of the world, selected by Easwaran as useful for meditation. A larger (and earlier) version of Timeless Wisdom, it contains dozens of passages from diverse traditions, and identifies passages for particular stages in life, such as caregiving, families with small children, death and dying, grief and loss, and for building positive qualities such as patience, courage, devotion to God, and putting others first. Words to Live By[30] is a set of daily readings with Easwaran's commentary on applying the reading to daily life.[citation needed]
The Bhagavad Gita for Daily Living is a manual for living a spiritual life, comprising a verse-by-verse commentary on India's timeless scripture the Bhagavad Gita. The work is in three volumes, published in 1975, 1979 and 1984 respectively, in hardcover and later also in paperback. When the first paperbacks were published the volumes were given new subtitles: the End of Sorrow;[31] Like a Thousand Suns;[32] and To Love is To Know Me.[33]
In 2020 the three-volume set was reissued as a second edition, and as a single-volume ebook.[citation needed]
In Volume 1 (the first six chapters of the Gita) Easwaran explains how readers can begin to transform themselves, even as householders engaged in busy lives. In Volume 2 (the next six chapters) Easwaran addresses the seeming divide between scientific knowledge and spiritual wisdom, and explains how the concept of the unity of life can help people in all their relationships. In Volume 3 (the final six chapters) he makes the connection between the Self within and the Reality underlying all creation – and how to make a difference to heal the environment and establish peace in the world.[citation needed]
Gandhi the Man[34] traces how Mohandas Gandhi transformed himself into one of the world's great spiritual leaders.
Nonviolent Soldier of Islam is the life story of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a Pathan (or Pushtun) of Afghanistan and a devout Muslim, who raised the first nonviolent army in history to gain Indian independence from British colonial rule. This book was favorably discussed in The New Yorker.[17] The book also inspired[35] filmmaker and writer T.C. McLuhan, daughter of Canadian media theorist Marshall McLuhan, to make the film The Frontier Gandhi: Badshah Khan, a Torch for Peace, which won the 2009 Black Pearl Award for Best Documentary Film.[36]
Original Goodness is a commentary on the Beatitudes. Love Never Faileth is a commentary on the writings of St Francis, St Paul, St Augustine, and Mother Teresa. Seeing with the Eyes of Love is a commentary on The Imitation of Christ.
In the 1980s and 1990s, Easwaran published a variety of commentaries on public events in prominent periodicals, especially The Christian Science Monitor,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] and also in The New York Times,[47][48] elsewhere in the US,[49] and internationally.[47] He also wrote numerous commentaries that appeared in the Little Lamp (1961–1995), and in Blue Mountain (1990–present), quarterly journals published by the meditation center that he founded.[50] In the 1960s, Easwaran published articles in other spiritual journals, such as the Mountain Path, published by Sri Ramana Maharshi's ashram.[51][52] Before coming to the US in 1959, Easwaran contributed short stories and other writings to literary anthologies,[53] and to magazines such as The Illustrated Weekly of India.[54]
Many of Easwaran's recorded talks have been published in video and audio formats.[19][55]
Several dozen of Easwaran's talks have been published as video DVDs, and now as downloadable MP4s as a free subscription from the Blue Mountain Center.[19][56] Before publication as DVDs, videos of Easwaran's talks were first released in VHS videotape format.[57] Some talks are published in downloadable audio/MP3 formats.[55] Instructions for meditation by Easwaran have been published in audio form as CDs.[58] Some of Easwaran's talks were earlier published as cassette tapes[59] or LP records.[60] Magazines have reviewed some of Easwaran's published talks, both audio[61][62] and video,[63] since the 1990s.
Several of Easwaran's written works, including Essence of the Upanishads, Passage Meditation, The Bhagavad Gita, The Dhammapada and Gandhi the Man, have been published as audio books, as voice-recorded by the British actor Paul Bazely,[64] and also the philosopher Jacob Needleman.[65]
Easwaran's program for spiritual growth consists of eight points, and is described comprehensively in his book Passage Meditation – A Complete Spiritual Practice (originally published in 1978 as Meditation). Each point has a dedicated chapter:[66]
Easwaran was a lifelong vegetarian.[67]
Students of Easwaran, inspired in part by his teachings about compassion and stewardship for the environment, published the highly influential vegetarian cookbook, Laurel's Kitchen (1976), which had a strong impact on the natural foods movement within the American counterculture.[68][69] A second edition, The New Laurel's Kitchen, was published in 1986.
The book has sold over a million copies.[70] Laurel's Kitchen contained extensive nutritional information from a scientific point of view.[71]
A newspaper article[72] published in 1989 about a split at Easwaran's meditation center stated that in 1983 two female disciples had accused Easwaran of making sexual advances and trying to fondle them over several years. In that article, some of his followers also described a cult-like environment at the center.
A variety of influences of Easwaran's life and work have been documented.
Easwaran's teachings or practices have sometimes been taught as part of traditional college courses,[73] or as tools for self-management by health professionals.[74]
Outside of the US, Easwaran's life and teachings were profiled, along with those of a variety of other spiritual teachers, in a book published in India entitled Meditation Masters and their Insights.[75]
Easwaran's words have been included in collections of wisdom teachings, such as ones recently published by Chang (2006)[76] and Parachin (2011).[77] Quotations from Easwaran's translations have been used many times by both scholarly and popular writers.[78][79][80] Easwaran's other writings have also been quoted by various types of authors, including writers of novels and short stories,[81] popular spirituality,[82] and articles on management theory.[83] Psychiatrist Aaron Beck and his colleagues quoted from Easwaran's commentary on the Katha Upanishad.[84] The NAPRA ReView wrote that "The volume of [Easwaran's] work and the quality of his discourse suggest a man who has had a profound impact on the spiritual lives of many."[85]
Easwaran's method of passage meditation was followed by the poet Robert Lax.[86]: 273 Near the end of his life, Lax's only reading each day was from Easwaran's book Words to Live By.[86]: 272, 281
New Hampshire State Representative Latha Mangipudi reported having given then-Senator Barack Obama a copy of Easwaran's book Gandhi the Man in December 2006.[87][88]
Easwaran has been listed in reference works on spiritual and religious leaders.[5][89][90]
In his survey of commentaries on the Bhagavad Gita, Nadkarni described Easwaran as "respected worldwide as one of the most profound writers and orators on religion and spirituality".[91]
Easwaran's books, initially written in English, have also been translated into more than 20 other languages, and published in non-US editions by indigenous (non-US) publishers. Languages in which his books are currently in print include Bahasa Indonesian, Bulgarian, Czech, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovenian, Spanish, and Telugu. His books have also been translated into Chinese (PRC).[92]
From 2011, a number of Easwaran's books and articles were excerpted and republished as the series of short ebooks "Easwaran Inspirations":
Contributions to works by others include:
{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.
Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.
