Irish soldier and politician (1594–1665) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sir Donough MacCarty,[lower-alpha 1]1st Earl of Clancarty (1594–1665), was an Irish soldier and politician. He succeeded his father as 2nd Viscount Muskerry[lower-alpha 2] in 1641. He rebelled against the government and joined the Irish Catholic Confederation, demanding religious freedom as a Catholic and defending the rights of the Gaelic nobility. Later, he supported the King against his Parliamentarian enemies during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
He sat in the House of Commons of the Irish parliaments of 1634–1635 and 1640–1649 where he opposed Strafford, King CharlesI's authoritarian viceroy.[lower-alpha 3] In 1642, he sided with the Irish Rebellion when it reached his estates in Munster. He fought for the insurgents at the Siege of Limerick and the Battle of Liscarroll. He joined the Irish Catholic Confederates and sat on their Supreme Council. Having fought in the Irish Confederate Wars, he negotiated the Cessation of 1643, a cease-fire between the Confederates and the King. He tried to transform this cease-fire into a permanent peace and was the leader of the Confederates' peace party, which opposed the clerical faction led by Rinuccini, the papal nuncio. Together with President Mountgarret, he negotiated the Glamorgan Peace in 1645, which was disavowed by the King. In 1646 he captured Bunratty Castle from the Parliamentarians and negotiated the First Ormond Peace, which was rejected by Rinuccini, who excommunicating him. During the Cromwellian conquest, he lost the Battle of Knocknaclashy in 1651 but held on until 1652, defending Ross Castle against Edmund Ludlow. He was one of the last to surrender.
Although most Irish remained Catholics under the Protestant monarchs HenryVIII[45] and QueenElizabeth,[46] both of MacCarty's grandfathers were Protestants. His paternal grandfather, Cormac MacDermot MacCarthy, had conformed to the established religion.[47] MacCarty's maternal grandfather, Donogh O'Brien, 4thEarl of Thomond, had been brought up as Protestant at the English court.[48][49][50] MacCarty's father seems to have been a protestant in his youth but later became Catholic.[51][52][lower-alpha 7]
In 1616[68] MacCarty's father succeeded as the 17thLord of Muskerry.[69][70] In 1628 King CharlesI created MacCarty's father Baron Blarney and Viscount Muskerry. The titles were probably purchased.[71] They had a special remainder[72] that designated Donough as successor, excluding his elder brother, who was alive at the time but probably had an intellectual disability.[73]
MacCarty married Eleanor Butler[lower-alpha 8] some time before 1633 as their eldest son was born in 1633 or 1634.[lower-alpha 9] She was a Catholic, the eldest daughter of Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles.[76] The Butlers were an Old English family descending from Theobald Walter, who came to Ireland during the reign of King Henry II.[82] MacCarty was already in his late thirties while she was about twenty.[lower-alpha 10] He had been married before and had a son Donall from this wife, but this earlier marriage seems to have been ignored by his family.[lower-alpha 11] His marriage to Eleanor made him a brother-in-law of James Butler, who succeeded as 12th Earl of Ormond in 1633,[87] just before or just after MacCarty's marriage. Ormond was a Protestant,[88] as he had been brought up in England.[89]
MacCarty was re-elected for County Cork to the Irish Parliament of 1640–1649.[lower-alpha 12] The parliamentary records list him as a knight,[118] but about 1638 his father had bought him a baronetcy of Nova Scotia.[119] The King sold these for 3,000 merk Scots each[120] or £166 13s. 4d. sterling[lower-alpha 13] (equivalent to about £326,000 in 2023[109]). Under Strafford's guidance, the parliament unanimously voted four subsidies of £45,000[122] (equivalent to about £10,100,000 in 2023[109]) to raise an Irish army of 9,000[123] for use against the Scots in the Second Bishops' War.[124]
In April Strafford left Ireland[125] to advise the King during the Short Parliament at Westminster.[126] The Irish Commons saw their chance to complain about Strafford's authoritarian regime. They formed a committee for grievances of which MacCarty was a member.[127] The committee prepared a remonstrance, called the November Petition, which was signed by all its members.[128] The petition was then voted and approved by the Commons.[129] MacCarty also was part of the delegation of 13 MPs[130] that went to London in November[131] to submit the petition to the King.[132] The Lords sent a separate delegation for their grievances. MacCarty's father was part of it.[133][3]
In February 1641, MacCarty's father, aged about 70, died in London[134] during his parliamentary mission. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.[135] MacCarty succeeded as 2nd Viscount Muskerry. He lost his seat in the Commons where he was replaced by Redmond Roche, an uncle by his stepmother.[136] As his ailing elder brother had died some time before,[40] the title's special remainder did not need to be invoked. In March when Strafford was tried by the English House of Lords,[137] Muskerry gave evidence that Strafford had prevented Irish people from seeing the King.[138] When he came back to Dublin, Muskerry took his seat in the Irish House of Lords.[139]
However, the rebellion was gaining ground,[159] and on 2March,[lower-alpha 14] Muskerry changed sides,[161] to defend the Catholic faith and the King[162] as he explained on 17March in a letter to Barrymore.[163][164] Muskerry believed Phelim O'Neill acted under a royal warrant,[165] but the King had already denounced the Irish insurgents as traitors in January.[166] Hearing of his defection, the Irish Parliament declared Muskerry's estates forfeit.[167][168] He lost the Dublin townhouse that his father had built about 1640,[169] but the government could not seize his Munster estates.[170][171]
Like many Catholic royalists, Muskerry imagined Charles could be convinced to accept Catholicism in Ireland as he accepted Presbyterianism in Scotland.[172] He was also prompted to take up arms by the atrocities committed by William St Leger against the Catholic population[173][174] and by the approach of Richard Butler, 3rd Viscount Mountgarret with his rebel army.[175][176] Muskerry refused to serve under Mountgarret and competed for the leadership in Munster with Fermoy,[177] an uncle by his stepmother. Fermoy had led the rebellion in Munster before Muskerry joined[178] and outclassed him in terms of precedence,[lower-alpha 15] but Muskerry was richer.[181] At a meeting of the leaders at Blarney, Garret Barry, a veteran of the Spanish Army of Flanders, was made general of the Munster insurgents' army as a compromise.[182] Muskerry was his second-in-command.[183]
In March and April, Muskerry and Fermoy[184] with 4,000 men[185] unsuccessfully besieged St Leger in Cork City.[186] On 13April Murrough O'Brien, 6thBaron Inchiquin, an Irish Protestant,[88] lifted the siege by driving the insurgents from their base at Rochfordstown.[187][188] Muskerry lost his armour, tent, and trunks in this action.[189] He and his lady stayed nearby at Blarney Castle at the time.[190] On 16May, Muskerry and Fermoy captured Barrymore Castle at Castlelyons, Barrymore's seat.[191] St Leger died on 2July,[192] and Inchiquin, the vice-president, took over the command of the government forces in Munster.[193][194]
Muskerry had a cannon placed on the tower of St Mary's Cathedral, which overlooked the castle.[199] The besiegers attacked the castle's eastern wall and the bastion on its south-east corner by digging mines.[200] The castle surrendered on 21June and Muskerry took possession.[201] The insurgents had already attacked castles in the Connello area west of Limerick, which had been settled with English during the Plantation of Munster.[202] On 26March Patrick Purcell had laid siege to Castletown,[203] defended by Hardress Waller, the future Cromwellian general.[204][205] The castle fell in May.[206] In July, Muskerry and Patrick Purcell used artillery, captured at King John's Castle, to take Kilfinny, defended by Elizabeth Dowdall,[207] Waller's mother-in-law.[208][209]
Siege and Battle of Liscarroll
The Munster insurgents then attacked the castles of Sir Philip Perceval. In the summer of 1642 Muskerry took Annagh Castle, County Tipperary, and in August besieged Liscarroll Castle, County Cork. The castle surrendered on 2September.[lower-alpha 16] The next day Inchiquin with his army appeared before the castle.[213] Despite inferior numbers[214] Inchiquin defeated the insurgents under General Garret Barry in the ensuing Battle of Liscarroll.[215][216] Muskerry allegedly panicked, fled, and caused others to flee.[217] His Protestant acquaintance Barrymore died in September, supposedly of wounds received in the battle.[218]
Confederation
In 1642 the insurgents organised themselves in the Irish Catholic Confederation. In May the Catholic Church declared the war lawful.[219][220] An oath of association was dawn up.[221] In October Muskerry attended the first Confederate General Assembly at Kilkenny[222][223] where Mountgarret was elected president of the Confederation.[224] Muskerry was not elected to the Supreme Council, but his rival Fermoy was.[225] Garret Barry was made general of the Munster Army,[226] despite his recent defeat and advanced age. Barry seems to have held the position until his death in March 1646 in Limerick,[227] but others commanded in his stead. In 1643 Muskerry and Fermoy were both elected to the Supreme Council.[lower-alpha 17]
Later that year, Muskerry led the Munster Army in an offensive against Inchiquin in County Waterford.[238]Lieutenant-Colonel, Patrick Purcell, unsuccessfully besieged Lismore Castle, the seat of the Earls of Cork.[239] Muskerry was about to take Cappoquin but engaged in parleys[240] and was outwitted by Inchiquin, who delayed the town's surrender until September when the cease-fire ended the war.[241]
Cessation and Oxford conference
Muskerry, like most of the magnates among the Confederates, was afraid to lose title and land when the King regained control. He therefore adhered to a faction within the Confederates, called the peace party or the Ormondists,[242] that sought an agreement that would protect against such a loss. The King, on the other hand, sought peace with the Confederates to be able to withdraw troops from Ireland for use in the English Civil War.[243] In 1643, the King asked Ormond to open talks with the Confederates.[244] On 15September 1643 at Sigginstown, Strafford's unfinished house,[245] the Confederates signed a cease-fire with Ormond, called the "Cessation".[241] Muskerry was one of the signatories.[246][247] The Confederates agreed to pay the King £30,000 (equivalent to about £6,400,000 in 2023[109]) in several instalments.[248] In return, the Confederates gained some degree of diplomatic recognition.[249] The articles of the Cessation[250] gave Lismore Castle and Cappoquin to Inchiquin.[251]
In November 1643 the Supreme Council appointed seven delegates,[252] with Muskerry as leader,[253] to submit grievances to the King[254] and negotiate a peace treaty. In January 1644 they obtained safe-conducts from the Lords Justices.[255] It must have been their last days in office as Ormond was sworn-in as lord lieutenant of Ireland on 21January.[256] The delegates arrived on 24March at Oxford where the King held his court.[257] Muskerry demanded public exercise of the Catholic religion, independence from the English parliament, and full amnesty for their rebellion.[258][259] The King offered Muskerry an earldom, which he refused.[260] A competing Irish Protestant delegation arrived on 17April.[261][262] End of June the Confederate delegates returned to Ireland empty-handed.[263]
The Cessation allowed the Confederates to focus on their war with the Covenanters in Ulster, who were aligned with the English Parliament.[264]Owen Roe O'Neill led the Confederate Ulster army, deployed on that front, but the Supreme Council imposed Castlehaven as general-in-chief for the campaign of 1644.[265] Castlehaven marched north to Charlemont but did not bring the Covenanters to battle.[266] In July Inchiquin declared for Parliament,[267] reactivating the southern front around the city of Cork,[268][269] where the Munster Army was deployed. The fourth general assembly, in July 1644, elected the fourth Supreme Council. Muskerry regained his seat,[270][232][231] but Fermoy did not.[271] The cessation had a duration of one year, expiring on 15September 1644. It was extended twice:
by Muskerry and Ormond in August 1644 until 1December;[272][273][274] and by Muskerry and Lord Chancellor Bolton in September until 31January 1645.[275][276]
In the campaign of 1645, Castlehaven commanded the Munster Army in its fight against Inchiquin.[277][278] Under Castlehaven's command Patrick Purcell took Lismore Castle,[279][280] but Inchiquin doggedly defended the rest.[281] In the fifth general assembly in summer 1645, Muskerry was re-elected to the Supreme Council.[282][232]
Glamorgan Treaty
In 1645 the King sent Edward Somerset, Earl of Glamorgan, to Ireland to speed up the peace negotiations with the Confederates.[283] Glamorgan was an English Catholic and son of Henry Somerset, 1st Marquess of Worcester, an important royalist.[284] Ormond sent Glamorgan to Kilkenny with a letter of introduction to Muskerry dated 11August.[285] He was received by Mountgarret and Muskerry.[286] On 25August Glamorgan signed the first Glamorgan Treaty with the Confederates. Muskerry was one of the signatories.[287] The treaty was kept secret.[288] It ceded to the Catholics the churches that the Confederates had seized since the beginning of the rebellion.[289][290]Sir Charles Coote divulged it in October after he found a copy in the luggage of Malachy Queally, bishop of Tuam, killed in action near Sligo.[291] The King disavowed the treaty in January 1646.[292]
Nuncio
In 1645 the pope sent Giovanni Battista Rinuccini as nuncio to the Irish Catholic Confederation.[293] Rinuccini landed in October on Ireland's south-west coast with money and weapons.[294] On his way to Kilkenny, the Confederate capital, Rinuccini visited Macroom Castle where Lady Muskerry and her 11-year-old eldest son, Charles, received him while her husband was negotiating with Ormond in Dublin.[295][296] The nuncio stayed for four days[297] and then continued to Kilkenny arriving on 12November.[298]
In town, the nuncio was attended to by Muskerry, who had just returned from Dublin, and by General Preston.[299] They accompanied him to Kilkenny Castle for his official reception by Mountgarret[300] and escorted him back to his residence.[301]
First Ormond Peace
The Confederate assembly on 6March 1646 authorised its delegates to conclude a peace with Ormond.[302] Muskerry signed the "First Ormond Peace" on 28March 1646 for the Confederates.[303] The treaty's 30 articles[304] covered civil rights, but left the religious ones to be decided by a future Irish parliament.[305] The parties agreed to defer the treaty's publication for now.[306][307]
According to the treaty, the Confederates were expected to send an Irish army of 10,000 men, about half the Confederate army, to England before 1May, but by then it was already too late. Bristol had fallen in September 1645[308] and Chester in February 1646,[309] depriving the King of his main harbours on the Irish sea.[310][311] Admiral Richard Swanley and Captain William Penn patrolled the sea with the Irish Squadron of the Parliamentarian Navy.[312] Muskerry wrote to Ormond on 3April that the Irish army's expedition to England had to be abandoned.[313] The First English Civil War ended shortly after the First Ormond Peace was signed. The Scots took the King into custody on 5May.[314]
Siege of Bunratty
As the Confederates sent no troops to the King, their armies kept their full strength. The Munster Army, under Glamorgan, favoured by Rinuccini, was sent to besiege Bunratty Castle near Limerick,[315] into which the 6th Earl of Thomond, a Protestant, had admitted a Parliamentarian garrison in March 1646.[316][317] The Confederates lacked money to pay their army.[318] After a setback on 1April, in which the garrison drove the besiegers from their camp at Sixmilebridge,[319] the Supreme Council replaced Glamorgan with Muskerry at the end of May.[320][321] Muskerry had Lieutenant-General Purcell, Major-General Stephenson, and Colonel Purcell under him[322] with three Leinster regiments and all the Munster forces.[323] The castle's defences had been modernised by surrounding the castle proper, essentially a big tower house, with modern earthworks and forts defended by cannons.[324] These fortifications abutted on the sea and Bunratty was supported by a small squadron of the Parliamentarian Navy under now-Vice-Admiral Penn. On 9May, Lord Thomond left Bunratty for England by sea.[325] On 13June arrived the news of Owen Roe O'Neill's victory over the Covenanters at Benburb,[326][327] won with the financial support from the nuncio.[328] At the end of June Rinuccini came and paid the soldiers £600 (equivalent of about £123,000 in 2023[109]),[329] exhausting the last of his funds.[330] Muskerry brought two heavy cannons from Limerick for the siege.[331] His rivals accused him of having spared the castle because Thomond was his uncle.[332] When on 1July a chance shot through a window killed McAdam, the Parliamentarian commander,[333] Muskerry pressed on[334] and the castle capitulated on 14July.[335] The garrison was evacuated to Cork by the Parliamentarian Navy, but had to leave arms, ammunition, and provisions behind.[336][337]
Early in 1646, while Muskerry was at the siege of Bunratty, Broghill with a Parliamentarian force from Cork captured Blarney Castle.[338][339] It must have been a bold coup as Muskerry was accused of having betrayed the castle.[340]
In May, Lady Muskerry, with her children was brought to Dublin for their security. Similar rescues were organised for her mother, Lady Thurles, and her sisters, Lady Hamilton and Lady Loughmoe.[341]
Rejection of the First Ormond Peace
Muskerry and Ormond confirmed and signed the First Ormond Peace again in July 1646.[342] The peace was thus concluded twice: on 28March and in July 1646.[343] Muskerry got the treaty ratified by a vote in the Supreme Council despite the nuncio's opposition. Ormond had it proclaimed in Dublin on 30July[344][345] and the Supreme Council did so in Kilkenny on 3August.[346]
Rinuccini held a meeting of the clergy at Waterford, which on 12August 1646 condemned the treaty.[347] Rinuccini then excommunicated Muskerry and others who supported it.[348][349] On 18September, Rinuccini overturned the Confederate government in a coup d'état[350] with help of the Ulster Army, which Owen Roe O'Neill had marched to Leinster.[351] On 26September[352] Rinuccini made himself president and appointed a new, the seventh, Supreme Council[353][354] in which sat Glamorgan, Fermoy, and Owen Roe O'Neill.[355] Rinuccini arrested Muskerry, Richard Bellings, and other Ormondist members of the previous Supreme Council.[356] Most were detained in Kilkenny Castle, but Muskerry was put under house arrest.[357][358] Muskerry had to cede the command of the Munster Army to Glamorgan.[359] Being under arrest in Kilkenny Muskerry missed out on the attempted siege of Dublin by Owen Roe O'Neill and Preston in November 1646.[360][361][362]
Having failed to take Dublin, Rinuccini released Muskerry and other political prisoners as demanded by Nicholas Plunkett,[363] and called a general assembly, which met on 10January 1647 in Kilkenny.[364] It lasted until the beginning of April. The assembly elected a new Supreme Council, the eighth, with the Marquess of Antrim as president.[365] It was dominated by the clerical faction but also included Muskerry[366][232] and three other Ormondists.[367]
Mutiny of the Munster Army
The Supreme Council had in 1647 confirmed Glamorgan, who had become the 2nd Marquess of Worcester in December 1646,[368] as general of the Munster Army,[369] but the Confederation lacked the funds to pay the army.[370] Worcester was unpopular with the troops[371] and the Munster gentry[372] because he was English. Several regiments mutinied demanding that Muskerry should be appointed general.[373] Three Dominican chaplains of the army insinuated that killing Muskerry would not be a sin.[374] One of them was Patrick Hackett,[375] a Gaelic poet.[376] Gaelic was still the predominant language among the rank and file.[377][378]
Early in June 1647 the Supreme Council met at Clonmel near the Munster Army's camp.[379] On 12June Muskerry, together with Patrick Purcell, rode over from the council meeting to the army's camp[380] where the troops acclaimed him as their leader and turned Worcester out of his command.[381] The Supreme Council ignored Muskerry's de facto take-over, upheld Worcester as the de jure commander who then passed the command officially to Muskerry.[382][383] Early in August Muskerry handed the command over to Theobald Viscount Taaffe of Corren.[384][385] Neither Worcester, nor Muskerry, nor Taaffe stopped Inchiquin, who took Cappoquin and Dungarvan in May[386] and sacked Cashel in September.[387]
Decline of the Confederation
Meanwhile, on 6June 1647, Ormond had accepted Colonel Michael Jones with 2,000 Parliamentarian troops into Dublin. On 28July, Ormond handed Dublin over to the Parliamentarians and left for England.[388][389] In August Preston tried to march on Dublin with the Leinster army, but Jones defeated him at Dungan's Hill.[390] Muskerry called in Owen Roe O'Neill to defend Leinster.[391] In November, Taaffe lost the Battle of Knocknanuss against Inchiquin.[392]
Towards the end of 1647, the Supreme Council sent Muskerry, Geoffrey Browne, and the Marquess of Antrim to negotiate with the exiled Queen Henrietta Maria, at the Château-Neuf de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France. They wanted to invite the Prince of Wales, the future CharlesII, then aged 17, to Ireland,[393] and negotiate another peace to replace the one concluded with Ormond.[394] In February 1648 Ormond left England[395] and joined the Queen. Antrim departed before Muskerry and Browne and arrived early in March.[396] Muskerry and Browne departed in February[397] and had reached Saint-Germain by 23March.[398] On 24March 1648, the Queen received the three envoys in an audience.[399] However, 1648 was the year of the Second English Civil War[400] and plans were made for the Prince of Wales to go to Scotland to support the Engagers rather than to go to Ireland, but eventually, he stayed in France.[401] With regard to a new peace, Antrim, representing the clerical faction, insisted that no peace should be accepted in Ireland without the pope's approval and that a Catholic lord lieutenant should be appointed,[402] an office he hoped to obtain for himself.[403]
On 3April 1648, Inchiquin changed sides, leaving the Parliamentarians and declaring for the king.[404] Muskerry convinced the Queen to appoint Ormond as lord lieutenant and accept Inchiquin as an ally.[405] Muskerry returned to Ireland in June to prepare for Ormond's arrival.[406] Ormond landed at Cork in September.[407] Muskerry was made Irish lord high admiral and president of the high Court of Admiralty.[408] In November he signed letters of marque for the privateersMary of Antrim and the St John of Waterford.[409]
In January 1649, the Second Ormond Peace was signed.[410] The Irish Catholic Confederation was dissolved,[411] and replaced with a provisional royalist government.[412] Power was handed to 12 Commissioners of Trust.[413] Muskerry was one of them.[414]
Cromwellian conquest
On 15August 1649, Oliver Cromwell landed in Dublin.[415] He wanted to avenge the uprising of 1641, confiscate enough Irish Catholic-owned land to pay off the English Parliament's debts, and eliminate a dangerous outpost of royalism.[416]
In April 1650, Muskerry lost Macroom Castle. An Irish force raised by Fermoy[417] and Boetius MacEgan, Catholic Bishop of Ross, tried to relieve the Siege of Clonmel. Led by Colonel David Roche and the bishop, this force passed by Macroom and camped in the castle's park. Macroom's garrison burned the castle and joined Roche's force,[418][419] Cromwell sent Broghill to intercept the Irish, which were routed in the Battle of Macroom on 10April.[420][421][422] Clonmel surrendered to Cromwell in May.[lower-alpha 18] Cromwell had to hurry away to counter a threat from Scotland[425][426] and passed the Irish command to Henry Ireton on 19May.[427]
Muskerry fell back into the mountains of Kerry and based himself at Ross Castle near Killarney,[434] owned by Sir Valentine Browne, his nephew by his sister Mary.[435] Browne, born in 1638, was a minor and had become Muskerry's ward after his father's untimely death.[436] In 1652 the government put a bounty of £500
(about £97,000 in 2023[109]) on Muskerry's head.[437] Muskerry hoped that the Duke of Lorraine would intervene to save the Irish royalists.[438]
Edmund Ludlow besieged Muskerry in Ross Castle, on the shore of Lough Leane.[439] The defenders were supplied by boat over the lake.[440] Ludlow brought boats of his own[441] whereupon Muskerry surrendered on 27June 1652[442] after a siege of three weeks.[443] The terms took a possible prosecution into account.[444] Muskerry gave two hostages to guarantee his compliance with the terms: one of his sons[445] and "Daniel O'Brien".Daniel O'Brien.[446] This son probably was Callaghan, whereas the Daniel O'Brien probably was the future 3rd Viscount Clare, about 30 at the time, rather than the future 1st Viscount, who was about 70. Muskerry disbanded his 5,000-strong army. He was excluded from pardon of life and estate in the Commonwealth's Act of Settlement on 12August and therefore lost his estates.[447] His surrender was one of the last, but Clanricarde, 28June,[448] and Philip O'Reilly, 27April 1653,[449] surrendered later.
Muskerry was allowed to embark for Spain[450]
where he was rejected as Ormondist.[451]
He then sought employment with the Venetian Republic for himself[452] and the Irish soldiers that he brought with him,[453] but the project fell through. He returned to Ireland late in 1653[454] landing at Cork[455] to recruit soldiers for service on the continent[456] but was arrested for war crimes[457] and detained[458] until the opening of his trial on 1December in Dublin. He was accused of having been an accessory to murders of English settlers on three occasions.[459]
The first case was the murder of William Deane and others at Kilfinny, County Limerick, by soldiers of the Munster army on 29July 1642.[460] The victims died when Lady Dowdall surrendered Kilfinny Castle to Patrick Purcell, who commanded the besiegers.[207] It had been agreed that the English would be allowed to leave escorted by a detachment sent by Inchiquin.[lower-alpha 19] The second case was the murder of Mrs Hussey and others near Blarney Castle, County Cork, by Irish soldiers on 1August 1642. The victims were refugees that Muskerry had sheltered at Macroom and was sending to Cork in a guarded convoy so that they could leave the country.[463][464] The third case was the murder of Roger Skinner and others at Inniskerry, County Cork, in August 1642.[465] Muskerry was acquitted of these three charges.[466]
In February 1654 he was tried for having participated in royalist conspiracies.[467]Lady Ormond, who had been allowed to return to Ireland from her French exile,[468] secretly visited Gerard Lowther, president of the High Court of Justice at the time,[469][470] who gave her legal advice for Muskerry.[471] This helped him convince the court of his innocence and he was acquitted.[472]
In May 1654 he had to defend himself against another murder charge concerning the killing of an unnamed man and woman. He was acquitted.[473]
Muskerry was again allowed to embark for Spain[474] but went to France. Henrietta Maria, now the Queen Mother, still lived there, but in July 1654 CharlesII and his exile court were about to leave France and start their wanderings in the Netherlands and Germany.[475] Lady Muskerry lived in Paris.[476] Muskerry's daughter Helen found shelter at the abbey of Port-Royal-des-Champs[477] near Versailles. The abbess, La Mère Angélique, tried to help Muskerry and his Irish soldiers in their need. In November 1654 she wrote to Queen Marie Louise Gonzaga of Poland proposing to employ Muskerry and his followers– 5,000 men– in Polish service.[478] In 1655 Muskerry[479] and Bellings[480] led them to the Polish King,[481][482] who fought the Swedes[483] in the Second Northern War. Muskerry and Bellings returned with £20,000 for CharlesII.[484] In 1657 the King sent Muskerry to Madrid to ask the Spanish to let the Irish exiles now in Spain invade Ireland.[485] They stayed seven months but achieved nothing.[486] Muskerry's eldest son fought the French and Cromwell's English at the Battle of the Dunes in June 1658[487][488] The King, in exile at Brussels, rewarded Muskerry in November 1658 with the title of Earl of Clancarty.[489] His title of Viscount Muskerry, now subsidiary, passed to his eldest son Charles, his heir apparent, as courtesy title.[490]
At the Restoration of the Stuarts, Clancarty, as he now was, returned to Ireland. He used Ormond's influence to recover his estates,[492][493] which CharlesII confirmed to him in his "Gracious Declaration" of 30November 1660.[494] The Cromwellian occupiers had to leave at once.[495] Now-Admiral William Penn, to whom Macroom had been granted in 1654,[496] was compensated with land at Shanagarry (east of Cork).[497] Broghill had to return Blarney[498] and Kilcrea.[499] The Clancartys repaired and enlarged Macroom Castle.[500][501] Clancarty also recovered his townhouse, which now became Clancarty House.[502][503] Clancarty found wealthy Irish spouses for his eldest son and his two daughters. This son married Margaret Bourke in 1660 or 1661. She was a rich heiress, the only child of Ulick Burke, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde.[504] Clancarty's elder daughter Helen married twice. First, after 1660 Sir John FitzGerald of Dromana, a Protestant, as his second wife.[505] The marriage was childless.[506] After his death in 1664,[507] Helen married secondly William Burke, 7th Earl of Clanricarde.[100] Clancarty's younger daughter Margaret married Luke Plunket, 3rd Earl of Fingall, before 1666.[508]
In the winter of 1661–1662, Clancarty signed the Catholic Remonstrance drawn up by Bellings and promoted by Peter Walsh.[509] in an attempt to improve the Catholics' condition in Ireland by demonstrating their loyalty to the King. However, the remonstrance proved inefficient, mainly because too few of the clergy signed.[510]
In August 1660, CharlesII made George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, lord lieutenant of Ireland.[511][512] As Albemarle never went to Ireland, the King appointed three lords justices to govern in his stead.[513] When the King summoned the Parliament of 1661–1666, it was opened by the lords justices on 8May 1661.[514] Clancarty joined the House of Lords on 20May.[515] On 11June Clancarty became the proxy of Lord Inchiquin,[516] therefore voting in his stead. The passing of the Act of Settlement was one of the main purposes of the parliament.[517] Clancarty was absent on 30May 1662 when the Lords finally passed it.[518] Clancarty sat on the committee that organised the gift of £30,000 (about £5,300,000 in 2023[109]) made to the Duke of Ormond. However, Clancarty's eldest son, Charles MacCarty, replaced him in that function on 19August.[519] On 11December, the Lords passed the Irish version of the Tenures Abolition Act 1660.[520] Clancarty attended parliament regularly until April 1663 when he moved to London.[521] He visited his Irish estates in 1664 for a last time and returned to England.[522]
On 3June 1665, Charles, Viscount Muskerry, Clancarty's eldest son and heir apparent, was killed during the Second Anglo-Dutch War in the Battle of Lowestoft, a naval engagement with the Dutch[92][523][524] and buried in Westminster Abbey[80][525] as his grandfather, the 1st Viscount, had been.[135] Charles left an infant son, called Charles James, who became the new heir apparent.[526]
Only one and a half months later, on 4or 5August 1665,[527][528] Clancarty died at Ormond's house at Moor Park, Hertfordshire.[529] Ormond, despite being a Protestant, called in a Catholic priest for the last rites of his friend.[530] The Catholic political pamphlet The Unkinde Deserter of Loyall Men and True Frinds claims that in his last hour Clancarty expressed regret at having trusted Ormond.[531]
Charles's infant son Charles James succeeded his grandfather as the 2nd Earl of Clancarty but died a year later.[532] The succession then reverted to the 1st Earl's second son, Callaghan, who succeeded as the 3rd Earl of Clancarty.[533]
Notes
His first name is variously spelled Donough[534][535] Donogh,[536] Donoch,[83] or Donagh.[118] His family name is variously spelled MacCarty,[536] MacCarthy,[534] McCarthy,[118] M'Carthy,[537] M'Carty,[538] or Mc Carthy.[539]
His title as viscount is spelled Muskerry in recent sources,[1][2] but some older ones use Muskery,[3] Muskry,[4] Musgry,[5] or Muscry.[6]
Viceroy or "chief governor of Ireland" are general terms for the king's representative and head of the executive in Ireland.[7] Wentworth's (later Strafford's) title was first lord deputy and then lord lieutenant.[8]
This family tree is based on three graphic trees[9][10][11] and on written genealogies of the Earls of Clancarty,[12][13] the MacCarthy of Muskerry family,[14] the Earls of Thomond,[15][16] and the Earls of Ormond.[17] Also see the list of children in the text.
His grandfather is also counted as the 17th Lord of Muskerry.[14]
According to O'Hart, Charles MacDermot MacCarthy (Donough's father) studied at Oxford University.[53] Indeed a Charles MacCarty matriculated on 2 February 1602, aged 14, at Broadgates Hall, a precursor of Pembroke College.[54] However, this date and age make his birth year 1587 or 1588, too late to marry in 1590[55] and have a son in 1594.[56] Whoever this student was, he must have been a Protestant as Catholics were not accepted at Oxford University in his time.[57]
Recent sources call MacCarty's wife Eleanor,[74][75][76] but some older ones call her Helena[77] or Ellen.[78] Her younger sister who married Sir Andrew Aylmer was also known as Eleanor.[79]
MacCarty's eldest son, Charles (or Cormac), was born between 4June 1633 and 3June 1634 as he died on 3June 1635,[80] aged 31.[81]
Her age when she married (about 20) can be deduced as John Lodge states that she died in April 1682 aged 70.[78]
Also called the "Parliament of 1639–1648"[115] as its start date and end date are both affected by the shift in the start of the year from 25March to 1January in the calendar reform of 1750. The opening date, the 16March 1640, was still in 1639 according to the Old Style (O.S.) calendar, in force in Great Britain and Ireland at the time, under which each year ended on 5April. Similarly, the end date, 30January 1649 (the execution of CharlesI),[116] was still in 1648 according to O.S.[117]
Muskerry changed sides on Ash Wednesday 1642.[160] Calculations with the Easter Calculator of the University of Utrecht or that of the IMCCE show that Ash Wednesday fell on 2March in 1642.
Fermoy and Muskerry were both viscounts, but the Muskerry viscountcy had only been created in 1628,[179] whereas the Fermoy viscountcy was much older.[180]
The dates given for the sieges of Annagh and Liscarroll castles are confusing, but it is sure the sieges happened in the summer of 1642 and that Liscarrol fell on 2September.[210][211][212]
Authors agree that Muskerry and Fermoy sat together in a Supreme Council in 1643. According to Cregan (1995) and Ó Siochrú (1997) this was the Second Supreme Council, May to November 1643,[228][229][230] but McGrath (1997) and Jane Ohlmeyer (2004) maintain it was the third, November 1643 to July 1644.[231][232]
The date of the surrender varies with authors and is either 10 or 18May 1650.[423][424]
Lady Dowdall's narration is found in the 2nd volume of Gilbert's History (1882), which can be read in the original[461] or, more easily, in a version with modernised spelling.[462]
Blazoned as: argent, a stag, trippant, gules, attired and unguled, or.[491]
French 1846, p.88. "...he [Ormond] deceaved thye person most trusted in him... I mean the Earle of Clancarty (then lord viscont Musgry) his brother in law, who seemed sore vexed in his dying bed for having placed trust in Ormond..."
O'Hart 1892, p.122, top. "Cormac MacCarty Mor, Prince of Desmond (see the MacCarty Mór Stem, No. 115,) had a second son, Dermod Mór, of Muscry (now Muskerry) who was the ancestor of MacCarthy, lords of Muscry and earls of Clan Carthy."
Wood 1935, p.1. "The titles of the chief governors of Ireland have been various... lieutenant of the king, lieutenant general and general governor, deputy or lord deputy, justiciar or lord justice..."
Ohlmeyer 2004, p.107, left column, line 26. "Blarney Castle, just north of Cork City and 'a place of great strength' was the family's principal residence."
Lodge 1789a, p.36. "...an only daughter Margaret married to Cormac [Oge], son and heir to the Lord Muskerry, and was mother to Donogh first Earl of Clancarthy."
Ó Siochrú 2009b, 1st paragraph, 2nd sentence. "Although his family were catholics of native Irish stock, their long tradition of loyal service to the English crown had enabled them to retain extensive lands in Co. Cork."
Gibson 1861a, p.84, line 9. "There were at this time four distinct chieftainships of the Mac Carthys; the Mac Carthys Mor, or lords of Desmond, and their off-shoots, namely, the Mac Carthys Reagh of Carbery, the Donough Mac Carthys of Duhallow, and the Mac Carthys of Muskerry."
O'Hart 1892, p.122, left column. "116. Dermod Mór: son of Cormac Mór, Prince of Desmond; b. [born] 1310; created by the English in A.D. 1353, 'Lord of Muskerry'..."
Lainé 1836, p.72. "X. Dermod-Môr, Mac-Carthy, fils puiné de Cormac-Môr, prince de Desmond et d'Honoria Fitz-Maurice, eut en apanage la baronnie de Muskery..."
Burke 1866, p.406, left column. "Donough O'Brien, 4th Earl of Thomond, and lord-president of Munster, called "the great earl", m. [married] 1st Ellen, dau. [daughter] of Maurice, Lord Viscount Roche of Fermoy, and had a dau., Margaret, m. to Charles McCarthy, 1st Viscount Muskerry."
Cokayne 1896, p.391, note b. "They were descended from the celebrated Brien Boroihme, principal king of Ireland (1002–1004) through his grandson Turlogh..."
Cokayne 1893, p.425, line 29. "He [Charles MacCarty] m. [married] firstly, about 1590, Margaret, da. [daughter] of Donough (O'Brien), 4th Earl of Thomond..."
Cokayne 1893, p.425, footnote. "Donogh was the 2nd son, but his elder br. [brother], Cormac, is said to have d. [died] young, tho' he might be living (possibly an idiot) at this time."
Lodge 1789d, p.55, line 29. "He [Valentine Browne, 2nd Baronet] married Mary second daughter of Cormac, Lord Muskerry, before-mentioned, sister to his father's second wife."
Cusack 1871, p.265. "But Dr. Browne [the Anglican bishop] soon found out that it was incomparably easier for Henry to issue commands in England than for him to enforce them in Ireland."
McCarthy 1913, p.66. "Cormac MacDermott, 16th Lord, born in 1552, attended Parliament in 1578 as 'Baron of Blarney', and conformed to the Protestant church."
McGurk 2004, p.360, right column, line 32. "He [Donogh O'Brien] was educated at Elizabeth's court and described as 'as truly English as if he had been born in Middlesex.'."
Cokayne 1893, p.425, line 29. "He [Charles MacCarty] m. [married] firstly, about 1590, Margaret, da. [daughter] of Donough (O'Brien), 4th Earl of Thomond..."
Hunter-Blair 1913, p.366, left column. "...imposed upon the university the royal Supremacy and the Thirty-nine Articles, subscription to which was required from every student..."
Burke 1866, p.455, right column, line 42. "I. Ellen m. [married] 1st to Donnel McCarthy Reagh, of Killbritain, co. Cork, Esq.; 2ndly to Charles Viscount Muskerry, and 3rdly to Thomas Fitzmaurice, 4th son of Thomas 18th Lord Kerry."
Cokayne 1893, p.425, line 31. "He [Charles MacCarty] m. [married] secondly, Ellen widow of Donnell MacCarthy Reagh, da. [daughter] of David (Roche), Viscount Fermnoy..."
McCarthy 1922, p.121, line 35. "After his [Donal's] death, in 1636, CharlesI, by Letter Patent, granted her one-third of her husband's estate for dowry, as also the permission to marry again of which she availed herself."
Burke 1866, p.344, right column, line 8. "Sir Cormac MacCarthy, of Blarney, called Cooch or Blind, Lord of Muskerry, who m. [married] 1st Mary, dau. [daughter] of Sir Theobald Butler, Knt., Lord of Cahir, and by her left at his decease, 23February, 1616, two sons..."
Cokayne 1893, p.425, line 26. "...suc. [succeeded] his father 23Feb. 1616 and was cr. [created] 15Nov. 1628, Baron Blarney and Viscount Muskerry, both of co. Cork [I. [Ireland]], for life, with rem. [remainder] to his son Donough and the heirs male of his body..."
Cokayne 1893, p.425, footnote. "Donogh was the 2nd son, but his elder br. [brother], Cormac, is said to have d. [died] young, tho' he might be living (possibly an idiot) at this time."
Cokayne 1913, p.215, line 4. "He [Donough MacCarty] m. [married], before 1648, Eleanor, sister of James, 1st Duke of Ormonde, da. [daughter] of Thomas Butler styled Viscount Thurles, by Elizabeth da. of Sir John Pointz."
Ohlmeyer 2004, p.107, left column, line 35. "...Donough MacCarthy had married by 1641 Eleanor (or Ellen; 1612–1682), the eldest daughter of Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles, and sister of James, later Duke of Ormond."
Lodge 1789b, p.39, line 33. "Daughter Ellen, married to Donogh, Earl of Clancarthy, and dying in April 1682, AEt. 70, was buried 24 in the Chancel of St. Michan's church."
Cokayne 1913, p.215, line 13. "He [Charles (Cormac)] d. v.p. [predeceased his father] being slain on board 'the Royal Charles' in a sea-fight against the Dutch, 3, and was bur. [buried] 22June 1665 in Westm. [Westminster] Abbey."
O'Hart 1892, p.124, left column, line 41. "By his first marriage this Donoch had a son named Donall, who was known as the Buchail Bán (or the 'white-haired boy')."
Cregan 1995, p.502. "...while others of the great Anglo-Irish and Old Irish peers, as Kildare, Ormond, Thomond, Barrymore, Inchiquin and Howth, were now to be found in the Protestant ranks."
Lodge 1789b, p.43, line 28. "He [James Butler] was granted in Ward 26May 1623 to Richard, Earl of Desmond, and by order of K. JamesI educated under the eye of Doctor George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury..."
Firth 1903, p.71, line 1. "...lieutenant-colonel was Charles (or Cormac) MacCarty, eldest son of Lord Muskerry. Muskerry commanded an Irish regiment in French service which... formed part of the garrison of Condé."
Cokayne 1893, p.390. "The Hon. Justin MacCarty 3d and yst [youngest] s. [son] of Donough, 1st Earl of Clancarty [I. [Ireland]] by Eleanor, sister of James Duke of Ormonde..."
Cokayne 1913, p.233, line 2. "He [William] m. [married] 2ndly Helen, widow of sir John FitzGerald, of Dromana, co. Waterford (who d. [died] 1662), da. [daughter] of Donough (MacCarty), 1st Earl of Clancarty [I. [Ireland]] by Eleanor..."
Cokayne 1926, p.386, line 26. "He [Luke Plunkett] m. [married], before 1666, Margaret, da. [daughter] of Donough (MacCarty) Earl of Clancarty [I. [Ireland]], by Eleanor, sister of James (Butler) 1st Duke of Ormonde, and da. of Thomas Butler, styled Viscount Thurles.... His widow d. [died] 1Jan. 1703/4 and was buried in the chapel of Somerset House."
Harris 1930, p.1193, left column, line 60. "k. [knight] of the shire, in England, one of the representatives of a shire or county in Parliament, in distinction from the representatives of cities and boroughs."
Hey 1996, p.256, left column, line 40. "Knight of the shire... The term survived from the Middle Ages into the 19th century, though by then county MPs rarely held a knighthood."
Wedgwood 1961, p.156, line 1. "...Wentworth agreed that ten only [of the Graces] should become statute law, and that all the rest, with the exception of two, should be continued at the discretion of the government. The two exceptions, articles 24 and 25, affecting land tenure..."
Gerard 1913, p.739, right column. "[The year began]... from 1155 till the reform of the calendar in 1752 on 25March, so that 24March was the last day..."
Ohlmeyer 2004, p.107, left column, line 45. "In the parliaments of 1634 and 1640 MacCarthy sat as MP for co. Cork and served as member of the committee which presented grievances to CharlesI in 1640."
Wedgwood 1961, p.320. "Poor Christopher Wandesford, as Lord Deputy, exerted no control at all; he had managed to prorogue the house, but not until after the remonstrance had been voted."
Woolrych 2002, p.163, line 36. "They sent it over to England... in the charge of thirteen members, who spanned the whole gamut from Irish and Old-English Catholics to New English puritans and Scottish Presbyterians. They included Sir Donagh McCarthy..."
Ó Siochrú 2009b, Penultimate sentence of the 1st paragraph. "In December 1640 MacCarthy travelled to London as a member of a commons committee to present a list of grievances to the king."
Bagwell 1909a, p.303. "...deputed Gormanston, Dillon, and Kilmallock to carry their grievances to London. When Parliament reassembled [i.e. 26Jan 1641] this action was confirmed and Lord Muskerry was added to the number."
Lainé 1836, p.77. "(extrait du certificat de funérailles)... enterré dans le bas-côté [de Westminster] près de son grand-père Charles, lord vicomte Muskery."
Ó Siochrú 2009b, 1st paragraph, last sentence. "He gave evidence at Strafford's trial, accusing the lord lieutenant of refusing travel licences to Irishmen who wished to visit the court."
Morrill 1991, p.8. "Yet there never has been any agreement amongst historians about what to call the crisis in England in the 1640s. Contemporaries in England saw it as 'The Troubles' or 'The Great Civil War'" or as the 'Great Rebellion'; while contemporaries in Scotland saw it as the 'Wars of the Covenant' and contemporaries in Ireland as the 'War of the Three Kingdoms'.
Duffy 2002, p.112, line 22. "Besides, the threat of civil war in England presented the best opportunity in a generation for an attempt to overthrow English rule..."
Perceval-Maxwell 1994, p.214. "Sir Phelim O'Neill struck in Ulster on the evening of Friday, 22October [1641], 'the last day of the moon'. He took Dungannon first, and two hours later he was in the possession of the strong castle of Charlemont..."
Budgell 2003, p.22, line 4. "...at Castlelyons where the Earl of Barrymore, his [Broghill's] brother-in-law had invited them [Broghill and Cork] both to dine. The Lord Muskerry and some other men of quality of the Irish Nation, with whom they lived in an easy and familiar way, were of the party."
Burke 1866, p.25, left column, line 53. "David Barry, Viscount Buttevant, who highly distinguished himself by his fidelity to the English interest during the civil commotions in Ireland, and was created 28February, 1628, Earl of Barrymore. His lordship m. [married] 29 July 1621, Alice, eldest dau. [daughter] of Richard, Earl of Cork..."
Ó Siochrú 2009b, 2nd paragraph. "During the initial months of the uprising in 1641, Muskerry remained loyal to the Dublin administration but most of his tenants and adherents defected to the rebel cause."
Carte 1851b, p.148, line 17. "It was the middle of December before any one gentleman in the province of Munster appeared to favour the rebellion; many of them had shewn themselves zealous to oppose it and had tendered their service for that end. Lord Muskerry, who had married a sister of the Lord Ormond's, offered to raise a 1000 men at his own charge..."
Hill 1873, p.71, left column, footnote 81. "...lord and lady Muskerry devoted their time, and energies, and worldly means to the work of preserving Protestants, and relieving them in great numbers from cold and hunger."
Hickson 1884b, p.175, line 1. "But, staunch and devout Roman Catholic as he [Donough MacCarthy] was, he refused to sanction the extermination of his Protestant countrymen..."
Ohlmeyer 2004, p.107, right column, line 2. "on the grounds that the rebellion was the only means of preserving Catholicism, the king's prerogative and the 'antient privileges of the poore Kingdom of Ireland...'"
Ó Siochrú 2009b, 2nd paragraph, middle. "...[Muskerry] claimed that he had joined the rebellion to maintain the 'Catholic religion, his majesty's prerogative...'"
Wedgwood 1978, p.26, line 14. "Their leaders—Phelim O'Neil and Rory M'Guire in the North, Lord Muskerry in the South—persistently claimed that they had the royal warrant for what they did."
Mahaffy 1891, p.44. "There were several sites granted on the north side of Dame Street, by the Corporation [i.e. Trinity College] to gentlemen of quality, who built houses with gardens stretching behind them to the river. I found mention of three of these before 1640. Presently, two larger mansions were erected there—Clancarty House, at the foot of the present S. Andrew's Street, and opposite it Chichester House..."
Duffy 2002, p.112, line 19. "...by the early months of 1642 only a few pockets of loyalism remained, principally defended towns and forts, many under siege."
Woolrych 2002, p.218. "the Irish rebellion did reach its largest territorial extent during January and February. Its partisans secured Waterford, Tipperary, Kilkenny during January; the Earl of Thomond tried in vain to prevent County Clare from joining them and when Viscount Muskerry declared for them in February, most of County Cork was lost."
Foster 1989, p.120, line 15. "The recent example of the Scottish covenanters and their success in achieving a special recognition for a Presbyterian church in Scotland..."
Butler 1925, p.254, line 3. "But soon, goaded to action it would appear by the atrocities of St. Leger and the Protestant settlers, he [Muskerry] threw in his lot with his countrymen."
Kelsey 2004, p.197, left column, bottom. "Mountgarret now headed south and took Mallow before an argument with Lord Roche and the rebels of co. Cork, one of the earliest signs of tensions within the confederate camp..."
Cokayne 1890, p.328. "8. Maurice (Roche) Viscount Roche of Fermoy [I. [Ireland]], s. and h. [son and heir], took his seat (by proxy) in the House of Lords [I. [Ireland]], 26Oct. 1640. He was deeply involved in the troubles of 1641..."
Ó Siochrú 2009b, 2nd paragraph, 4th sentence. "His personal rivalry with Maurice Roche, Viscount Fermoy, another leading catholic magnate in Munster, hindered the progress of the catholic forces in the province."
Cokayne 1893, p.425, line 26. "...was cr. [created] 15Nov. 1628, Baron Blarney and Viscount Muskerry, both of co. Cork [I. [Ireland]], for life, with rem. [remainder] to his son Donough and the heirs male of his body..."
O Callaghan 1990, p.32, right column. "...his annual revenue amounted to £7,000 and he had inherited £30,000. In contrast Roche, Mac Donough, OCallaghan, and OKeeffe were so deeply into debt that their revenues served only to meet their interest payments."
Wiggins 2001, p.xvi. "March 1642 / 2nd / At a meeting in Muskerry's house in Blarney, Co. Cork, the leadership question is resolved when Garrett Barry is appointed general, with the other notables forming a council of war."
Ohlmeyer 2004, p.107, right column, line 7. "Muskerry, working closely with Colonel Garret Barry, a veteran from the Spanish service in Flanders, now led the Catholic war effort in Munster."
McGrath 1997c, p.266, line 6. "In April 1642 he [St Leger] was besieged in Cork by Theobald Purcell, Richard Butler, and Lords Roche, Ikerrin, Dunboyne and Muskerry."
Bagwell 1909b, p.3. "...besieged in Cork 'by a vast body of enemy lying within four miles of the town, under my Lord of Muskerry, O'Sullivan Roe, MacCarthy Reagh, and all the western gentry...'"
Ohlmeyer 2004, p.107, right column. "On 16May Muskerry and Lord Roche captured and then pillaged Castle Lyons (though Barrymore was allowed to escape unharmed)."
M'Enery 1904, p.163, penultimate line. "The principal men among the besiegers were General Gerald Barry, Patrick Pursell of Croagh, County Limerick, lord Roche, lord Muskerry..."
M'Enery 1904, p.163, line 31. "The castle was defended by Captain George Courtenay, a younger son of Sir William Courtenay, head of the famous house of Courtenay, Earls of Devon;"
Westropp 1907, p.155. "The English settlers were given possession of the castles, and Connello was divided into seignories, mainly held by Berkeley, Courtenay, Oughtred, Trenchard, Cullom, Billingsley and Agar."
Firth 1899, p.128, left column. "In the conquest of Ireland he [Waller] took a prominent part, following Cromwell thither with his regiment in December 1649."
Murphy 2012b, p.142. "Eventually a shortage of water forced Waller to yield the castle [i.e. Castletown] about six weeks later on either 4or 13May 1642."
Westropp 1907, p.163. "Purcell came up with seven thousand men and three of its cannon, and fired on the castle. Defence was impossible; the indomitable woman, after enduring 'three great shot', surrendered..."
Lodge 1789c, p.16. "Sir John Dowdall of Kilfinny... left five daughters, viz Anne... Elizabeth [married] before 1630 to Hardress Waller of Castleton in the county of Limerick, Knt.;"
Moriarty 1895, p.373, right column. "In the summer of 1642 a detachment of the confederate army under Lord Muskerry advanced into Percival's districts. All his castles were taken though Annagh and Liscarrol offered a stubborn resistance, the former [sic] holding out for eleven days against an attacking force of 7,500 men (20Aug.–2Sept. 1642)."
Bagwell 1895, p.321, left column, line 14. "On 20August Inchiquin, accompanied by Barrymore, Kinalmeaky, and Broghill... with only two thousand foot and four hundred horse..."
Ohlmeyer 2012, p.266. "...at the battle of Liscarroll (3September 1642) when troops led by Lords Brittas, Castle Connell, Dunboyne, Ikerrin, Muskerry, and Roche took on a Protestant force..."
Meehan 1882, p.42. "On the 24th of October [1642] therefore twenty-five peers,—eleven spiritual, fourteen temporal,—and two hundred and twenty-six commoners had met within the walls of Kilkenny..."
Ó Siochrú 2009b, Penultimate sentence of the 2nd paragraph. "...Muskerry attended the first general assembly of the confederate catholics in Kilkenny in October 1642."
Ó Siochrú 1997, p.63, line 18. "...he [Muskerry] definitively attended the meeting the following May [1643], where assembly members elected him onto the Supreme Council..."
Borlase & Hyde 1680, p.117. "...a mischief they [the English] might have avoided had they been less confident, and given greater credence to their Intelligence. The 4th of June..."
Castlehaven 1815, p.40, last line. "I lost no time in the charge, and quickly defeated his horse, who, to save themselves, broke in on the foot, and put them into disorder..."
Castlehaven 1815, p.40, line 21. "The foot marched after but the old General moved so slowly, that I had defeated the enemy before he came within two miles of the place."
Moody & Martin 2001, p.161, line 27. "On the one hand were the Old English who had little to gain and much to lose and who were prepared to agree upon moderate term with Charles."
Duffy 2002, p.114, line 7. "...CharlesI sought to make peace with the Confederates in order to free up the forces of the Dublin government for service against his Parliamentary opponents in England."
Barnard 2004b, p.156, left column, line 17. "To his end, Ormond and other royal emissionaries were empowered to conclude truces with the Irish insurgents."
Meehan 1882, p.73. "...the confederate commissioners agreed to meet him in Strafford's unfinished mansion at Jigginstown, in order to a cessation of arms."
Bagwell 1909b, p.50. "Ten persons signed on the part of the Confederates, of whom Lord Muskerry, Sir Robert Talbot, and Geoffrey Browne were perhaps the most notable."
Gilbert 1882a, p.163, note 1. "James, Marquess of Ormonde, Lieutenant-General of his Majestie's army in the kingdom of Ireland of the one part, and Donogh, Viscount Muskery; Sir Lucas Dillon, Knight; Nicholas Plunket, Esquire; Sir Robert Talbot, Baronet; Torlogh O'Neill; Geffry Browne; Ever Mac Gennis, and John Walshe, Esquires: Authorized by his Majestie's Roamn Catholic subjects, of the other part."
Carte 1851c, p.263. "...the thirty thousand pounds which by the articles of the cessation was to be paid, half in money and the rest in beeves and ammunition."
Woolrych 2002, p.273. "Ormond's fellow protestant commanders such as Thomond and Inchiquin and Coote had misgivings about his treating with the Confederates, but in accordance with the king's instructions..."
Bagwell 1909b, p.64, line 19. "The persons chosen were Lord Muskerry, Antrim's brother Alexander Macdonnell, Sir Robert Talbot, Nicholas Plunkett, Dermot O'Brien, Geoffrey Browne, and Richard Martin."
Meehan 1882, p.99. "...Muskerry, MacDonnell, Plunket, Sir Robert Talbot, Dermid O'Brien, Richard Martin, and Severinus Browne, formed the deputation, which reached Oxford at the beginning of April, when they laid before his majesty a statement of grievances..."
Bagwell 1909b, p.64, line 27. "As soon as it was known in Ireland that the King would be likely to receive the Confederate agents, the more zealous Protestants began to prepare for a counter-mission. Charles expressed himself ready to hear both sides."
Burghclere 1912, p.243. "It was at the end of June that the Irish commissioners returned from expounding their views to Charles at Oxford. Their voyage had been distinctly unprofitable."
Ó Siochrú 1997, p.67, note 42. "After the confederates signed the truce with Ormond in September 1643, however, the Scots were the only enemy remaining in the kingdom, until Lord Inchiquin and the Munster garrisons defected from the royalist camp in July 1644."
Bagwell 1909b, p.70. "After Marston Moor [July 1644] it became evident that the King was powerless to protect the Irish Protestants, and Inchiquin resolved to throw in his lot with the Parliament."
Meehan 1882, p.111. "Muskerry, Sir Robert Talbot, Browne, D'Arcy, Dillon, and Plunket set out on the 31st of August 1644 for Dublin where the cessation was extended to December1 and subsequently to a longer period."
Coffey 1914, p.148, line 14. "...continued the cessation from September 15th to December 1st; the Irish Confederates signing it included Muskerry, Plunkett, and others."
Coffey 1914, p.148, line 18. "A conference was held, beginning on Friday September 6th, between Bolton, Lord Chancellor of Ireland and others appointed by Ormond, on the one side, and Muskerry..."
Ó hAnnracháin 2008, p.68, line 29. "In 1645 the resources of the entire confederate association were focused on Munster in an attempt to excise the Protestant controlled zone there."
Castlehaven 1815, p.59. "I invested it; and having ordered the batteries, and lieut. general Purcell to command, and try if he could have better success with that place now..."
Adams 1904, p.284. "The following year [1645] the castle was again besieged, this time by troops under Lord Castlehaven. Major Power with a garrison of a hundred of the Earl's tenants managed to kill five hundred of the besiegers and to make terms before they surrendered."
Joyce 1903, p.199. "The king, finding he could do nothing through Ormond, sent over the earl of Glamorgan in 1645, who made a secret treaty with the confederates."
Roberts 2004, p.577, right column. "...the Somerset family was an important financial resource for the king, its estates being valued in December 1641 at between £40,000 to £100,000."
Ó Siochrú 2009b, 4th paragraph, 3rd sentence. "In August 1645 Muskerry and the other confederate commissioners signed a secret peace treaty with Gloamorgan..."
Corish 2004, p.668, left column, line. "...he was killed at Ballysadare near Sligo on 25October [1645]... a copy of the Glamorgan treaty was found among his effects..."
Tomassetti 2016. "...l'impegno di I. X [Innocent X] crebbe in Irlanda, dove nell'aprile 1645 fu inviato un nunzio speciale, Giovanni Battista Rinuccini..."
Meehan 1882, p.136, line 9. "At the great gate of Macroom Castle he was received by the Lady Helena Butler, sister to Lord Ormond and wife of Lord Muskerry, who was then in Dublin."
Ohlmeyer 2004, p.107, right column, line 29. "...his [Donough's] wife and son, Charles, welcomed the papal nuncio Rinuccini to their castle at Macroom shortly after his arrival in Ireland in October 1645."
Meehan 1882, p.140, line 6. "The religious ceremonies concluded, the Nunzio retired to the residence provided for him and was waited on by Lord Muskerry and General Preston."
Aiazza 1873, p.91, line 15. "My first visit to the Supreme Council passed in the following manner:—General Preston and Lord Muskerry... waited upon me for the part of the Council, upon which I set off on foot accompanied by all the nobility..."
Coffey 1914, p.174, line 10. "[the peace] was not to be published until the 1st of May, owing to the agreement made with Rinuccini and Glamorgan. But even then it was not published, as Ormond wished for directions from Charles. It was therefore arranged to postpone the publication until August 13th."
Woolrych 2002, p.343. "Ormond did sign a treaty with Confederate delegates in March 1646, though nothing concrete was to come of it, since Chester surrendered in February."
Street 1988, p.27. "On 3rd June Penn wrote 'The admiral gave me a warrant to go an board and take possession of the Happy Entrance, Regis, and so to be his Vice-Admiral...' "
Gardiner 1893a, p.54, line 16. "A Parliamentary squadron had sailed up the estuary of the Shannon and had seized Bunratty Castle, a few miles below Limerick."
Meehan 1882, p.190. "Reverting to the operations before Bunratty, it is necessary to state that the detachments that Glamorgan was to have brought to England had failed to reduce the place, and that he himself was driven from his camp... the command then devolved to Lord Muskerry..."
O'Donoghue 1860, p.274, line 5. "He [Muskerry] had under him lieutenant-general Purcell, major-general Stephenson, and colonel Purcell, all of them officers trained in the great struggle known since as the thirty years' war."
Street 1988, p.38. "As well as the circle of earthworks and the tidal marshland the castle stood on high ground and had its own defence of a high earth mound."
Street 1988, p.41, line 22. "It was on 1st July [1746] that the tragedy occurred... Colonel MacAdams rose... and passing a window when a shot passed through it and killed him."
Adams 1904, p.69, line 27. "When Muskerry heard this, he decided to attack in force 'knowing how much discouraged they were at the loss of so valiant a person.' "
Adams 1904, p.69, line 30. "...the garrison capitulated for their lives, and the officers their swords, and returned to Cork by water. This was in 1646."
Gilbert 1879, p.122, line 34. "...notice came to Muskry residinge then at the siedge of Bonratty, that Mallarny [Blarney] was taken by a partie of Insichuynes horse..."
Manning 2001, p.151, line 29. "The younger Lady Hamilton was brought to Dublin, presumably with her family, in 1646, with her mother, Lady Thurles, and her sisters: Lady Muskerry and the wife of the baron of Loghmoe as reported on May 30th 1646."
Webb 1878, p.58, right column. "...on 29th July 1646 a 'peace' was concluded by the Marquis [Ormond] on behalf of the King, and by Muskerry on behalf of the Confederates."
Wedgwood 1978, p.570, line 30. "On July 30 Lord Muskerry and his colleagues having ratified the treaty in defiance of the Nuncio, Ormonde had it formally proclaimed in Dublin."
Dunlop 1906, p.530, line 16. "...the Supreme Council passed a resolution authorising the ratification and publication of the peace. The resolution had been carried in face of the fiercest opposition of the Nuncio."
Dunlop 1906, p.530, line 28. "... convoked a meeting of the clergy to Waterford, where on August 12 a resolution was passed condemning the peace and forbidding its proclamation under pain of excommunication..."
Ó hAnnracháin 2008, p.69, line 18. "During August and September [1646] the Irish clergy, marshalled and led by the papal nuncio, first denounced the peace and then excommunicated all who supported it."
Casway 2004, p.854, left column, line 27. "By the end of August 1646 O'Neill had directed his forces to Kilkenny to support the position of the nuncio..."
Carte 1851c, p.266. "...on the 26th [September 1646] by a solemn decree [Rinuccini] appointed a new council consisting of four bishops and eight laymen..."
Ó Siochrú 1997, p.242, line 10. "when the clerical faction seized power later that same year [1646], they appointed a new council of 17, the first and only occasion the General Assembly was not involved in the procedure."
Bagwell 1909b, p.129. "Rinuccini then proceeded to imprison the old Supreme Council. Mountgarret's eldest son Edmond, Belling, the secretary and historian, Lord Muskerry... were among those confined in the castle."
Hickson 1884b, p.197. "...the Nuncio and his party prosecuted... him, the Lord Muskerry for insisting on the peace and seized on him and Sir Robert Talbot... etc., who were kept prisoners at Kilkenny"
Carte 1851c, p.274. "...on Nov.2 [1646] the two generals joined in sending propositions to the lord lieutenant, demanding the admission of Roman Catholic garrisons into Dublin..."
Carte 1851c, p.278. "...on the 16th a person came to the door with intelligence that the English forces were landed and received in Dublin. O'Neile ...decamped in the night with his army..."
Meehan 1882, p.211, line 25. "A new Supreme Council of twenty-four was now elected; all of whom, with the exception of Muskerry and three others, were inflexibly opposed to the Marquess of Ormond."
Meehan 1882, p.215, line 7. "...the want of money and provisions... Fifty thousand dollars, forwarded by the Holy See for the confederate armies, were still on the coast of France; but the Parliamentary cruisers stood in the way..."
Morley 2016, p.329. "...the poetry of Pádraigín Haicéad, an Old English priest from Tipperary, who spent some time in Louvain and hailed the outbreak of the 1641 rebellion in [Gaelic] verse: Caithfid fir Éireann uile&..."
Ó Cuív 1976, p.529. "Although at the beginning of the seventeenth century Irish had not lost its dominant position, there is no doubt that the confiscations and plantations that accompanied the Elizabethan conquest left the way open for the spread of English."
Morley 2016, p.335. "Although it is true that English spread from east to west, it also spread from the top to the bottom of society: if the gentry acquired English in the seventeenth century, the rural middle class followed suit in the eighteenth..."
Gilbert 1879, p.141. "My lord Muskry... with Lieutenant Generall Pursell in his company... putts himself in posture on a hill in sight of the armie..."
Warner 1768, p.121, line 25. "In the mean time he [Muskerry] repaired to the army, where he had great interest; and in an hour's time they declared for him, and turned Lord Glamorgan out of this command."
Bagwell 1895, p.323, left column, line 14. "Cappoquin and Dromana against which he had cherished designs since 1642 were easily taken. There was a little fighting at Dungarvan... This was early in May."
Webb 1878, p.59, left column, line 45. "On 28th of July the Marquis, leaving the Viceregal regalia to be delivered to the Parliamentarian commissioners, took ship at Dublin and landed at Bristol after a five-days passage."
Hill 1873, p.274, footnote 53. "Towards the close of the year 1647, the Catholics met in Kilkenny, and agreed that, as all access to the captive king was forbidden, they would invite the prince his son to come to Ireland... The commissioners appointed were the marquess of Antrim, lord Muskerry, and Mr. Geoffrey Browne."
Gardiner 1893b, p.109. "...sending three commissioners to France with the twofold objective of inviting the Prince of Wales to Ireland... and of coming to an agreement with the queen on terms of peace which might supersede those formerly arranged with Ormond."
Ohlmeyer 2001, p.205. "Antrim and the abbot made excellent progress and were in St Germain, near Paris, by early March, arriving shortly after Ormond himself."
Seaward 2004, p.124, left column, line 36. "In May [1648] pro-royalist risings broke out in a number of places in England and Wales, and part of the English fleet defected to the king. At the end of June Prince Charles prepared to join the action..."
Gardiner 1893b, p.162, line 28. "...Antrim was steadfast in declaring that no terms of peace would be accepted in Ireland until they had received the approval of the Pope and that it was absolutely necessary that a Catholic Lord-Lieutenant should be appointed;"
Gardiner 1893b, p.162. "Muskerry and Brown urged Henrietta Maria to appoint Ormond Lord Lieutenant without waiting for the pope's approbation and to sanction an understanding between Inchiquin and the Confederates. After some hesitation the Queen gave her decision in favour of the latter policy."
Airy 1886, p.56, left column, line 50. "...and in August, he [Ormond] himself began his journey thither. On leaving Havre, he was shipwrecked and had to wait in that port for some weeks; but at the end of September he again embarked, arriving at Cork on the 29th."
Murphy 2012a, p.122, line 21. "Donough MacCarthy, viscount Muskerry, the Irish lord high admiral, also gave out commissions solely under his name like those from November 1648 for the Mary of Antrim and the St John of Waterford."
Bagwell 1909b, p.175, line 17. "The confederacy was dissolved and the powers of provisional government vested in twelve lay notables, of whom three were peers..."
Bagwell 1909b, p.175, Footnote. "The Commissioners of Trust were Viscounts Dillon and Muskerry, Lord Athenry, Alexander MacDonnell, Sirs Lucas Dillon, Nicholas Plunket, and Richard Barnewall, Geoffrey Browne, Donough O'Callaghan, Turlagh O'Neill, Miles O'Reilly, and Gerald Fennell Esquires."
Corish 1976c, p.337. "After the execution of the King [by Parliament] it was necessary to secure the new English state from royalist dangers from Ireland and Scotland. Ireland was given priority. The enclaves held by Parliament were threatened by the Royalists' forces now united under Ormonde; satisfaction was due to the Adventurers, who had invested money in the reconquest of Ireland on the strength of acts passed by Parliament in 1642; and vengeance had to be exacted for what was now unquestionably accepted as the planned general massacre of 1641"
Carte 1851c, p.539. "The marquess of Ormond then desired the lord Roche to raise a body of men in his country and attempt the relief of the place [Clonmel]."
Adams 1904, p.290. "Upon approach of Lord Broghill with a body of horse, the garrison in the castle set fire to it and joined the main body encamped outside."
Bagwell 1909b, p.223. "...they burned Muskerry's castle at Macroom and assembled in the park. They were raw levies and probably badly armed, for they were routed in a very short time."
Ó Siochrú 2009e, Middle of the 1st paragraph. "Undeterred, he raised an army with Boetius McEgan, bishop of Ross, but their defeat by Roger Boyle, Lord Broghill, at Macroom (10April 1650) effectively ended organised confederate resistance in south Munster."
Belloc 1934, p.259. "...left the townsmen free to surrender if they would, but not until he should have marched his men out of the town by night... not till this was fully accomplished did the Mayor send to Cromwell for a parley. It was the 10th of May, 1650."
Burke 1907, p.78. "Articles were made between the Lord Leifetenant [i.e. Cromwell] and the Inhabitants thereof touching the reddition thereof, May the 18th, 1650."
Ó Siochrú 2009b, 8th paragraph, 4th sentence. In April 1651 Ormond's deputy, Ulick Burke (qv), marquis of Clanricarde, granted him supreme command in Munster, in the absence of James Tuchet (qv), earl of Castlehaven"..."
Coffey 1914, p.222. "The last real battle fought in Ireland until the battle of the Boyne, nearly forty years later was at Knockbrack, on July 26th when Broghill fought Muskerry."
Firth 1894, p.320, line 10. "Ross in Kerry; where the Lord Muskerry made his principal rendezvous, and which was the only place of strength the Irish had left, except the woods, bogs and mountains..."
Cokayne 1900, p.237, line 19. "III. 1640. Sir Valentine Browne, Bart [I. [Ireland] 1622] of Molahiffe aforesaid, 1st s. [son] and h. [heir] b. [born] 1638, being but 2 years old at his father's death, when he suc. [succeeded] to the Baronetcy 25April 1640;"
Wells 2015, p.87. "...a bounty list issued by the English authorities in late May and June 1652, which offered substantial sums for 'the persons or the heads' of prominent confederates including £500 for Donough MacCarthy, Viscount Muskerry..."
Ó Siochrú 2005, p.927. "Viscount Muskerry decided to approach Lorraine directly. He instructed an agent to request that the duke direct supplies to Muskerry's own area of operations in south Kerry, or failing that, to inquire about possible employment for the viscount on the continent."
Prendergast 1854, p.29. "...the number of boats provided for the assault of Ross Castle was not less than twenty, each capable to carry fifty to sixty men; two of them pinnaces..."
Firth 1894, p.321, line 11. "...much time was spent in the discussion of some particulars, especially that concerning the murder of the English, which was an exception we never failed to make; so that the Irish commissioners seeming doubtful whether by the wording that article they were all included, desired that it may be explained; to which we consented... "
Ó Siochrú 2009c, End of 2nd paragraph. "...he [Daniel] submitted to the English parliament under the articles agreed the following year by Donogh MacCarthy, Viscount Muskerry. O'Brien was one of the hostages..."
Firth & Rait 1911, p.599. "That James Butler Earl of Ormond, James Touchet Earl of Castlehaven, Ullick Bourk Earl of Clanrickard, Christopher Plunket Earl of Fingal, James Dillon Earl of Roscomon, Richard Nugent Earl of Westmeath, Morrogh O Brien Baron of Inchiquin, Donogh Mac Carthy Viscount Muskerry... be excepted from pardon for Life and Estate."
O Callaghan 1990, p.36, left column, line 34. "Apparently they [Muskerry and Callaghan O Callaghan] had gone to Spain, where they discovered that because of their adherence to the Ormondist faction in the Confederation of Kilkenny, they were not received with great warmth by other Irish exiles..."
Ohlmeyer 2004, p.107, right column, line 57. "Despite being exempted from pardon of life and estate by the Act for the Settling of Ireland (August 1652), Muskerry returned to Ireland late in 1653."
Burghclere 1912, p.437, line 13. "As he believed his articles guaranteed immunity, he now unwarily ventured back to Ireland in search of new recruits, but he was instantly seized and brought to trial..."
Hickson 1884b, p.192, top. "High Court of Justice, Dublin, December 1st 1653. Trial of the Lord Viscount Muskerry as accessory to the murder of: I. Mrs. Hussey... II. William Deane... III. Roger Skinner..."
Gilbert 1882b, p.72. "I was forced to cry quarter, but could not get it but upon condicion that what presners war for the Ingles army shold be given to them to redem me; wich my Lord of Incequin most honarble ded and sent a nobell convay of cavalears..."
Bourke 2002, p.24. "I was forced to cry quarter, but could not get it but upon condition that what prisoners were for the English army should be given to them to redeem me, which my lord of Inchiquin most honourably did and sent a noble convoy of cavaliers..."
Firth 1894, p.341, line 13. "...Lord Muskerry had taken what care he could for their security, and had done what in him lay to bring the person who was guilty of that blood to justice, the court acquitted him..."
Hickson 1884b, p.235, line 11. "Dec. 1653. Lord Muskerry for Mr. Deane and three others and a woman named Nora.—As to the matter of fact guilty. As to article considered not guilty. Same for Roger Skinner.—Not guilty"
Perceval-Maxwell 2004, p.131. "...in 1653 the English Parliament issued an order to permit her to live in her house at Dunmore, co. Kilkenny, and receive £2000 per annum from her estate..."
Mountmorres 1792, p.231. "...she had an opportunity of doing him great service; for she secretly visited the lord chief justice Lowther, who had high reverence for her, and he dictated to her what that lord should plead and how to answer every thing that should in public on his trial be objected against him;"
Ohlmeyer 2004, p.108, left column, line 6. "He was retried in February 1654 for his part in royalist conspiracies, but thanks to the influence that Lady Ormond enjoyed with the Cromwellian authorities was again acquitted."
O Callaghan 1990, p.36, right column, line 17. "Muskerry was acquitted of the [first] charge and of a second murder charge in May 1654, when he was allowed to go into exile."
Clark 1921, p.8, line 27. "...his [Antoine Hamilton's] mother and his aunt, Lady Muskerry, had apartments at the Couvent des Feuillantines in Paris..."
Clark 1972, p.51. "La Mère Angélique seems to have suggested his going to Poland to offer not only his services, but also those of his five thousand men who were in an 'extrême misère', and on November 20th, 1654, she writes to the Queen, Marie de Gonzague..."
Clark 1921, p.9. "A little later [in 1657], Charles... despatched Sir George Hamilton and his brother-in-law, Lord Muskerry, to Madrid to find out whether it would be agreeable to the King of Spain that the Irish now in Spain and those who would come over from the French should be sent immediately into Ireland."
Webb 1878, p.303, line 53. "Macarty, Charles, eldest son of preceding [i.e. the 2nd Viscount Muskerry], took service in France and distinguished himself in the Low countries."
Cokayne 1913, p.215, line 2. "As reward for his services he was by patent dat. [dated] at Brussels 27Nov., 1658, cr. [created] Earl of Clancarty, Co. Cork [I. [Ireland]]"
J. C. 1908, p.105, line 22. "In 1654, Cromwell wrote to Ireland to direct that the Admiral should have lands to the value of £300 per year in the Co. Cork, near some fortified place. The place selected was that same Castle and Manor of Macroom..."
Barnard 2004a, p.111, left column. "...had recently been augmented by the belated passage of an ordinance which conferred on him [Broghill] confiscated properties in co. Cork including Blarney Castle and Ballymaloe."
Cokayne 1913, p.215, line 10. "He [Charles MacCarthy] m. [married] shortly after 2Mar. 1659/60 and before May 1661, Margaret, only da. [daughter] of Ulick..."
Mackenzie 1907, p.124: "John had no children by his second marriage, and when he died in 1664, his daughter Katherine was left as the sole heiress of all his broad acres."
Burke 1866, p.561. "Sir John FitzGerald, of Dromana, Knt., M.P. for Dungarvan, m. [married] 1st Catherine, dau. [daughter] of John, Lord Poer, she d. [died] 22August 1660, and 2ndly Helen, dau. of Donogh MacCarthy; he d. 1March 1664..."
Creighton 2004, p.29. "Among the ninety-eight subscribers were many that could be variously described as Old English, Ormondist, or former moderates from the days of the confederation. These included the earls of fingal, Clancarty and Carlingford..."
Hagan 1912, p.541. "...he was unable to induce or force the meeting to sign a document which the great majority regarded as disrespectful to the Holy See, if not actually in conflict with Catholic teaching on the supremacy of the pope."
Smith 1893, p.103. "Soon after, Lord Orrery, with the Earl of Mountrath and Sir Maurice Eustace, lord chancellor, were declared lord justices of Ireland, and sent over with a commission to hold a parliament..."
House of Lords 1779, p.231. "Die Mercurii, 8° Maii, Anno Regn. Dni Caroli II, 13° Annoq; 1661° The Lords who had sat before in Parliament, either in Person or by Proxy, took their places."
House of Lords 1779, p.246, right column. "Die Martis 11° Junii 1661°... The Earl of Inchiquin's Proxy, assigned to the Earl of Clancarty read and allowed."
Duffy 2002, p.118, line 3. "In 1662 another Act of Settlement was passed, the purpose of which was to sort out the sorry mess that existed between the many existing claims..."
House of Lords 1779, p.[https://opac.oireachtas.ie/Data/Library7/Library1/DC900086.pdf#page=315 305, left column, bottom. "30th of May, 1662... that the Act intitled an Act for the better Execution of his Majesty's gracious Declaration for the Settlement of this kingdom of Ireland, and Satisfaction of the several Interests of Adventurers, Soldiers and other his Subjects there, shall pass as a Law."
House of Lords 1779, p.331, left column. "...ordered that the Viscount Muskry be added to the Committee for managing the free Conferences with the House of Commons concerning the £30,000 for his Grace the duke of Ormond, in room of the Earl of Clancarty..."
House of Lords 1779, p.358, right column. "A bill for taking away the Court of Wards and liveries, and Tenure in capite and knight's service – Tertia vice lecta – Passed nemine contradicente."
Ó Siochrú 2009b, last paragraph, 1st sentence. "Clancarty travelled to Ireland one last time in 1664, visiting his estates, before returning to England."
Hyde 1827, p.389. "...killed on board the duke's own ship... the Lord Muskerry, eldest son of the earl of Clancarty, a young man of extraordinary courage and expectation..."
Pemsel 1977, p.50. "13June 1665 Battle of Lowestoft. The Duke of York, brother of the English king, is commander-in-chief of the English Fleet... in Royal Charles..."
Cokayne 1913, p.216. "2. Charles James (MacCarty), Earl of Clancarty, & [I. [Ireland]], grandson and h. [heir], being only s. [son] and h. of Charles (MacCarty) Viscount Muskerry..."
Ohlmeyer 2004, p.108, left column, line 28. "The duke had ensured that a priest was present since he believed that 'it is the part of a good Christian to help another die like one in his own way, nor yet believing that the merciful God hath so limited his Salvation as passionate and interested men have done.' "
French 1846, p.88. "...he [Ormond] deceaved thye person most trusted in him... I mean the Earle of Clancarty (then lord viscont Musgry) his brother in law, who seemed sore vexed in his dying bed for having placed trust in Ormond..."
Burke 1866, p.344, right column, line 42. "Charles, 2nd earl, who d. [died] a child, in 1668, and was s. [succeeded] by his uncle Callaghan, 3rd Earl."
Lainé, P. Louis (1836). "Mac-Carthy". Archives généalogiques et historiques de la noblesse de France[Genealogical and Historical Archives of the Nobility of France] (in French). Vol.Tome cinquième. Paris: Imprimerie de Bethune et Plon. pp.1–102. OCLC865941166.
McGrath, Brid (1997b). "Redmond Roche Cork County". A Biographical Dictionary of the Membership of the Irish House of Commons 1640 to 1641 (Ph.D.). Vol.1. Dublin: Trinity College. pp.257–258. hdl:2262/77206. – Parliaments & Biographies (PDF downloadable from given URL)