Demographics of Jordan

"Jordanians" redirects here. For other uses, see Jordanian.

Jordan has a population of more than 11.1 million inhabitants as of 2023.^[1] Jordanians (Arabic: أردنيون) are the citizens of Jordan. Around 94% of Jordanians are Arabs, while the remaining 6% belong to ethnic minorities, including Circassians, Chechens, Armenians and Kurds.^[2][3] In early 2016 about 30% of the population were non-citizens, a figure including refugees, legal and illegal immigrants.^[4] Jordan's annual population growth rate stands at 3.05% as of 2023, with an average birth rate of 2.8. There were 1,977,534 households in Jordan in 2015, with an average of 4.8 persons per household.^[4]

Demographics of Jordan
Jordan population pyramid in 2020
Population	2023 census: 11,180,568 (84th) 2019 estimate: 10,392,309 (86th)
Density	116/km2 (300/sq mi) (70th)
Growth rate	2.05% (2017 est.)
Birth rate	17.9 births/1,000 population
Death rate	3.6 deaths/1,000 population
Life expectancy	74.8 years (2017 est.)
• male	73.4 years
• female	76.3 years
Fertility rate	2.6 children born/woman
Age structure
0–14 years	34.4%
15–64 years	62,02%
65 and over	3.7%
Sex ratio
Total	1.02 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
At birth	1.06 male(s)/female
Under 15	1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years	1.00 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.89 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	Jordanian
Major ethnic	Arabs
Minor ethnic	Circassians Doms Afro-Arabs Others
Language
Official	Modern Standard Arabic
Spoken	Jordanian Arabic, English

The official language is Arabic, while English is the second most widely spoken language by Jordanians. It is also widely used in commerce and government. In 2016, about 84% of Jordan's population live in urban towns and cities.^[2] Many Jordanians and people of Jordanian descent live across the world, mainly in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries, United States, Canada and Turkey.^{[citation needed]}

In 2016, Jordan was named as the largest refugee hosting country per capita in the world, followed by Turkey, Pakistan and Lebanon.^[5] Jordan hosts refugees mainly from the Palestinian territories, Syria, and Iraq, as well as smaller communities from other nations. There are also hundreds of thousands of workers from Egypt, Indonesia and South Asia, who work as domestic and construction workers.

Definition

The territory of Jordan can be defined by the history of its creation following events after the end of World War I, the League of Nations and redrawing of the borders of the Eastern Mediterranean littoral. The ensuing decisions, most notably the Sykes–Picot Agreement, which created the Mandatory Palestine. In September 1922, Transjordan was formally identified as a subdivision of the Mandate Palestine after the League of Nations approved the British Transjordan memorandum which stated that the Mandate east of the Jordan River would be excluded from all the provisions dealing with Jewish settlement west of the Jordan River.^[6]

Ethnic and religious groups

See also: Nawar people

Ethnic groups in Jordan[7]
Ethnic groups
Arabs			95%
Circassian, Chechens			3%
Armenian and others			2%

Arab

Arab Jordanians are mostly either descended from families and clans who were living in the cities and towns in Transjordan prior to Jordanian independence in 1946, most notably in the governorates of Jerash, Ajlun, Balqa, Irbid, Madaba, Al Karak, Aqaba, Amman and some other towns in the country, or from the Palestinian families who sought refuge in Jordan in different times in the 20th century, mostly during and after the wars of 1948 and 1967. Many Christians are natives especially in towns such as Fuhies, Madaba, Al Karak, Ajlun, or have Bedouin origins, and a significant number came in 1948 and 1967 mainly from Jerusalem, Jaffa, Lydda, Bethlehem, and other Palestinian cities.

Bedouin Arab men from Jordan

Druze

The Druze people are believed to constitute about 0.5% of the total population of Jordan, around 32,000 people.^[8] The Druze, who refer to themselves as al-Muwahhideen, or "believers in one God," are concentrated in the rural, mountainous areas west and north of Amman. Even though the faith originally developed out of Ismaili Islam, most Druze do not identify as Muslims,^{[9][10][11][12][13]} and they do not accept the five pillars of Islam.^[14]

Bedouin Arabs

The other group of Jordanians is descended from Bedouins, of which less than 1% live a nomadic lifestyle. Bedouin settlements are concentrated in the south and east of the country.

Afro-Jordanians

Main article: Afro-Jordanians

An unknown but considerable number of Jordanians are of African descent.

Armenians

Main article: Armenians in Jordan

There were an estimated 5,000 Armenians living within the country in 2009.^[15] An estimated 4,500 of these are members of the Armenian Apostolic Church,^[15] and predominantly speak the Western dialect^[16] of the Armenian language. This population makes up the majority of non-Arab Christians in the country.^[17]

Assyrians

Main article: Assyrians in Jordan

There is an Assyrian refugee population in Jordan. Many Assyrians have arrived in Jordan as refugees since the invasion of Iraq, making up a large part of the Iraqi refugees.

Turks

Main article: Turks in Jordan

There are people of Turkish ancestry living in Jordan. These people have had a thriving presence in Jordan since the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Today, there is a minority of about 60,000 people in the country who are the descendants of the Ottoman-Turkish immigrants. As of 2009, there are also 8,262 Turkish citizens who are recent migrants to Jordan.

Circassians

Main article: Circassians in Jordan

By the end of the 19th century, the Ottoman Authorities directed the Circassian immigrants to settle in Jordan. The Circassians are Sunni Muslims and are estimated to number 100,000 to 170,000 people.

Chechens

Main article: Chechens in Jordan

There are about 10,000 Chechens estimated to reside in Jordan.

Doms

Main article: Doms in Jordan

There are around 70,000 gypsies in Jordan.^[18]

Refugees

Further information: Iraqis in Jordan, Syrians in Jordan, and Palestinians in Jordan

Jordan is a home to 2,175,491 registered Palestinian refugees.^[19] Out of those 2,175,491 refugees, 634,182 have not been given Jordanian citizenship.^[20] Jordan also hosts around 1.4 million Syrian refugees who fled to the country due to the Syrian Civil War since 2011. About 31,163 Yemenis and 22,700 Libyan refugees live in Jordan as of January 2015.^[4] There are thousands of Lebanese refugees who came to Jordan when civil strife and war and the 2006 war broke out in their native country. Up to 1 million Iraqis came to Jordan following the Iraq War in 2003.^[21] In 2015, their number was 130,911. About 2,500 Iraqi Mandaean refugees have been resettled in Jordan.

Genetics

Bahri et al. (2011) observed that the Jordanians have a genetic profile that is Arabian Semitic, despite the succession of several civilizations in Jordan. They have a common origin in Mesopotamia and are not too genetically dissimilar from the peoples of the United Arab Emirates and North Africa, who respectively have a common origin in Arabia and North Africa.^[22]

Zanetti et al. (2014) discovered significant genetic differentiation between general Jordanians and Bedouin Arabs. General Jordanians were more similar to other Middle Eastern populations whilst Bedouin Arabs were more similar to North Africans. However, the Bedouin Arabs played a significant role in the "peopling" of Jordan, both in the past and present.^[23]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Jordan

Marsa Zayed mosque in Aqaba.

An eastern Orthodox church during a snowstorm in Amman.

Religion in Jordan^[24]

  Islam (97%)

  Christianity (2.5%)

  Other (0.5%)

Health and education

Main articles: Health in Jordan and Education in Jordan

Jordan prides itself on its health services, some of the best in the region.^[25] Qualified medics, favourable investment climate and Jordan's stability have contributed to the success of this sector.^[26]

Jordan has a very advanced education system. The school education system comprises 2 years of pre-school education, 10 years of compulsory basic education, and two years of secondary academic or vocational education, after which the students sit for the General Certificate of Secondary Education Exam (Tawjihi).^[27] Scholars may attend either private or public schools.

Access to higher education is open to holders of the General Secondary Education Certificate, who can then choose between private Community Colleges, public Community Colleges or universities (public and private). The credit-hour system, which entitles students to select courses according to a study plan, is implemented at universities. The number of public universities has reached (10), besides (17) universities that are private, and (51) community colleges. Numbers of universities accompanied by significant increase in number of students enrolled to study in these universities, where the number of enrolled students in both public and private universities is estimated at nearly (236) thousand; (28) thousand out of the total are from Arab or foreign nationalities.^[28]

Life expectancy at birth in Jordan

Period	Life expectancy in Years	Period	Life expectancy in Years
1950–1955	46.5	1985–1990	69.2
1955–1960	50.7	1990–1995	70.4
1960–1965	54.6	1995–2000	71.3
1965–1970	58.4	2000–2005	72.2
1970–1975	61.9	2005–2010	73.0
1975–1980	64.9	2010–2015	73.8
1980–1985	67.2

Source: UN World Population Prospects^[29]

Statistics

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1800	130,450	—
1900	254,431	+95.0%
1947	368,401	+44.8%
1952	504,575	+37.0%
1961	891,874	+76.8%
1970	1,508,200	+69.1%
1980	2,233,200	+48.1%
1990	3,468,000	+55.3%
2000	4,857,000	+40.1%
2010	6,698,000	+37.9%
2020	10,928,721	+63.2%
Source:[30][31][32]

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Total population

11,200,320 (According to the Population Clock as of July 23, 2022).^[33]

Gender ratio

• at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
• 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
• 15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
• 25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female
• 55-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
• 65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
• total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

Age structure

• 0-14 years: 34.68% (male 1,827,554/female 1,726,691)
• 15-24 years: 20.07% (male 1,103,042/female 953,704)
• 25-54 years: 37.36% (male 2,073,211/female 1,755,290)
• 55-64 years: 4.44% (male 236,435/female 218,469)
• 65 years and over: 3.45% (male 174,470/female 179,203) (2017 est.)

Structure of the population ^[34]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	2 626 287	2 477 352	5 103 639	100
0-4	333 216	317 115	650 331	12.74
5-9	329 133	313 738	642 871	12.60
10-14	313 083	297 046	610 129	11.95
15-19	287 693	272 145	559 838	10.97
20-24	279 600	260 593	540 193	10.58
25-29	239 774	216 487	456 261	8.94
30-34	207 178	191 991	399 169	7.82
35-39	167 737	155 689	323 426	6.34
40-44	123 945	117 455	241 400	4.73
45-49	87 098	83 358	170 456	3.34
50-54	64 607	63 633	128 240	2.51
55-59	55 765	57 956	113 721	2.23
60-64	52 084	46 703	98 787	1.94
65-69	37 095	34 728	71 823	1.41
70-74	23 467	23 353	46 820	0.92
75-79	12 651	11 617	24 268	0.48
80+	10 137	11 923	22 060	0.43
80-84	6 144	7 441	13 585	0.27
85-89	2 444	2 588	5 032	0.10
90-94	1 012	1 304	2 316	0.05
95-99	537	590	1 127	0.02
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0-14	975 432	927 899	1 903 331	37.29
15-64	1 565 481	1 466 010	3 031 491	59.40
65+	83 350	81 621	164 971	3.23
unknown	2 024	1 822	3 846	0.08

Structure of the population (Census 01.X.2004) (Structure of the population (31.12.2013) (Estimates) (Excluding data for former Jordanian territories under Israeli control since June 1967. Excluding foreigners, including registered Palestinian refugees.)

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	3 366 000	3 174 000	6 530 000	100
0-4	427 485	405 300	832 785	12.75
5-9	422 095	400 880	822 975	12.60
10-14	401 900	379 680	781 580	11.97
15-19	368 915	347 720	716 635	10.97
20-24	358 485	333 170	691 655	10.59
25-29	307 650	276 855	584 505	8.95
30-34	265 915	245 520	511 435	7.83
35-39	215 425	199 015	414 440	6.35
40-44	158 875	149 975	308 850	4.73
45-49	111 750	106 630	218 380	3.34
50-54	82 805	81 320	164 125	2,51
55-59	71 360	74 040	145 400	2.23
60-64	66 645	59 800	126 445	1.94
65-69	47 485	44 280	91 765	1.41
70-74	30 040	29 785	59 825	0.92
75-79	16 195	14 815	31 010	0.48
80-84	7 865	9 495	17 360	0.27
85-89	3 130	3 300	6 430	0.10
90-94	1 295	1 665	2 960	0.05
95+	685	755	1 440	0.02
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0-14	1 251 480	1 185 860	2 437 340	37.33
15-64	2 007 825	1 874 045	3 881 870	59.45
65+	106 695	104 095	210 790	3.23

Structure of the population (31.12.2013) (Estimates) (Excluding data for former Jordanian territories under Israeli control since June 1967. Excluding foreigners, including registered Palestinian refugees.)

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	5 046 824	4 484 888	9 531 712	100
0–4	561 280	532 918	1 094 198	11.48
5–9	597 975	571 516	1 169 491	12.27
10–14	519 876	490 522	1 010 398	10.60
15–19	498 519	449 302	947 821	9.94
20–24	519 140	426 835	945 975	9.92
25–29	459 841	370 765	830 606	8.71
30–34	395 939	338 461	734 400	7.70
35–39	352 691	298 499	651 190	6.83
40–44	304 330	256 601	560 931	5.88
45–49	258 567	214 842	473 409	4.97
50–54	187 189	162 648	349 837	3.67
55–59	127 359	117 340	244 699	2.57
60–64	86 254	80 824	167 078	1.75
65-69	67 492	68 161	135 653	1.42
70-74	52 668	47 124	99 792	1.05
75-79	32 428	31 759	64 187	0.67
80-84	15 324	15 633	30 957	0.32
85-89	6 387	7 351	13 738	0.14
90-94	1 797	2 238	4 035	0.04
95+	1 768	1 549	3 317	0.03
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	1 679 131	1 594 956	3 274 087	34.35
15–64	3 189 829	2 716 117	5 905 946	61.96
65+	177 864	173 815	351 679	3.69

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 30.XI.2015) (Excluding data for former Jordanian territories under Israeli control since June 1967.): ^[35]

Median age

• total: 22.5 years
• male: 22.9 years
• female: 22 years (2017 est.)

Population growth rate

2.05% (2017 est.)

Birth rate

17.9 births/1,000 population ( 2021 est.)

Births and deaths^[36][37]

	Average population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Crude mirgration rate (per 1000)	Total fertility rate (TFR)
1951		51,518
1952	586,200	46,146
1953		49,228
1954		53,170
1955		58,037
1956		55,374
1957		60,582
1958		69,594
1959		63,643
1960		78,520
1961	900,800	70,775
1962		86,397
1963		84,544
1964		86,327
1965		91,857
1966		94,299
1967		70,956
1968		69,483
1969		73,443
1970	1,508,200	76,828
1971		77,758
1972		80,327
1973		81,302
1974		81,490
1975		81,659
1976		84,380
1977		79,882
1978		84,195
1979	2,133,000	91,622
1980	2,233,000
1981	2,319,000	95,628			41.2
1982	2,409,000	97,794			40.6
1983	2,502,000	98,398			39.3
1984	2,599,000	102,521			39.4
1985	2,700,000	102,712			38.0
1986	2,805,000	112,451			40.1
1987	2,914,000	107,519			36.9
1988	3,027,000	116,346			38.4
1989	3,144,000	115,742			36.8
1990	3,468,000	116,520			33.6
1991	3,701,000	150,177			40.6
1992	3,844,000	155,684			40.5
1993	3,993,000	149,493			37.4
1994	4,139,400	140,444			33.9
1995	4,264,000	141,319			33.1
1996	4,383,000	142,404			32.5
1997	4,506,000	130,633			29.0				4.4
1998	4,623,000	133,714			28.9
1999	4,738,000	135,266			28.5
2000	4,857,000	126,016	13,339	112,677	25.9	2.7	23.2
2001	4,918,000	142,956	16,164	126,792	29.1	3.3	25.8	-13.4
2002	5,038,000	146,077	17,220	128,857	29.0	3.4	25.6	-1.8
2003	5,164,000	148,294	16,937	131,357	28.7	3.3	25.4	-1.0
2004	5,414,000	150,248	17,011	133,237	27.8	3.1	24.6	21.6
2005	5,678,000	170,122	18,739	151,383	30.0	3.3	26.7	19.8
2006	5,843,000	180,642	21,333	159,309	30.9	3.7	27.3	0.9
2007	6,017,000	201,621	21,885	179,736	33.5	3.6	29.9	-1.0	3.6
2008	6,200,000	187,916	19,816	168,100	30.3	3.2	27.1	2.4	3.6
2009	6,392,000	188,950	20,759	168,191	29.6	3.2	26.3	3.7	3.8
2010	6,594,000	205,972	22,662	183,310	31.2	3.4	27.8	2.8	3.8
2011	6,846,000	199,917	22,203	177,714	29.2	3.2	26.0	10.8	3.8
2012	7,210,000	198,538	23,301	175,237	27.5	3.2	24.3	26.2	3.5
2013	7,771,000	197,485	24,380	173,105	25.4	3.1	22.3	49.9	3.5
2014	8,459,000	209,284	26,954	182,330	24.7	3.2	21.6	59.7	3.5
2015	9,182,000	210,953	27,221	183,732	23.0	3.0	20.0	58.7	3.38
2016	9,798,000	218,290	28,880	189,410	22.3	2.9	19.3	43.6	3.38
2017	10,053,000	230,944	28,782	202,162	23.0	2.9	20.1	5.3	3.14
2018	10,309,000	226,820	29,098	197,722	22.0	2.8	19.2	5.6	3
2019	10,554,000	215,116	31,212	183,904	20.4	3.0	17.4	5.8	2.9
2020[38]	10,806,000	186,087	33,073	153,014	17.2	3.1	14.2	9.1	2.61
2021[39]	11,057,000	197,397	39,333	158,064	17.9	3.6	14.3	8.4	2.65
2022	11,302,000	192,266	30,823	161,443	17.0	2.7	14.3	7.4	2.53
2023	11,516,000	182,610	29,121	153,489	16.0	2.5	13.5		2.37

Death rate

3.6 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Net migration rate

-310 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 84.1% of total population (2017)

rate of urbanization: 1.26% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Maternal mortality rate

58 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

• total population: 74.8 years
• male: 73.4 years
• female: 76.3 years (2017 est.)

Total fertility rate

3.19 children born/woman (2017 est.)

Fertility Rate (The Demographic Health Survey) ^[40] Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and CBR (Crude Birth Rate):

Year	Total		Urban		Rural
	CBR	TFR	CBR	TFR	CBR	TFR
1976		7.4
1983		6.6
1990	36.1	5.57 (3.94)	33.9	4.75 (3.36)	39.0	6.85 (4.76)
1997	33.1	4.35 (2.9)	32.5	4.22 (2.9)	35.5	5.00 (3.1)
2002	29.0	3.7 (2.6)	28.4	3.5 (2.5)	31.3	4.2 (2.8)
2007	28.1	3.6 (2.8)	28.1	3.6 (2.8)	28.2	3.7 (2.8)
2009	30.6	3.8 (3.0)	30.6	3.8 (2.9)	30.7	4.0 (3.1)
2012	27.2	3.5 (2.4)	26.7	3.4 (2.4)	29.8	3.9 (2.7)
2017-18	21.6	2.7 (2.2)	21.3	2.7 (2.1)	23.7	3.1 (2.4)
2023	18.9	2.6 (1.9)	18.8	2.6 (1.9)	19.6	2.8 (2.0)

Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) by nationality

Year	Jordanian	Syrian	Other nationality
2017-2018	2.6 (2.1)	4.7 (3.7)	1.9 (1.7)

Year	Jordanian	Syrian outside camps/inside camps/Total	Other nationality
2023	2.5 (1.8)	3.9 (2.8)/4.9 (3.6)/4.1 (2.9)	2.1 (1.7)

As of 2023, the total fertility rate was between 2.9-3.1 in the northern governorates of Irbid, Ajloun, Jarash, Mafraq, and Zarqa; and between 1.9-2.4 in all other governorates.^[41]

Health expenditures

7.5% of GDP (2014)

Physicians density

2.65 physicians/1,000 population (2014)

Hospital bed density

1.8 beds/1,000 population (2012)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

Government health reports indicate that about 40% of Jordanian adults are overweight and child obesity stands at more than 50%.

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

2.7% (2019)

Literacy rate

15–24 years (in 2015):^[42]

• Total: 99.23%
• Male: 99.11%
• Female: 99.37%

15 years and older (in 2015):^[42]

• Total: 98.01%
• Male: 98.51%
• Female: 97.49%

UN estimates

Period[43]	Live births per year	Deaths per year	Natural change per year	CBR1	CDR1	NC1	TFR1	IMR1
1950–1955	26 000	11 000	15 000	47.4	19.3	28.1	7.38	160.9
1955–1960	38 000	13 000	25 000	49.4	16.5	32.9	7.38	128.9
1960–1965	54 000	15 000	40 000	53.6	14.5	39.1	8.00	103.2
1965–1970	73 000	16 000	57 000	52.3	11.8	40.5	8.00	82.8
1970–1975	90 000	17 000	73 000	49.0	9.4	39.6	7.79	68.3
1975–1980	92 000	16 000	76 000	42.8	7.5	35.3	7.38	56.5
1980–1985	101 000	17 000	85 000	39.7	6.5	33.2	7.05	44.4
1985–1990	117 000	18 000	99 000	37.5	5.7	31.8	6.44	36.0
1990–1995	132 000	19 000	113 000	33.9	4.9	29.0	5.14	30.6
1995–2000	147 000	21 000	127 000	32.0	4.5	27.5	4.34	26.7
2000–2005	143 000	21 000	122 000	28.1	4.2	23.9	3.60	23.6
2005–2010	152 000	23 000	128 000	26.4	4.1	22.3	3.27	21.0
1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

See also

• Demographics of the Middle East

Bibliography

• Gandolfo, Luisa (24 December 2012). Palestinians in Jordan: The Politics of Identity. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78076-095-7.

References

1. "Population Clock". Jordanian Department of Statistics. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
2. "The World Fact book – Jordan". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
3. Al-Khatib, Mahmoud A.; Al-Ali, Mohammed N. "Language and Cultural Shift Among the Kurds of Jordan" (PDF). p. 12. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
4. Ghazal, Mohammad (22 January 2016). "Population stands at around 9.5 million, including 2.9 million guests". The Jordan Times. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
5. "Jordan tops list of refugee-host countries — Amnesty". Jordan Times. 2016-10-04. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
6. "American Jewish Yearbook p.528" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-07-30. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
7. "Middle East :: JORDAN". CIA The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2016-08-13.
8. International Religious Freedom Report, US State Department, 2005, archived from the original on 2020-08-07, retrieved 2019-05-25
9. Pintak, Lawrence (2019). America & Islam: Soundbites, Suicide Bombs and the Road to Donald Trump. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 9781788315593.
10. Jonas, Margaret (2011). The Templar Spirit: The Esoteric Inspiration, Rituals and Beliefs of the Knights Templar. Temple Lodge Publishing. p. 83. ISBN 9781906999254. [Druze] often they are not regarded as being Muslim at all, nor do all the Druze consider themselves as Muslim
11. "Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are". Arab America. 8 August 2018. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
12. J. Stewart, Dona (2008). The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives. Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 9781135980795. Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.
13. Yazbeck Haddad, Yvonne (2014). The Oxford Handbook of American Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 142. ISBN 9780199862634. While they appear parallel to those of normative Islam, in the Druze religion they are different in meaning and interpretation. The religion is considered distinct from the Ismaili as well as from other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze consider themselves fully assimilated in American society and do not necessarily identify as Muslims..
14. De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East. Michigan University Press. p. 114. ISBN 9780030525964. Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..
15. "Jordan: Religions & Peoples". i-cias.com. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
16. "Ethnologue 14 report for language code:ARM". ethnologue.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-21. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
17. "Jordan - history - geography". britannica.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-22. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
18. "Jordan". Minority Rights Group. Archived from the original on 2024-05-26. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
19. "Jordan". UNRWA. 1 December 2015. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
20. "Population stands at around 9.5 million, including 2.9 million guests". Jordan Times. 2016-01-30. Archived from the original on 2018-02-08. Retrieved 2019-09-19.
21. "Doors closing on fleeing Iraqis". 2007. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
22. Bahri, Raoudha; Moncer, Wifak El; Al-Batayneh, Khalid; Sadiq, May; Esteban, Esther; Moral, Pedro; Chaabani, Hassen (2012). "Genetic differentiation and origin of the Jordanian population: an analysis of Alu insertion polymorphisms". Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers. 16 (5): 324–329. doi:10.1089/gtmb.2011.0197. PMID 22106835. Archived from the original on 2024-02-01. Retrieved 2024-02-01 – via NCBI.
23. Zanetti, Daniela; Sadiq, May; Carreras-Torres, Robert; Khabour, Omar; Alkaraki, Almuthanna; Esteban, Esther; Via, Marc; Moral, Pedro (2014). "Human diversity in Jordan: polymorphic Alu insertions in general Jordanian and Bedouin groups". Human Biology. 86 (2): 131–138. doi:10.3378/027.086.0201. hdl:2445/128482. PMID 25397703. Archived from the original on 2024-02-01. Retrieved 2024-02-01 – via NCBI.
24. "Religious Beliefs in Jordan". 2 November 2018. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
25. "Jordan profile – Overview". BBC. 18 November 2012. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
26. Malkawi, Khetam (30 May 2015). "Sector leaders highlight potential for further growth in medical tourism". The Jordan Times. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
27. "المملكة الاردنية الهاشمية - وزارة التربية و التعليم Ministry of Education - Hashemit Kingdom of Jordan". www.moe.gov.jo. Archived from the original on 2018-02-13. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
28. "Brief on Higher Education Sector in Jordan". www.mohe.gov.jo. Archived from the original on 2018-02-13. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
29. "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2017-07-15.
30. "Jordan Population - Our World in Data". www.ourworldindata.org. Archived from the original on 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
31. "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". esa.un.org. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
32. "Population - Estimated population of 2017 and some of selected data". Department of Statistics. 3 July 2017. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
33. "Department of Statistics". dosweb.dos.gov.jo. Archived from the original on 2018-02-12. Retrieved 2018-02-14.
34. "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". Archived from the original on 2016-12-27. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
35. "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". Archived from the original on 2022-04-14. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
36. "كتاب الاحصائي السنوي 2011". www.dos.gov.jo. Archived from the original on 2019-01-11. Retrieved 2013-06-03.
37. "Department of Statistics". dosweb.dos.gov.jo. Archived from the original on 2018-03-05. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
38. "Jordan Statistical Yearbook 2020". Jordan Department of Statistics. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
39. "Jordan Statistical Yearbook 2021" (PDF). Jordan Department of Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
40. "The DHS Program - Quality information to plan, monitor and improve population, health, and nutrition programs". www.dhsprogram.com. Archived from the original on 2015-05-07. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
41. Jordan Population and Family Health Survey 2023, p. 83
42. Learning, UNESCO Institute for Lifelong (2017-09-08). "Effective Literacy Programmes". litbase.uil.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 2018-07-27. Retrieved 2018-01-27.
43. "World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision". un.org. Archived from the original on 2011-05-06. Retrieved 2011-12-17.