Icosahedral honeycomb

In geometry, the icosahedral honeycomb is one of four compact, regular, space-filling tessellations (or honeycombs) in hyperbolic 3-space. With Schläfli symbol {3,5,3}, there are three icosahedra around each edge, and 12 icosahedra around each vertex, in a regular dodecahedral vertex figure.

Icosahedral honeycomb
Poincaré disk model
Type	Hyperbolic regular honeycomb Uniform hyperbolic honeycomb
Schläfli symbol	{3,5,3}
Coxeter diagram
Cells	{5,3} (regular icosahedron)
Faces	{3} (triangle)
Edge figure	{3} (triangle)
Vertex figure	dodecahedron
Dual	Self-dual
Coxeter group	J3, [3,5,3]
Properties	Regular

A geometric honeycomb is a space-filling of polyhedral or higher-dimensional cells, so that there are no gaps. It is an example of the more general mathematical tiling or tessellation in any number of dimensions.

Honeycombs are usually constructed in ordinary Euclidean ("flat") space, like the convex uniform honeycombs. They may also be constructed in non-Euclidean spaces, such as hyperbolic uniform honeycombs. Any finite uniform polytope can be projected to its circumsphere to form a uniform honeycomb in spherical space.

Description

The dihedral angle of a regular icosahedron is around 138.2°, so it is impossible to fit three icosahedra around an edge in Euclidean 3-space. However, in hyperbolic space, properly scaled icosahedra can have dihedral angles of exactly 120 degrees, so three of those can fit around an edge.

Honeycomb seen in perspective outside Poincare's model disk

Related regular honeycombs

There are four regular compact honeycombs in 3D hyperbolic space:

Four regular compact honeycombs in H³

{5,3,4}

{4,3,5}

{3,5,3}

{5,3,5}

Related regular polytopes and honeycombs

It is a member of a sequence of regular polychora and honeycombs {3,p,3} with deltrahedral cells:

{3,p,3} polytopes
Space	S3		H3
Form	Finite		Compact	Paracompact	Noncompact
{3,p,3}	{3,3,3}	{3,4,3}	{3,5,3}	{3,6,3}	{3,7,3}	{3,8,3}	... {3,∞,3}
Image
Cells	{3,3}	{3,4}	{3,5}	{3,6}	{3,7}	{3,8}	{3,∞}
Vertex figure	{3,3}	{4,3}	{5,3}	{6,3}	{7,3}	{8,3}	{∞,3}

It is also a member of a sequence of regular polychora and honeycombs {p,5,p}, with vertex figures composed of pentagons:

{p,5,p} regular honeycombs
Space	H3
Form	Compact	Noncompact
Name	{3,5,3}	{4,5,4}	{5,5,5}	{6,5,6}	{7,5,7}	{8,5,8}	...{∞,5,∞}
Image
Cells {p,5}	{3,5}	{4,5}	{5,5}	{6,5}	{7,5}	{8,5}	{∞,5}
Vertex figure {5,p}	{5,3}	{5,4}	{5,5}	{5,6}	{5,7}	{5,8}	{5,∞}

Uniform honeycombs

There are nine uniform honeycombs in the [3,5,3] Coxeter group family, including this regular form as well as the bitruncated form, t_1,2{3,5,3}, , also called truncated dodecahedral honeycomb, each of whose cells are truncated dodecahedra.

[3,5,3] family honeycombs

{3,5,3}	t1{3,5,3}	t0,1{3,5,3}	t0,2{3,5,3}	t0,3{3,5,3}
	t1,2{3,5,3}	t0,1,2{3,5,3}	t0,1,3{3,5,3}	t0,1,2,3{3,5,3}

Rectified icosahedral honeycomb

Rectified icosahedral honeycomb
Type	Uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic space
Schläfli symbol	r{3,5,3} or t1{3,5,3}
Coxeter diagram
Cells	r{3,5} {5,3}
Faces	triangle {3} pentagon {5}
Vertex figure	triangular prism
Coxeter group	${\displaystyle {\overline {J}}_{3}}$, [3,5,3]
Properties	Vertex-transitive, edge-transitive

The rectified icosahedral honeycomb, t₁{3,5,3}, , has alternating dodecahedron and icosidodecahedron cells, with a triangular prism vertex figure:

Perspective projections from center of Poincaré disk model

Related honeycomb

There are four rectified compact regular honeycombs:

Four rectified regular compact honeycombs in H³

Image
Symbols	r{5,3,4}	r{4,3,5}	r{3,5,3}	r{5,3,5}
Vertex figure

Truncated icosahedral honeycomb

Truncated icosahedral honeycomb
Type	Uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic space
Schläfli symbol	t{3,5,3} or t0,1{3,5,3}
Coxeter diagram
Cells	t{3,5} {5,3}
Faces	pentagon {5} hexagon {6}
Vertex figure	triangular pyramid
Coxeter group	${\displaystyle {\overline {J}}_{3}}$, [3,5,3]
Properties	Vertex-transitive

The truncated icosahedral honeycomb, t_0,1{3,5,3}, , has alternating dodecahedron and truncated icosahedron cells, with a triangular pyramid vertex figure.

Related honeycombs

Four truncated regular compact honeycombs in H³

Image
Symbols	t{5,3,4}	t{4,3,5}	t{3,5,3}	t{5,3,5}
Vertex figure

Bitruncated icosahedral honeycomb

Bitruncated icosahedral honeycomb
Type	Uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic space
Schläfli symbol	2t{3,5,3} or t1,2{3,5,3}
Coxeter diagram
Cells	t{5,3}
Faces	triangle {3} decagon {10}
Vertex figure	tetragonal disphenoid
Coxeter group	${\displaystyle 2\times {\overline {J}}_{3}}$, [[3,5,3]]
Properties	Vertex-transitive, edge-transitive, cell-transitive

The bitruncated icosahedral honeycomb, t_1,2{3,5,3}, , has truncated dodecahedron cells with a tetragonal disphenoid vertex figure.

Related honeycombs

Three bitruncated compact honeycombs in H³

Image
Symbols	2t{4,3,5}	2t{3,5,3}	2t{5,3,5}
Vertex figure

Cantellated icosahedral honeycomb

Cantellated icosahedral honeycomb
Type	Uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic space
Schläfli symbol	rr{3,5,3} or t0,2{3,5,3}
Coxeter diagram
Cells	rr{3,5} r{5,3} {}x{3}
Faces	triangle {3} square {4} pentagon {5}
Vertex figure	wedge
Coxeter group	${\displaystyle {\overline {J}}_{3}}$, [3,5,3]
Properties	Vertex-transitive

The cantellated icosahedral honeycomb, t_0,2{3,5,3}, , has rhombicosidodecahedron, icosidodecahedron, and triangular prism cells, with a wedge vertex figure.

Related honeycombs

Four cantellated regular compact honeycombs in H3
Image Symbols rr{5,3,4} rr{4,3,5} rr{3,5,3} rr{5,3,5} Vertex figure

Cantitruncated icosahedral honeycomb

Cantitruncated icosahedral honeycomb
Type	Uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic space
Schläfli symbol	tr{3,5,3} or t0,1,2{3,5,3}
Coxeter diagram
Cells	tr{3,5} t{5,3} {}x{3}
Faces	triangle {3} square {4} hexagon {6} decagon {10}
Vertex figure	mirrored sphenoid
Coxeter group	${\displaystyle {\overline {J}}_{3}}$, [3,5,3]
Properties	Vertex-transitive

The cantitruncated icosahedral honeycomb, t_0,1,2{3,5,3}, , has truncated icosidodecahedron, truncated dodecahedron, and triangular prism cells, with a mirrored sphenoid vertex figure.

Related honeycombs

Four cantitruncated regular compact honeycombs in H³

Image
Symbols	tr{5,3,4}	tr{4,3,5}	tr{3,5,3}	tr{5,3,5}
Vertex figure

Runcinated icosahedral honeycomb

Runcinated icosahedral honeycomb
Type	Uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic space
Schläfli symbol	t0,3{3,5,3}
Coxeter diagram
Cells	{3,5} {}×{3}
Faces	triangle {3} square {4}
Vertex figure	pentagonal antiprism
Coxeter group	${\displaystyle 2\times {\overline {J}}_{3}}$, [[3,5,3]]
Properties	Vertex-transitive, edge-transitive

The runcinated icosahedral honeycomb, t_0,3{3,5,3}, , has icosahedron and triangular prism cells, with a pentagonal antiprism vertex figure.

Viewed from center of triangular prism

Related honeycombs

Three runcinated regular compact honeycombs in H³

Image
Symbols	t0,3{4,3,5}	t0,3{3,5,3}	t0,3{5,3,5}
Vertex figure

Runcitruncated icosahedral honeycomb

Runcitruncated icosahedral honeycomb
Type	Uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic space
Schläfli symbol	t0,1,3{3,5,3}
Coxeter diagram
Cells	t{3,5} rr{3,5} {}×{3} {}×{6}
Faces	triangle {3} square {4} pentagon {5} hexagon {6}
Vertex figure	isosceles-trapezoidal pyramid
Coxeter group	${\displaystyle {\overline {J}}_{3}}$, [3,5,3]
Properties	Vertex-transitive

The runcitruncated icosahedral honeycomb, t_0,1,3{3,5,3}, , has truncated icosahedron, rhombicosidodecahedron, hexagonal prism, and triangular prism cells, with an isosceles-trapezoidal pyramid vertex figure.

The runcicantellated icosahedral honeycomb is equivalent to the runcitruncated icosahedral honeycomb.

Viewed from center of triangular prism

Related honeycombs

Four runcitruncated regular compact honeycombs in H3
Image Symbols t0,1,3{5,3,4} t0,1,3{4,3,5} t0,1,3{3,5,3} t0,1,3{5,3,5} Vertex figure

Omnitruncated icosahedral honeycomb

Omnitruncated icosahedral honeycomb
Type	Uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic space
Schläfli symbol	t0,1,2,3{3,5,3}
Coxeter diagram
Cells	tr{3,5} {}×{6}
Faces	square {4} hexagon {6} dodecagon {10}
Vertex figure	phyllic disphenoid
Coxeter group	${\displaystyle 2\times {\overline {J}}_{3}}$, [[3,5,3]]
Properties	Vertex-transitive

The omnitruncated icosahedral honeycomb, t_0,1,2,3{3,5,3}, , has truncated icosidodecahedron and hexagonal prism cells, with a phyllic disphenoid vertex figure.

Centered on hexagonal prism

Related honeycombs

Three omnitruncated regular compact honeycombs in H3
Image Symbols t0,1,2,3{4,3,5} t0,1,2,3{3,5,3} t0,1,2,3{5,3,5} Vertex figure

Omnisnub icosahedral honeycomb

Omnisnub icosahedral honeycomb
Type	Uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic space
Schläfli symbol	h(t0,1,2,3{3,5,3})
Coxeter diagram
Cells	sr{3,5} s{2,3} irr. {3,3}
Faces	triangle {3} pentagon {5}
Vertex figure
Coxeter group	[[3,5,3]]+
Properties	Vertex-transitive

The omnisnub icosahedral honeycomb, h(t_0,1,2,3{3,5,3}), , has snub dodecahedron, octahedron, and tetrahedron cells, with an irregular vertex figure. It is vertex-transitive, but cannot be made with uniform cells.

Partially diminished icosahedral honeycomb

Partially diminished icosahedral honeycomb Parabidiminished icosahedral honeycomb
Type	Uniform honeycombs
Schläfli symbol	pd{3,5,3}
Coxeter diagram	-
Cells	{5,3} s{2,5}
Faces	triangle {3} pentagon {5}
Vertex figure	tetrahedrally diminished dodecahedron
Coxeter group	1/5[3,5,3]+
Properties	Vertex-transitive

The partially diminished icosahedral honeycomb or parabidiminished icosahedral honeycomb, pd{3,5,3}, is a non-Wythoffian uniform honeycomb with dodecahedron and pentagonal antiprism cells, with a tetrahedrally diminished dodecahedron vertex figure. The icosahedral cells of the {3,5,3} are diminished at opposite vertices (parabidiminished), leaving a pentagonal antiprism (parabidiminished icosahedron) core, and creating new dodecahedron cells above and below.^[1][2]

See also

• Convex uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic space
• Regular tessellations of hyperbolic 3-space
• Seifert–Weber space
• 11-cell - An abstract regular polychoron which shares the {3,5,3} Schläfli symbol.

References

1. Wendy Y. Krieger, Walls and bridges: The view from six dimensions, Symmetry: Culture and Science Volume 16, Number 2, pages 171–192 (2005) Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine
2. Dr. Richard Klitzing. "Pd{3,5,3}". bendwavy.org.

• Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd. ed., Dover Publications, 1973. ISBN 0-486-61480-8. (Tables I and II: Regular polytopes and honeycombs, pp. 294–296)
• Coxeter, The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays, Dover Publications, 1999 ISBN 0-486-40919-8 (Chapter 10: Regular honeycombs in hyperbolic space, Summary tables II, III, IV, V, p212-213)
• Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript
  • N.W. Johnson: The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1966
  • N.W. Johnson: Geometries and Transformations, (2018) Chapter 13: Hyperbolic Coxeter groups
• Klitzing, Richard. "Hyperbolic H3 honeycombs hyperbolic order 3 icosahedral tesselation".