Canarium genus of about 120 species of tropical and subtropical trees , in the family Burseraceae . They grow naturally across tropical Africa , south and southeast Asia , Indochina , Malesia , Australia and western Pacific Islands ; including from southern Nigeria east to Madagascar , Mauritius , Sri Lanka and India ; from Burma , Malaysia and Thailand through the Malay Peninsula and Vietnam to south China , Taiwan and the Philippines ; through Borneo , Indonesia , Timor and New Guinea , through to the Solomon Islands , Vanuatu , New Caledonia , Fiji , Samoa , Tonga and Palau .[3]
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Canarium species grow up to large evergreen trees of 40–50 m (130–160 ft) tall, and have alternately arranged, pinnate leaves.[3] dioecious , with male and female flowers growing on separate trees.[4]
The trees and their edible nuts have a large number of common names in their range. These include Pacific almond, canarium nut, pili nut , Java almond, Kenari nut, galip nut, nangai, and ngali.[5]
As of January 2024, Plants of the World Online accepts 121 species.[2] Flora Malesiana [3] Flora of China (series)Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants information system
Canarium resiniferum Pakke Tiger Reserve
Canarium acutifolium (DC.) Merr. – New Guinea, Maluku, Sulawesi, New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, Qld AustraliaCanarium album (Lour.) DC. Chinese white olive (橄欖) – Taiwan, S China, VietnamCanarium ampasindavae Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium apertum H.J.Lam – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, BorneoCanarium arcuatum Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium asperum Benth. – New Guinea, Maluku, Sulawesi, Philippines, Borneo, Java, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Timor, Solomon Is.,Canarium australasicum (F.M.Bailey) Leenh. – Qld, NSW, Australia endemicCanarium australianum F.Muell. – New Guinea, Qld, NT, WA, AustraliaCanarium balansae Engl. – New Caledonia endemicCanarium balsamiferum Willd. – Maluku, SulawesiCanarium batjanense Leenh. – MalukuCanarium bengalense Roxb. – India, Burma, Laos, Thailand, S ChinaCanarium betamponae Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium boivinii Engl. – northeastern MadagascarCanarium bullatum (Leenh.) Daly, Raharim. & Federman – northern and northeastern MadagascarCanarium caudatum King – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, BorneoCanarium cestracion Leenh. – E New GuineaCanarium chinare Grutt. & H.J.Lam – Solomon Is., Admiralty Is.Canarium cinereum Guillaumin – VietnamCanarium compressum Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium copaliferum A.Chev. – VietnamCanarium decumanum Gaertn. – E Borneo, Maluku, New Guinea, SulawesiCanarium denticulatum Blume – Andaman Is., Burma, Sumatra, Malay Penin., Java, Borneo, PhilippinesCanarium dichotomum (Blume) Miq. – Sumatra, BorneoCanarium divergens Engl. – BorneoCanarium egregium Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium elegans Daly, Raharim. & Federman — MadagascarCanarium engleri H.J.Lam – VietnamCanarium euphyllum Kurz – Andaman Is.Canarium euryphyllum G.Perkins – PhilippinesCanarium ferrugineum Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium findens Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium fugax Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium fuscocalycinum Stapf ex Ridl. – BorneoCanarium galokense Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium globosum Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium gracile Engl. – PhilippinesCanarium grandifolium (Ridl.) H.J.Lam – Malay PeninsulaCanarium harveyi Seem. – Fiji, Niue, Santa Cruz Islands, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and FutunaCanarium hirsutum Willd. – New Guinea to throughout Malesia, Solomon Is., PalauCanarium indicum L. – New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon Is., Vanuatu, Maluku, SulawesiCanarium indistinctum Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium intermedium H.J.Lam – S SumatraCanarium kaniense Lauterb. – New GuineaCanarium karoense H.J.Lam – N SumatraCanarium kerrii Craib – ThailandCanarium kinabaluense Leenh. – N BorneoCanarium kipella (Blume) Miq. – W JavaCanarium kostermansii Leenh. – BorneoCanarium lamianum Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium lamii Leenh. – New GuineaCanarium latistipulatum Ridl. – BorneoCanarium liguliferum Leenh. – Solomon Islands (Rob Roy Island)Canarium littorale Blume – Indo-China, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Java, BorneoCanarium lobocarpum Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium longistipulatum Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium luzonicum (Blume) A.Gray – PhilippinesCanarium lyi C.D.Dai & Yakovlev – VietnamCanarium macadamii Leenh. – New GuineaCanarium madagascariense Engl. – Madagascar (Nosy Bé)Canarium maluense Lauterb. – Sulawesi, Maluku, New Guinea, BorneoCanarium manii King – Andaman and Nicobar Islands, MyanmarCanarium manongarivum Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium megacarpum Leenh. – New GuineaCanarium megalanthum Merr. – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, BorneoCanarium merrillii H.J.Lam – BorneoCanarium muelleri F.M.Bailey – Queensland endemic, AustraliaCanarium multiflorum Engl. – MadagascarCanarium multinerve Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium nitidifolium Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium obovatum Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium obtusifolium Scott Elliot – eastern MadagascarCanarium odontophyllum Miq. – Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines (Palawan)Canarium oleiferum Baill. – New Caledonia endemicCanarium oleosum (Lam.) Engl. – New Guinea, New Britain, Timor, Maluku, SulawesiCanarium ovatum Engl. – Philippines, cultivated Asia–PacificCanarium pallidum Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium paniculatum (Lam.) Benth. ex Engl. – MauritiusCanarium parvum Leenh. – S China, VietnamCanarium patentinervium Miq. – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Banka, BorneoCanarium perlisanum Leenh. – Malay Peninsula (Perlis)Canarium pilicarpum Daly, Raharim. & Federman – northern and east-northeastern MadagascarCanarium pilososylvestre Leenh. – W New GuineaCanarium pilosum A.W.Benn. – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
Canarium pimela K.D.Koenig Chinese black olive (乌榄) – Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S ChinaCanarium planifolium Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium polyphyllum K.Schum. – New GuineaCanarium pseudodecumanum Hochr. – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, BorneoCanarium pseudopatentinervium H.J.Lam – S Sumatra, Banka, BorneoCanarium pseudopimela Kochummen – Borneo (Sarawak)Canarium pseudosumatranum Leenh. – Malay PeninsulaCanarium pulchrebracteatum Guillaumin – eastern MadagascarCanarium reniforme Kochummen & Whitmore – Peninsular MalaysiaCanarium resiniferum Bruce ex King – Assam and BangladeshCanarium rigidum (Blume) Zipp. ex Miq. – New GuineaCanarium rotundifolium Guillaumin – Cambodia and VietnamCanarium salomonense B.L.Burtt – New Guinea and Solomon IslandsCanarium sarawakanum Kochummen – Borneo (Sarawak)Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. – African canarium; from Nigeria and Angola to UgandaCanarium sikkimense King – SikkimCanarium strictum Roxb. – India, Burma, S ChinaCanarium subsidarium Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium subtile Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium subulatum Guillaumin – Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S ChinaCanarium sumatranum Boerl. & Koord. – Sumatra, Malay PeninsulaCanarium sylvestre Gaertn. – New Guinea, MalukuCanarium thorelianum Guillaumin – Cambodia and VietnamCanarium trifoliolatum Engl. – New Caledonia endemicCanarium trigonum H.J.Lam – SulawesiCanarium vanikoroense Leenh. – Fiji, Santa Cruz Islands, Vanuatu, and Wallis and FutunaCanarium velutinifolium Daly, Raharim. & Federman – MadagascarCanarium venosum Craib – ThailandCanarium vitiense A.Gray – Fiji, Solomon Is., Samoa, Tonga, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Admiralty Is., Louisiade Arch., Torres Strait I's, Qld AustraliaCanarium vittatistipulatum Guillaumin – VietnamCanarium vrieseanum Engl. – Philippines, SulawesiCanarium vulgare Leenh. – Flores, Timor, Sulawesi, MalukuCanarium whitei Guillaumin – New Caledonia endemicCanarium zeylanicum (Retz.) Blume – Sri Lanka
Several species have edible nuts , known as galip nut or nangae (C. indicum C. ovatum C. harveyi C. indicum ). C. indicum are among the most important nut-bearing trees in eastern Indonesia and the Southwest Pacific. C. ovatum is cultivated as a food crop only in the Philippines .[6]
Dammar resinC. odontophyllum red-bellied lemur (Eulemur rubriventer ) and the ruffed lemurs (Varecia ) of Madagascar 's eastern tropical forests . Canarium fruit is also an important part of the diet of the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascarensis ).[7]
Canarium album nam liap (Thai : หนำเลี้ยบ ), samo chin (Thai : สมอจีน ) or kana (Thai : กาน้า )) and in China (Chinese : 橄欖 ) with an appearance of a big olive.
Canarium luzonicum elemi , is a tree native to the Philippines. An oleoresin , which contains Elemicin , is harvested from it.
Canarium strictum dammar .
Superb fruit-doves (Ptilinopus superbus ) are known to be fond of the fruit of scrub turpentine (C. australianum ), which they swallow whole.[8] [9]
Leenhouts, P. W.; Kalkman, C.; Lam, H. J. (March 1956). "Canarium (Burseraceae)" (Digitised, online) . Flora Malesiana : Flowering Plants. Vol. 5. Leiden, The Netherlands: Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University. pp. 249–296. Retrieved 13 Nov 2013 .
Timothy M. Sefczek; Zach J. Farris; Patricia C. Wright (2012). "Aye-Aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis ) Feeding Strategies at Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar: An Indirect Sampling Method". Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology . - 83 (1): 1–10. doi :10.1159/000338103 . PMID 22627178 . S2CID 207622496 .
Crome, F. H. J. (1975). "The ecology of fruit pigeons in tropical northern Queensland". Wildlife Research . 2 (2): 155–185. doi :10.1071/wr9750155 .
