CASA C-212 Aviocar
Turboprop-powered cargo aircraft From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The CASA C-212 Aviocar is a turboprop-powered STOL medium cargo aircraft designed and built by Spanish aircraft manufacturer Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA). It is designed for use by both civil and military operators.
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| C-212 Aviocar | |
|---|---|
.jpg) A C-212 of the National Institute for Aerospace Technology | |
| General information | |
| Type | Medium STOL military transport aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA EADS CASA Indonesian Aerospace |
| Status | In production in Indonesia |
| Primary users | Indonesia (70) |
| Number built | 485[2] + >124 [3](IPTN) |
| History | |
| Manufactured | 1971–present |
| Introduction date | May 1974 |
| First flight | 26 March 1971 |
| Developed into | Indonesian Aerospace N-219 |
The C-212 was developed during the 1960s in response to the Spanish Air Force's need to replace much of its transport aircraft fleet; it was designed to perform numerous missions, including air medical services, paratrooper transport, and utility roles. Three years after its maiden flight on 26 March 1971, an order was secured from the Spanish Air Force. Several other customers emerged, initially from the military sector; but interest from civilian airliners also led CASA to develop a dedicated civil version of the C-212. Production of the type at the Seville facility would continue for 40 years, with 485 aircraft produced there.[2]
Indonesia emerged as a key early customer for the C-212. In 1975, Indonesian aircraft company IPTN successfully secured the rights to license-produce the aircraft in Bandung, Indonesia. CASA assisted in the establishment of a production line there; by 2000, it had constructed 95 NC-212s. The majority of Indonesian-built aircraft were sold to domestic customers, although some exports were also recorded in the Asian market. In February 2013, it was announced that Airbus (the successor company to CASA) had agreed on terms with PTDI (IPTN's successor) to fully transfer production of the C-212 to Indonesia. For a time, PTDI produced both the NC-212-200 and -400 upgrade. In 2014, PTDI stopped producing the -400 series to focus on the improved NC-212i model.[4]
By December 2012, there were 92 operators of the C-212 around the world.[5] These operators included numerous charter and short-haul aviation companies, as well as various national air services, which commonly used it for transport, surveillance, and search and rescue.[6] The C-212 has been popular among skydivers and smokejumpers due to a rear ramp arrangement that is uncommon amongst its competitors. In particular, Australian airline Skytraders has used a number of C-212s to support Australian scientific research teams across Antarctica and the Southern Ocean.
Development
Summarize
Perspective
During the late 1960s, the Spanish Air Force operated a number of outdated piston-engine transports, including the three-engine Junkers Ju 52 and two-engine Douglas C-47. Seeking to fulfil the service's transport modernisation needs, Spanish aircraft manufacturer Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA) developed a proposed aircraft, designated C-212. It was a twin-engine 18-seat transport aircraft capable of performing a variety of military roles, including passenger transport, air medical services, and paratrooper roles, while also being suitable for use by civil operators.[7] On 26 March 1971, the first prototype conducted its maiden flight. In 1974, the Spanish Air Force decided to purchase the C-212, which had acquired the name Aviocar, in order to update its fleet.
Several airlines expressed interest in the C-212, particularly in light of its success with military operators; CASA thus decided to pursue development of a dedicated commercial version. In July 1975, the first examples of the civilian version were delivered. In 1997, the improved -400 model was introduced, featuring a glass cockpit and more powerful Honeywell TPE331 engines.[5] In August 2006, a total of 30 CASA-built C-212s of all variants reportedly remained in airline service with various operators around the world.[8]
In July 2010, Airbus Military CEO Domingo Urena-Raso stated that the company could no longer afford to produce the C-212 in Europe.[9][10] Production of the type at Airbus' Seville facility progressively slowed to only four aircraft in two years.[5] In December 2012, the final Spanish-assembled C-212 was delivered to its customer, the Vietnam Coast Guard. By the time the line shut down, it had produced 477 aircraft for 92 operators.[5]
Indonesian production
In 1975, Indonesian aircraft company IPTN successfully negotiated terms with CASA to produce up to 108 C-212s under license in Indonesia.[11] Accordingly, IPTN and Nurtanio took part in the manufacture of the aircraft, with assembly taking place at IPTN's facility in Bandung, Indonesia.[5] CASA provided technical assistance to set up the production line, sending a delegation of technicians to Bandung to train local personnel. The relative simplicity of the C-212's design was credited with aiding the process.[11]
Under the license terms, IPTN was permitted to sell the aircraft throughout the Asian market.[11] But the majority of Indonesian-made NC-212s were sold to domestic customers; by 1986, only six aircraft had reportedly been exported. By 2000, a total of 95 NC-212s had been produced,[11] though the type's production had become a secondary priority to other ventures such as the larger CASA/IPTN CN-235.[12] IPTN also undertook development of more advanced versions of the aircraft.[13] Between 2004 and 2008, all of the jigs and fixtures necessary to produce the NC212-400 were supplied by Airbus and installed at Bandung, enabling Indonesia to become the single-source manufacturer of this model.[5][4] The licensing agreement was extended in 2006.[14]
In July 2011, Airbus announced a strategic agreement to collaborate with PTDI (IPTN's successor) on the C-212.[9][15] Under the agreement, Airbus undertook an 18-month first phase of support to PTDI, after which it was to provide PTDI increasing high-value industrial activity, including C-212 upgrades and production transference. In February 2013, their arrangement was formally extended to transfer production of the C-212 to Indonesia.[5][16] For a time, PTDI produced both the NC-212-200 and -400 upgrade, which were equipped with new digital avionics, autopilot, and a redesigned cabin that could accommodate up to 28 passengers.[5] In 2014, PTDI stopped producing the -400 series to focus on the improved NC-212i model.[4]
Design
The CASA C-212 Aviocar is a turboprop-powered STOL-capable cargo aircraft. Its basic configuration includes a high-mounted wing, box-like fuselage, and conventional tail. The C-212 has been designed to operate in austere environments for extended periods without ground support apparatus.[17] Features such as STOL performance and rugged landing gear fitted with low-pressure tyres enables it to operate from unpaved fields and under hot-and-high conditions.[17] For greater simplicity, the aircraft's tricycle undercarriage is non-retractable.
The C-212 cabin has a maximum occupancy of 21 to 28 passengers. In a paratroop configuration, up to 24 paratroopers along with one jumpmaster can be accommodated on foldable sidewall seats, while in a mixed configuration, it can transport up to ten soldiers and a single vehicle.[17] Since the C-212 does not have a pressurized fuselage, it is limited to relatively low-flight-level airline use (below 10,000 ft (3,000 m) MSL), and is thus suited for short legs and regional airline services.
Operational history
Summarize
Perspective
By 2013, 290 C-212s were reported to be flying in 40 countries; Indonesia had the most of the type, operating 70.[18] It has seen especially wide employment as a commuter airliner and a military aircraft, with operators including numerous charter and short-haul aviation companies, as well as several national air forces. The C-212 is commonly used in transport, surveillance, and search and rescue roles.[6]
The C-212 has also been used by the U.S. Army Special Operations Command, where it operates under the designation C-41A and is commonly used for troop infiltration and exfiltration, supply drops, and airborne operations.[19] In August 2010, Airbus Military received a contract for the sustainment and modernisation of five C-212-200s operated by the U.S. Army Special Operations Aviation Command (USASOAC).[17] Additional aircraft were both owned and operated by private military contractor Blackwater; these were active during both the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan, typically to conduct supply drops to US ground forces in remote areas there. During the conflict, the planes were piloted by former pilots from the 160th "Night Stalkers" Special Operations Regiment.[20]
One particularly ambitious use of the C-212 was undertaken by Australian airline Skytraders, which has used its fleet to support Australia’s scientific research assets across Antarctica and the Southern Ocean.[6] Various operators have elected to operate their aircraft out of inhospitable terrain, such as desert and jungles.[17] The C-212's uncommon rear ramp arrangement is a unique selling point amongst competitors,[9] and it has been a popular aircraft for skydivers and smokejumpers.[21][22]
Variants
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Perspective
100 Series
- C-212A
- Original military production version. Also known as C-212-5, C-212-5 series 100M, and by the Spanish Air Force as the T-12B and D-3A (for medevac aircraft), 129 built.
- C-212AV
- VIP transport version, T-12C.
- C-212B
- Six pre-production C-212As converted for photo-reconnaissance missions, TR-12A.
- C-212C
- Original civil version.
- C-212D
- Two pre-production C-212As converted for use as navigational trainers, TE-12B.
- NC-212-100
- Manufactured under licence in Indonesia since 1976. IPTN produced 28 NC-212-100s before switching to NC-212-200s.
200 Series
_CASA_C-212-400_Aviocar_at_Sydney_Airport.jpg)
Stretched version with updated engines (Honeywell TPE331-10R-511C or −512C, rated at 900 shp (671 kW) each), introduced in 1979. The CASA C-212-200 is also a popular skydiving aircraft, known for its large capacity, fast climbing, and large tailgate exit ramp.
- C-212 series 200M
- Military version known as T-12D in the Spanish service and Tp 89 for the Swedish Air Force. Specialised ASW and maritime patrol aircraft have been built from this version.
- NC-212-200
- C-212-200 built under licence by IPTN.
- NC-212-200 MPA
- C-212-200 built under licence by IPTN, designed as a Maritime Patrol Aircraft.
300 Series
Standard production version from 1987 on. Engines were Honeywell TPE331-10R-513C, also rated at 900 shp (670 kW) continuous (925 shp maximum). The propellers were changed from four-bladed Hartzell composite blade propellers to four-bladed Dowty-Rotol all-metal propellers. Winglets and a larger vertical stabilizer area provided improved performance, and the addition of a nose baggage compartment gave the nose a more streamlined look than the 200 series. Various systems were incrementally upgraded, including the addition of an integrated autopilot system.
- C-212-M series 300 (300M series)
- Military version.
- C-212 series 300 airliner
- 26 seat regional airliner.
- C-212 series 300 utility
- 23 seat civil utility version.
- C-212 series 300P
- Civil utility version with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-65 engines.
400 Series
Upgraded version with 925 shp (690 kW) TPE331-12JR-701C engines, increased payload, and upgraded avionics moved from under the floor to the nose. First flew 4 April 1997, replacing 300 series in production from 1998.[23] The C-212-400 received Spanish certification in 1998. Between 2004 and 2008, production jigs and fixtures for the NC-212-400 were relocated to Bandung from San Pablo, Spain, and PTDI became the sole manufacturer of the NC-212 family. In 2014, NC-212-200 and NC-212-400 production ended and production was shifted to the improved NC-212i version.[4]
NC-212i
Improved version of -400 series, using two Honeywell TPE331-12JR-701C turboprop engines, with a maximum output of 970 hp (723 kW). The rotor is the four-bladed Dowty Rotol R334/4-82-F/13 constant speed propeller with a 2.75 m (110-inch) diameter.[24]
On 3 November 2022, Indonesian Aerospace and MT Propeller signed the General Purchase Agreement (GPA) for the Procurement of MTV-27 Propellers for the NC-212i Aircraft.[25] MTV-27 propellers are produced by MT Propeller, Germany and have been certified by EASA.[26]
Operators
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Perspective
Civil operators
- B&H Airlines – former operator[28]
- Airmark Indonesia
- Assessment and Application of Technology Research Organization (BPPT)
- Airfast Indonesia
- Bouraq Indonesia Airlines
- Deraya Air Taxi
- Dirgantara Air Service
- Indonesian National Police[29]
- Merpati Nusantara Airlines[30]
- Nusantara Buana Air (NBA)[31]
- Pelita Air[32]
- Sabang Merauke Raya Air Charter – former operator[33]
- Susi Air – operating for Transwisata
- Transwisata Prima Aviation
- Sevenair - six former Portuguese Air Force aircraft bought in 2018[34]
- Air Miami[27]
- Bar Harbor Airlines[27]
- Bighorn Airways[27][35]
- Boston-Maine Airways – operating code share service as Pan Am Express on behalf of Pan Am
- Chaparral Airlines – operating code share service as American Eagle on behalf of American Airlines
- CHI Aviation [36]
- Coastal Airlines[27]
- Evergreen International Airlines[27]
- Executive Airlines – operating code share service as American Eagle in the Caribbean from San Juan, Puerto Rico (SJU) on behalf of American Airlines[37]
- Fischer Brothers Aviation – operating code share service as Northwest Airlink on behalf of Northwest Airlines and also operating code share service as Allegheny Commuter
- Gulf Air – operating code share service as Air Florida Commuter on behalf of Air Florida
- Inland Empire Airways[27]
- Jet Express – operating code share service as Trans World Express (TWE) on behalf of Trans World Airlines (TWA)
- Mountain Air Cargo[27]
- North American Airlines[27]
- Oceanair
- Presidential Airways – Owned and operated by the private military contractor Blackwater[20]
- Prinair
- U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration[27]
- Bering Air
- Ryan Air Services
Military operators
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Incidents and accidents
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Perspective
As of September 2011, CASA C-212s have been involved in 71 hull-loss incidents with a total of 558 fatalities.[80][81]
- 2 January 1984
- A Royal Jordanian Air Force CASA 212-A3 Aviocar 100 crashed near Al Qatrana, Jordan due to mechanical problems. All 13 people on board the plane were killed.[82]
- 4 March 1987
- Northwest Airlink Flight 2268 crashed while landing at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport in Romulus, Michigan. Nine of the 19 passengers and crew on board were killed.
- 8 May 1987
- American Eagle Flight 5452 crashed while landing in Puerto Rico, killing two.
- 2 August 1988
- Operated by Geoterrex of Ottawa, Canada, the aircraft crashed on approach to Reykjavik, Iceland with the loss of all 3 people on board. The cause was that "the crew lost control of the aircraft, most probably because of large fluctuations in the power output of the right engine caused by the shift of an incorrectly installed speeder spring in the right propeller governor."[83]
- 1 December 1989
- A U.S. Army C-212-200 crashed into the Patuxent River while trying to land at the Naval Air Test Center, Patuxent River, Maryland, killing all five people on board.[84]
- 16 January 1990
- SANSA Flight 32 crashed into the Cerro Cedral Mountain in Costa Rica shortly after takeoff from Juan Santamaria International Airport in San Jose. All 20 passengers and three crew on board died in the crash.[citation needed]
- 24 January 1990
- A Venezuelan Navy C-212 crashed into a mountain due to poor weather, killing all 24 people on board.[citation needed]
- 27 March 1990
- An Angolan government C-212 was shot down by UNITA rebels near Cuito, killing all 25 people on board.[citation needed]
- 7 June 1992
- American Eagle Flight 5456, a CASA C-212 flying from Fernando Luis Ribas Dominicci Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico crashed short of the runway in Mayagüez, killing both crew members and all three passengers.[85] The investigation led to the discontinuation of use of the C-212 by American Eagle.
- 8 March 1994
- A Spanish Air Force C-212, part of the Ala 37 deployed in Vicenza, Italy, was hit in the tail by an SA-7 missile, allegedly fired by Serb rebels.[86] This occurred east of Rijeka while ferrying UNPROFOR personnel from Zagreb to Split. The tail control surfaces were damaged, the left engine failed and four passengers were injured by splinters. The crew managed to land the aircraft at Rijeka Airport. Spanish technicians were able to repair the damage and had the aircraft back in service within 48 hours.[87][88][89][90]
- 27 August 1994
- A DEA-operated aircraft (reg. N119CA) crashed into a mountain (or at the end of a box canyon) north of Puerto Pizana in the Amazonian jungle department of San Martín, Peru. The crash occurred while flying from Santa Lucia to Pucallpa in the Huallaga River Valley region, and killed the CASA's five occupants, all DEA Special Agents. The accident reportedly took place under bad weather and low-visibility conditions during a counter-narcotics reconnaissance operation.[91][92][93] The accident precipitated the end of Operation Snowcap, under which the ill-fated flight took place.[94]
- 17 June 1995
- An Angolan Air Force C-212 carrying members of a local football club crashed while on approach to Catumbela Airport, killing 48 of the 53 people aboard.[95]
- 27 November 2004
- "Blackwater 61" Presidential Airways CASA C-212-200 (registration N960BW / serial number 231) was contracted by the U.S. Department of Defense to supply American forces deployed in remote areas of Afghanistan. The aircraft entered a box canyon and struck the 14,650-foot (4,470 m) level of Baba Mountain, which has a peak elevation of 16,739 feet (5,102 m). The flight was about 25 nmi (46 km) north of the typical route between Bagram and Farah.[96][97][98][99]
- 22 February 2005
- An Indonesian National Police C-212 experienced engine trouble during landing, causing it to crash into the sea. Of the 18 police officers on board, 15 were killed.
- 26 October 2006
- Swedish Coast Guard CASA C-212-200 (registration SE-IVF / serial number KBV 585) crashed in the Falsterbo Canal during a surveillance mission, killing all four on board.[100][101] Eyewitness accounts suggested the accident was caused by the right wing somehow detaching.[102] The Swedish Accident Investigation Board's preliminary report suggested that the wing detached due to a fatigue crack which had developed in its load-bearing structure.[103]
- 15 November 2006
- Mexican Navy CASA 212-200 Maritime Patrol (serial number AMP-114) crashed in the sea on the Campeche coast over the Gulf of Mexico during a surveillance mission. All crew members survived; the cause of the accident is still unknown.[104]
- 26 June 2008
- Indonesian Military CASA C-212 was flying from the Jakarta to Bogor, carrying 12 military personnel and six civilians, and was due to test a digital mapping camera, but it disappeared in the Salak Mountain region, about 90 km (56 mi) south of the capital. An air force spokesman said the aircraft was assumed to have crashed.[105]
- 9 October 2009
- Uruguayan Air Force CASA C-212 FAU-531,[106] operated as part of the U.N. Stabilization Mission in Haiti, crashed west of Fonds-Verettes, killing all 11 on board.[107]
- 19 June 2010
- A Cameroon Aéro-Service CASA C-212 chartered by Sundance Resources crashed in dense jungle after departing Cameroon for the Congo, killing all 11 people on board, including Australian mining magnate Ken Talbot and Sundance personnel: Chairman Geoff Wedlock, Chief Executive Officer Don Lewis, company secretary John Carr-Gregg and non-executive directors John Jones and Craig Oliver. At the time of the accident, Talbot was a director of Sundance and its largest shareholder.[108][109][110]
- 12 February 2011
- Sabang Merauke Raya Air Charter CASA C-212, PK-ZAI, carrying five crew, crashed after takeoff from Batam, Indonesia, during a test flight following engine maintenance. All five crew members were killed.[111]
- 1 April 2011
- FUGRO Aviation Canada Limited CASA C-212, C-FDKM, carrying three crew, crashed while attempting to land at Saskatoon Airport, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, after declaring an emergency with an engine failure. The aircraft crashed on Wanuskewin Drive in Saskatoon and hit a concrete barrier, resulting in one death and two injuries aboard.[112]
- 2 September 2011
- A Chilean Air Force CASA C-212, carrying 21 people, crashed 500 miles (800 km) from Chile's Pacific coastline in the Juan Fernández Islands, with no survivors. Felipe Camiroaga, a highly popular Chilean TV presenter, was one of the passengers, along with businessman Felipe Cubillos, who had been working on post-earthquake reconstruction efforts.[113]
- 29 September 2011
- An Indonesian Aerospace CASA C-212 (registration PK-TLF, built in 1989) was carrying 18 people from Medan, North Sumatra to Kutacane, Aceh. Operated by Nusantara Buana Air, the aircraft crashed into Gunung Kapur, a 1,600-metre-high (5,200 ft) mountain in the Bukit Barisan range, near the village of Bukit Lawang, Bohorok District. There were no survivors among the 14 passengers, three crew and pilot. The accident occurred between 07:28 and 08:05 local time, approximately 58 km (36 miles) northwest of Medan, North Sumatra.[114][115][116]
- 16 June 2016
- A Vietnam Coast Guard CASA C-212-400 from Gia Lam Airport en route to the Gulf of Tonkin crashed during a search for a Su-30MK2 and its pilots downed a few days before. All nine C-212 crew members were lost.[117] The crash site was initially reported to be located 44 nautical miles (81 km) south-southwest of Bach Long Vi Island. By 18 June 2016, some debris had been found, but there was no sign of the crew. The Vietnamese Coast Guard and Navy announced that the airframe and black box had been found 15 nautical miles (28 km) southwest of Bach Long Vi, only 5 nm from the Vietnamese-Chinese border on the gulf.
- 9 February 2017
- A Botswana Defence Force CASA C-212 crashed in the vicinity of Thebephatshwa village in the evening, minutes after leaving Thebephatshwa Air Base. All three people aboard died in the crash. The aircraft was on its way to the capital, Gaborone, 90 kilometres (56 mi) away.[118]
- 29 July 2022
- The pilot of a CASA C-212 experienced a runway excursion on touchdown, ending up on the grass infield of Raleigh–Durham International Airport in North Carolina after the loss of the right landing gear wheel incurred during an earlier hard landing. The crew had attempted to land at another site near Raeford after flying skydivers when it made the hard landing, then diverted to Raleigh-Durham due to its longer runway. En route to the airport, the pilot reported that the copilot had jumped from the aircraft's rear ramp at 3,500 feet (1,100 m) without a parachute. The body of the 23-year old male flight crewmember, who had taken an unregulated herbal supplement, was found in a residential area later that evening.[119][120][121][122]
Specifications (Series 400)
Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1989–90[123][124]
General characteristics
- Crew: 2
- Capacity: 26 passengers / 25 paratroops / 2,820 kg (6,217 lb) military payload / 2,700 kg (5,952 lb) cargo payload
- Length: 16.15 m (53 ft 0 in)
- Wingspan: 20.28 m (66 ft 6 in)
- Height: 6.6 m (21 ft 8 in)
- Wing area: 41 m2 (440 sq ft)
- Aspect ratio: 10
- Airfoil: NACA 653-218[125]
- Empty weight: 3,780 kg (8,333 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 8,000 kg (17,637 lb) military 7,700 kg (16,976 lb) standard
- Fuel capacity: 2,040 L (540 US gal; 450 imp gal) / 1,600 kg (3,527 lb) internal and 1,000 L (260 US gal; 220 imp gal) auxiliary fuel tanks in the cabin or 2x 750 L (200 US gal; 160 imp gal) auxiliary fuel tanks in the cabin and/or 2x 500 L (130 US gal; 110 imp gal) underwing auxiliary fuel tanks
- Powerplant: 2 × Garrett AiResearch TPE331-10R-513C turboprop engines, 671 kW (900 hp) each
- Propellers: 4-bladed Dowty Rotol R-334/4-82-F/13, 2.74 m (9 ft 0 in) diameter constant-speed fully-feathering reversible-pitch propellers
Performance
- Maximum speed: 370 km/h (230 mph, 200 kn) VMO (maximum operating speed) at MTOW
- Cruise speed: 354 km/h (220 mph, 191 kn) (max cruise) at 3,050 m (10,000 ft)
- Stall speed: 145 km/h (90 mph, 78 kn) in take-off configuration
- Range: 835 km (519 mi, 451 nmi) with full military payload
- Ferry range: 2,680 km (1,670 mi, 1,450 nmi) with maximum fuel and 1,192 kg (2,628 lb) payload
- Service ceiling: 7,925 m (26,000 ft) 3,380 m (11,100 ft) on one engine
- Rate of climb: 8.3 m/s (1,630 ft/min)
- Take-off distance to 15 m (49 ft): 610 m (2,000 ft) (MIL-7700C)
- Landing distance from 15 m (49 ft): 462 m (1,516 ft) (MIL-7700C)
- Landing run: 285 m (935 ft) (MIL-7700C)
Armament
- Up to 500 kg (1,102 lb) of weapons on two hardpoints. Typically, machine gun pods or rocket launchers.
| Variant | -CB | -CC/CD/CE/CF/DF | -DE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Approved | 22 Feb 1977 | 16 May 1980-30 Mar 1989 | 1 Oct 1991 |
| 2× Turboprop | Garrett TPE331-5 | TPE331-10 | P&WC PT6A-65B |
| Takeoff power | 559 kW (750 hp) | 671 kW (900 hp) | 746 kW (1,000 hp) |
| Propellers | four-bladed variable pitch | ||
| Manufacturer | Hartzell | McCauley | |
| Propeller Diameter | 273 cm (107.5 in) | 279 cm (110 in) | 269 cm (106 in) |
| Max. operating | 200 kn (370 km/h) IAS | ||
| Min. control | 78 kn (144 km/h) IAS | 85 kn (157 km/h) IAS (-CC/CD) 88 kn (163 km/h) IAS (-CE/CF) 76 kn (141 km/h) IAS (-DF) |
76 kn (141 km/h) IAS |
| Chord | 86.22 in (219.0 cm) | ||
| MTOW | 6,500 kg (14,332 lb) | 7,700 kg (16,976 lb) | |
| Flight crew | Two pilots | ||
| Max. passengers | 19 | 28 | |
| Usable fuel | 2,000 L (528 US gal) | ||
| Ceiling | 7,600 m (25,000 ft) | ||
See also
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
- Antonov An-28
- Chase YC-122 Avitruc
- De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
- Dornier 228
- Harbin Y-12
- IAI Arava
- Short Skyvan
Related lists
References
External links
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