Headline from newspaper Le Soir, 4 August 1914, declaring Germany had violated Belgium's neutrality.An imagined depiction of the massacre during the Battle of Dinant by the American artist George W. Bellows (1918)
A Berlin crowd listens as a German officer reads Wilhelm II's order for mobilisation, 1 August 1914.
The German Empire declared war on the Russian Empire, following Russia's full military mobilization in support of Serbia. The declaration of war also required Germany to begin mobilization.[1]
Italy declared itself neutral at the start of the war despite being part of the Triple Alliance, citing it was a defensive nature and Austria-Hungary's aggression did not obligate the country to take part.[2]
Eleven players from the Russian Empire, who participated in the interrupted Mannheim chess tournament, were interned in Rastatt, Germany, when war began. Four of the players were freed and allowed to return home via Switzerland in September, while two more were released in subsequent years.[10]
At 7:00 pm (local time) Germany issued a 12-hour ultimatum to neutral Belgium to allow German passage into France.[20]
The first military action on the Western Front occurred as a skirmish at Joncherey in northeastern France near the border. A small German cavalry illegally crossing the border (no formal declaration of war had yet been made) clashed with local French militia, resulting in at least two fatalities including Jules-André Peugeot, the first French military casualty of the war, and Albert Mayer, the first German casualty of the war.[21]
The first German soldiers appeared in Kalisz, Poland, considered to be the oldest city in the country.[22]
German cruiser SMS Augsburg bombarded Libau (now called Liepaja). This city was then part of the Russian empire and is now in Latvia.[23]
The German main force under command of Major Hermann Preusker arrived in Kalisz, Poland. By late evening, gun battles erupted in the city, with Preusker blaming local civilians for shooting at his troops. Twenty-one civilians and six German soldiers were killed.[22]
The Imperial German Navy leased the cargo-passenger ship Answald for conversion into Germany's first seaplane tender, SMS Answald, designated Flugzeugmutterschiff I (Airplane Mothership I).[43]
English language teacher Henry Hadley was shot in an altercation with a Prussian officer on a train at Gelsenkirchen in Germany, dying two days later shortly after the declaration of war and becoming the first civilian casualty of World War I.[44]
Much of the general populace in Germany celebrated in what became known as the Spirit of 1914 after all political parties in the Reichstag voted unanimously to support Germany's entry into war.[45]
An international conference of religious leaders organized by American industrialist Andrew Carnegie with the goal for world peace went ahead as scheduled at Lake Constance, Germany, despite the fact the host country was already invading Belgium. The conference led to the formation of the Church Peace Union with a focus on improved international relations following the end of World War I. In 1986, it was renamed the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs.[52]
The Canadian government passed the War Measures Act, which suspended some civil rights in Canada during a crisis.[53]
Violence escalated in Kalisz, Poland as occupying German forces started shelling the city and massacring civilians as part of a pogrom to crack down on perceived rebellion. More than 10,000 civilians fled the city the following day.[22]
The British Royal Naval Air Service took inventory of its air fleet, which had only 26 out of 52 seaplanes that were serviceable for flight, with 46 more on order.[58]
Mahatma Gandhi learned that war had been declared just as he reached London. Soon after, he began organizing the Indian Volunteer Corps to provide non-military support for the British Empire.[64]
The Bryan–Chamorro Treaty was signed between Nicaragua and the United States. The treaty guaranteed the Central American government's stability with U.S. military support, while ensuring the country did not compete against the Panama Canal with construction of its own water route.[70]
Canadian Arctic Expedition– Captain Robert Bartlett of the shipwrecked Karluk completed the first leg of his voyage to rescue the remaining survivors on Wrangel Island in the Bering Sea. He rendezvoused at Port Hope, Alaska to provide new clothing and wages owed to his Inuit guide and companion who traveled with him from Wrangel Island to Siberia in an attempt to get back to civilization and arrange a rescue boat.[75]
Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau–Italy refused to provide haven for the German ships under command of Rear-Admiral Wilhelm Souchon in any of their ports. Despite having insufficient coal to guarantee the ships would reach Constantinople, Souchon ordered his ships to make a run for the Turkish port, hoping the naval action would "force the Ottoman Empire, even against their will, to spread the war to the Black Sea against their ancient enemy, Russia."[86]
The Royal Navylight cruiserHMSAmphion struck mines laid by Königin Luise. (They were laid on 5th August before Konigen Luise was sunk by Amphion that day.) Some 150 British sailors were lost, the first British casualties of the war. Eighteen German crew members from the German minelayer had been lost.[89]
Relief forces from Germany relieved soldiers under Major Hermann Preusker in Kalisz, Poland but high tensions and panic caused more than 100 civilian deaths. German soldiers began a pogrom by burning private buildings, starting with City Hall. The following day, some 800 civilians were rounded up and 80 were executed.[22]
Togoland Campaign– British colonial troops of the Gold Coast Regiment entered the German West African colony of Togoland and encountered a German-led police force at a factory in Nuatja, near Lomé, where the police opened fire on the patrol.[99]Alhaji Grunshi returned fire, becoming the first soldier in British service to fire a shot in the war.[100]
Togoland Campaign– British and French soldiers officially prepared to take Lomé, the capital of the German colony of Togoland in West Africa, only to learn Germany allowed the colony government to give up the city in order to prevent it from being hit by a naval bombardment. The British officially occupied the city the following day.[108]
The Fidalgo Madureira Atlético Clube was formed in Rio de Janeiro.[116] Business owners would change the name to Madureira Atlético Clube in 1933.[117] In 1971, the club merged with two others and became known by its present name Madureira.[118]
The German socialist newspaper Unity and its counterpart Pioneer were banned by authorities.[119]
Mexican Revolution– Leaders of the Constitutional Army met with Mexican president Francisco S. Carvajal and negotiated a safe passage of all federal troops and senior government leaders out of Mexico City in exchange for unconditional surrender. Carvajal agreed to the terms and ordered the federal army to evacuate from Mexico City the following day.[121]
Lieutenant Robin R. Skene and mechanic R. Barlow crashed their Blériot monoplane on the way to Dover, becoming the first members of the Royal Flying Corps to die on active duty.[143]
Austro-Hungarian troopship SMS Baron Gautsch struck a mine laid by their own navy in the Adriatic Sea, killing 147 men. Another 150 survivors were rescued by nearby destroyers.[148]
Kamerun campaign– Captain Ernst von Raben, commander of the German colonial garrison in Mora, German Cameroon, relocated the fort from the plain to a mountain outpost and increased in troop strength from 125 to 200 troops to defend against Allied invasion into German-held African colony.[150][151]
The Carnegie Colored Library was established in Savannah, Georgia, thanks to public donations from Andrew Carnegie, to provide a public library for African-American children that were barred from the other public library in town under the state's segregation laws.[164]
Battle of Liège– The Germans captured the last of the military forts in the Belgium city. The siege lasted 11 days as opposed to the two days the Germans planned for, delaying their advance just enough for British and French forces to organize.[185]
German warships SMSGoeben and Breslau were transferred to the Ottoman Navy, with Goeben becoming its flagship, Yavuz Sultan Selim and Breslau becoming Midilli.[189]
Irish Member of Parliament John Redmond addressed over 2,000 Irish Volunteers in Maryborough, Ireland, saying "for the first time in the history ... it was safe to-day for England to withdraw her armed troops from our country and that the sons of Ireland themselves ... [would] defend her shores against any foreign foe.[190]
Battle of Stallupönen– The Russian First Army under General Paul von RennenkampfinvadedEast Prussia. The German First Corps under command of General Hermann von François went against orders and committed a frontal assault on Russian forces near Stallupönen even though their forces were vastly outnumbered. The bold assault forced the Russians to retreat, with over 7,000 casualties, including nearly 5,000 prisoners. The Germans sustained around 1,300 casualties and continued to pursue the retreating army until Russian artillery forced them back.[197]
Battle of Mulhouse– The newly formed Army of Alsace under command of General Paul Pau mounted a second invasion into the Alsace region. The army captured key bridges on the Rhine as well as thousands of German soldiers and 24 pieces of artillery.[200]
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson addressed United States Congress and called for strict neutrality during World War I: "Such divisions amongst us would be fatal to our peace of mind and might seriously stand in the way of the proper performance of our duty as the one great nation at peace, the one people holding itself ready to play a part of impartial mediation and speak the counsels of peace and accommodation, not as a partisan, but as a friend."[207]
Kamerun campaign– Captain Ernst von Raben, commander of the German colonial garrison in Mora, surprised a British column of 50 men from Maiduguri, Nigeria with a crack force of 30 troops, driving them away from the fort.[210]
Zaian War– French forces launched a series of counterattacks on the Zayanes around Khenifra, Morocco over three days, inflicting considerable losses and forcing the weeks-long siege to begin winding down.[211]
Mexican Revolution–Venustiano Carranza and his supporters entered Mexico City to set up a new Mexican government, backed by Álvaro Obregón. An estimated 150,000 city residents lined the streets to view the Carranza procession as it headed to the Presidential Palace.[216]
Pope Pius X died at 1:20a.m. with his last words reported to be "Together in one: all things in Christ," referencing the motto he used in his 1903 encyclical shortly after he was elevated to Pontificate of the Catholic Church. His body was immediately lain in state at St. Peter's Basilica.[217]
Battle of Lorraine– The battles of Sarrebourg and Morhange began when German forces counter-attacked, forcing several separate battles against the French armies. French forces retreated in disorder but Germany was slow to pursue, allowing France to regroup.[218]
Battle of Gumbinnen– Trying to capitalize on his successful attack on the Russians three days earlier, General Hermann von François persuaded his commanding officer Maximilian von Prittwitz to launch a major offensive against the Russian First Army. Despite initial successful advances with infantry, German forces were forced back by Russian artillery. The Russian army counterattacked and captured 6,000 German soldiers. Faced with already 14,000 in casualties, Prittwitz panicked and ordered a general retreat, leaving East Prussia in the hands of the Russians.[219]
Battle of Dinant– German forces launched a disorganized night attack on Dinant, Belgium, that mistakenly led them to believe the city was full of hostile civilians.[229]
Two Imperial Germany Army Zeppelins on their first combat missions became the second and third airships lost in combat after being damaged by French infantry and artillery fire during low-altitude missions in the Vosges mountains. Z VII limped back into Germany to crash near St. Quirin in Lorraine, while Z VIII crash-landed in a forest near Badonviller, France, where French cavalry drove off her crew and looted her. The loss of three airships on their first combat missions in August soured the German Army on the further combat use of airships.[231][232]
German colonial forces captured the colonial capital of Laï from the French in what is now Chad.[233]
Reconnaissance cyclist Private John Parr (perhaps aged 15) was the first British soldier to be killed on the Western Front, at Obourg in Belgium.[234]
Canadian Arctic Expedition– Captain Robert Bartlett of the sunken Karluk met Burt McConnell, secretary for expedition leader Vilhjalmur Stefansson, at Point Barrow, Alaska, who gave details of Stefansson's movements after leaving the ship the previous September when it was trapped in ice. McConnell reported in April that Stefansson had headed north with two companions, searching for new lands.[235] McConnell later left Point Barrow for Nome aboard the American fishing schooner King and Winge while Bartlett's rescue ship, the Bear, finally sailed for Wrangel Island.[236]
A total solar eclipse occurred that was visible in Northern Europe and most of Asia. It was also the first of four total solar eclipses that would be seen from Sweden during the next 40 years.[244]
Battle of Lorraine– The right flank of the French First Army was attacked and driven back from where it began its offensive on August 14 was still able to remain in contact with the Second Army.[218]
While commanding the French 24th Infantry Division at the battle of Robelmont (near Meix-devant-Virton, Belgium), French general Achille Pierre Deffontaines was shot in the head and grievously wounded, among the other 27,000 fellow soldiers that fell in battle that day. He died at a military hospital in Reims four days later, the youngest French general to die in the war.[250][251][252]
The German army ended the destruction of Kalisz in Poland with 95 per cent of the city's buildings burned or demolished, and only 5,000 of the 65,000 residents left in the city (most had fled when the pogrom started on August 2).[22]
Battle of Chra– Combined British and French forces defeated German soldiers and paramilitary police at Chra, a village on the River Chra in Togoland, West Africa. The Allied forces sustained 75 casualties while the German defenders lost 13, but most of the army deserted by the time the battle was over.[253]
An early attempt to get a Lewis gun into action in air-to-air combat failed when a Royal Flying CorpsFarman armed with one scrambled to intercept a German Albatros and took 30 minutes to climb to 1,000 feet (300 meters) because of the gun's weight. On landing, the pilot was ordered to remove the Lewis gun and carry a rifle on future missions.[257]
The 38th season of Victorian Football Association in Australia ended with the North Melbourne Football Club defeating Footscray by 35 points in the premier final. It was the club's fourth VFA premiership, and marked the beginning of a period of unprecedented dominance for North Melbourne, which included three consecutive premierships, and a 58-match winning streak which lasted from 1914 to 1919.[258]
The first issue of the British war magazine The War Illustrated was published. It was discontinued in 1919 but restarted again in 1939 at the start of World War II.[259]
Battle of Dinant– The German 3rd Army forced the French out of Dinant, Belgium. In the ensuing confusion of where enemy fire was coming from, the German troops began shooting civilians. In all, 654 civilians were killed and 1,200 homes burned in what was considered the largest massacre in what was deemed the "Rape of Belgium".[265]
Maurice Dease became the first British officer of World War I to die in combat. Dease was commanding a machine gun unit defending the main bridge to Nimy, Belgium, and when it came under attack by German forces. Eyewitnesses reported Dease continued to command fire from the machine guns despite being shot three times until all the men under his command were killed and he had died from his wounds. He was awarded the Victoria Cross posthumously, the first to be awarded in World War I.[266]
French Chief of Staff General Joseph Joffre ordered all French forces to withdraw from Verdun with orders to destroy rail stations along the way and inflict as many German casualties as possible for a counter-attack, in what became known as the Great Retreat.[269]
Battle of Lorraine– The French First and Second Army repelled the German offensive and were eventually able to regain all the ground lost by September.[218]
Siege of Antwerp– The Belgian army made a first sortie from Antwerp to the defensive line east of the city in an attempt to distract German reserve troops observing the city and to cut German communications through Leuven and Brussels. However, the military maneuver was halted two days later when Allied forces withdrew, forcing the Belgian troops to return to the city.[270]
Battle of Dinant– The battle ended with Dinant, Belgium, firmly in German control. The French lost between 1,200 and 1,400 casualties, while the Germans had 4,275 killed or wounded.[177][265]
German troops entered the French village of Gerbéviller and destroyed 80% of its buildings.[274]
Maziua raid– German colonial troops raided Portuguese Mozambique and destroyed the military outpost Maziua, killing a dozen Portuguese soldiers in the process.[276][277]
German troops ravaged the city of Leuven, Belgium, at the height of violence against civilians in what historians referred to as the Rape of Belgium. The entire population of 10,000 people were expelled from the city, along with 248 civilian deaths. More civilian deaths were reported in eastern and central Belgium including Aarschot (156 dead), Andenne (211 dead), Tamines (383 dead), and Dinant (674 dead).[281]
German artillery bombardments on forts forced most defending Belgium troops to retreat from Namur, Belgium, allowing German forces to take the city.[282]
Battle of Kraśnik– After days of cavalry and infantry attacks on both sides, Austria-Hungary was able to route Russia and inflict some 20,000 casualties, including 6,000 prisoners, while sustaining 15,000 casualties.[283]
Mexican Revolution– Mexican revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata agreed to lay down arms and recognize the new Mexican government on condition it accepted the agrarian reforms laid out in the Plan of Ayala.[286]
Flying a Morane-Saulnier Type G monoplane, Imperial Russian Army pilot Pyotr Nesterov became the first pilot to down an enemy aircraft in aerial combat. After firing unsuccessfully with a pistol at an Austro-Hungarian Albatros B.II crewed by Franz Malina (pilot) and Baron Friederich von Rosenthal (observer), Nesterov rammed the Albatros. Both aircraft crashed, killing all three men.[287]
Canadian Arctic Expedition– Efforts to rescue the remaining survivors of the Karluk on Wrangel Island in the Bering Sea were delayed when Bear, the rescue ship, was stopped by ice 20 miles (32km) from the island. After failing to force a way through, the ship returned to Nome for more coal.[289]
Battle of Lorraine– The battle officially ended in a French victory, but with a loss of 65,000 casualties. German casualties remained unknown although analysis of German army records in 2009 suggested the German Sixth and German Seventh Armies sustained over 36,000 casualties.[293]
Battle of Le Cateau– British and French Allies retreated from Le Cateau under withering German artillery fire to Saint Quentin, France, sustaining over 7,800 casualties, including 2,600 taken prisoner and 38 artillery guns abandoned. The battle began the start of the Great Retreat.[294]
A pair of Russian battle cruisers shelled German cruiser SMS Magdeburg after she ran aground on an island in the Gulf of Finland, killing 15 crewmen.[299]
The 2nd Royal Munster Fusiliers of the British Expeditionary Forcehalted a German advance for 14 hours while allowing the rest of the force to retreat. By nightfall, the Munsters were surrounded and forced to surrender but succeeded in allowing the British Army to escape.[307]
Siege of Antwerp– The Belgian army lost its offensive capacity and ordered its troops to Péronne in France to bolster defenses.[308]
Kamerun campaign– Captain R. W. Fox, commander of British colonial forces in Nigeria, led a force to assault the German garrison dug in on a mountain near Mora, German Cameroon but were pushed back, in part due to heavy fog the following day.[312]
The funeral mass for Pope Pius X was held in the Sistine Chapel at Vatican City with nearly 50 cardinals in attendance. The conclave to choose a new pope began the next day.[318]
Battle of St. Quentin– The French Fifth Army attacked Saint-Quentin, France, but German forces were alerted of the attack by a captured French officer. The Germans prevented French troops from entering the town although successful French attacks forced some of the units to fall back. In all, the French sustained 10,000 casualties while Germany took 7,000 casualties.[320]
Battle of Tannenberg– German forces almost completely annihilated the Russian Second Army with 92,000 captured, 78,000 killed or wounded, and only 10,000 escaping. German forces only lost 12,000 out of the 150,000 men committed to the battle.[330] Rather than notify Tsar Nicholas of the defeat, commanding general Alexander Samsonov left his field headquarters and disappeared into the nearby woods. A German search party came across his body a year later, with evidence the Russian officer had committed suicide with his own pistol. The Red Cross arranged to return his body to his family.[331]
Battle of Gnila Lipa– Austrian-Hungarian forces attempted to take advantage of a 48-hour delay for the Imperial Russian Army to reorganize for attack with a new assault, but the opposing side had more artillery guns. The defense line collapsed and 20,000 Austrian-Hungarian troops were taken prisoner during the retreat.[333]
German aircraft bombed Paris for the first time, killing one civilian. German warplanes also attacked the city the following day.[334]
American ambassador to the Ottoman EmpireHenry Morgenthau Sr. reported Jewish Palestine settlements were deteriorating as fighting was cutting off supply channels in a telegraph to American Jewish banker Jacob Schiff. Schiff then organized the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee to campaign and collect private aid funding through other Jewish organizations to support the Middle East settlements.[346]
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「東武スカイツリーライン」誕生！ あわせて駅ナンバリングを導入し、よりわかりやすくご案内します[Tobu Sky Tree Line created! Station numbering to be introduced at same time](PDF). Tobu News (in Japanese). Tobu Railway. 9 February 2012. Archived from the original(pdf) on 8 August 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
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Washington post dispatch. The Washington post Friday, November 12, 1914. ARMENIANS JOIN RUSSIANS (this is about Siege of Van) AND 20,000 SCATTER TURKS NEAR FEITUN (this is about Zeitun Resistance), '(see image detail for explanation)
Bentwich, Norman (1954) For Zion's Sake. A Biography of Judah L. Magnes. First Chancellor and First President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia. Library of Congress Number: 54 7440, pp. 99–108
Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914-1918), compiled from records of Intelligence section of the General Staff, American Expeditionary Forces, at General Headquarters, Chaumont, France 1919. 1920.
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