Asian box turtle

Asian box turtles are turtles of the genus Cuora in the family Geoemydidae. About 12 extant species are recognized.^[1] The keeled box turtle (Pyxidea mouhotii syn. Cuora mouhotii) is often included in this genus, or separated in the monotypic genus Pyxidea. Genus Cuora is distributed from China to Indonesia and the Philippines, throughout mainland Southeast Asia, and into northern India and Bhutan.^[1]

Asian box turtle
Amboina box turtle, Cuora amboinensis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Superfamily:	Testudinoidea
Family:	Geoemydidae
Subfamily:	Geoemydinae
Genus:	Cuora Gray, 1856
Species
About 12
Synonyms
Cistoclemmys Pyxiclemmys

Description

Cuora species are characterized by a low- (e.g. Cuora pani) to high- (e.g. Cuora picturata) domed shell, which usually has three keels on the carapace. They are reddish, yellowish, brown, grey, and/or black in color. Some species have bright yellow, black, orange, or white stripes down the length of their keels. Their body color is highly variable and typically very bright. Most species show stripes of variable color down either side of their head that usually meet at the nose.

Background

Asian box turtles are the most heavily trafficked turtles in the world. They are captured and sold as food to China and to the United States as pets. Nancy Karraker, a University of Rhode Island associate professor, has said "Trafficking in turtles is a major issue in Southeast Asia, and it's important that we understand the key ecological roles that species like this box turtle play before it's too late".^[2]

Different conservation organizations are taking action to prevent or slow down the extinction of these species, but in the past, most of the efforts failed due to lack of biological research regarding the history or genetic diversity of these species.^[3]

Behavior

Asian box turtles are terrestrial, semiaquatic, or mainly aquatic. They typically spend much of their time on the edge of shallow swamps, streams, or ponds that are dense with vegetation. Most are omnivorous, but carnivorous diets do occur.

Head portrait of the different Cuora species, subspecies and varieties (from left to right/top to bottom):
Cuora amboinensis amboinensis (Sulawesi), Cuora amboinensis kamaroma (Thailand), Cuora amboinensis ssp. (unknown), Cuora amboinensis ssp. (Philippines); Cuora trifasciata (Guangdong, China), Cuora aurocapitata (Anhui, China), Cuora pani pani (Shaanxi, China), Cuora yunnanensis (Yunnan, China); Cuora cyclornata cyclornata (Annam, central Vietnam), Cuora cyclornata meieri (north Vietnam), Cuora mccordi (Guangxi, China), Cuora zhoui (unknown); Cuora flavomarginata sinensis (Sichuan, China), Cuora flavomarginata evelynae (Ryukyu Islands, Japan), Cuora flavomarginata flavomarginata (Taiwan), Cuora picturata (southern Annam, south Vietnam); Cuora galbinifrons galbinifrons (north Vietnam), Cuora galbinifrons galbinifrons (Hainan, China); Cuora bourreti (Annam, central Vietnam), Cuora bourreti (Laos); Cuora cyclornata cyclornata × Cuora amboinensis kamaroma hybrid, Cuora cyclornata × Pyxidea mouhotii, Cuora trifasciata × Pyxidea mouhotii, Cuora galbinifrons × Pyxidea mouhotii = "Cuora serrata"

Taxonomy and systematics

Listed alphabetically by binomial name, the species are:^[4]

• Amboina box turtle or Southeast Asian box turtle, C. amboinensis (four subspecies)
  • Wallacean box turtle, C. a. amboinensis
  • West Indonesian box turtle, C. a. couro
  • Malayan box turtle or domed Malayan box turtle, C. a. kamaroma
  • Burmese box turtle, C. a. lineata
• Yellow-headed box turtle or golden-headed box turtle, Cuora aurocapitata or C. (pani) aurocapitata^{[Note 1]}
• Bourret's box turtle, C. bourreti
• †Cuora chiangmuanensis^[7] (Late Miocene of Thailand)
• Vietnamese three-striped box turtle or green rice turtle, Cuora cyclornata (three subspecies)
• Chinese box turtle, yellow-margined box turtle, or golden-headed turtle, C. flavomarginata (two subspecies)
• Indochinese box turtle, Vietnamese box turtle or flowerback box turtle, C. galbinifrons
• McCord's box turtle, C. mccordi
• †Cuora miyatai^[8] (Middle Pleistocene of Japan)
• Keeled box turtle, C. mouhotii (two subspecies)
• Pan's box turtle, C. pani = "C. chriskarannarum"
• Southern Vietnamese box turtle, C. picturata
• †Cuora pitheca^{[citation needed]} (Late Miocene of China)
• Philippine box turtle, C. philippensis^{[citation needed]}
• Golden coin turtle or Chinese three-striped box turtle, C. trifasciata
• †Cuora tungia^[9] (Lower Pleistocene of China)
• Yunnan box turtle, C. yunnanensis - rediscovered in 2004, verified in 2007
• Zhou's box turtle, C. zhoui = "C. pallidicephala"

Cuora serrata, originally described as C. galbinifrons serrata by Iverson & Mccord^[10] and later considered a distinct species,^[11] is a hybrid of the keeled box turtle and taxa of the Indochinese box turtle complex as shown by the genetic studies of Parham et al.^[12] and Stuart & Parham (2004). A single specimen of C. serrata has been found in the wild,^[13] lending credence to the possibility that other specimens arose through natural hybridization or even from wild populations. No Chinese turtle farm is known to produce C. serrata-like specimens.^[14] The occurrence of wild hybrids is often regarded as "evolution in progress", a terminology and point of view that is not always accepted. It has yet to be confirmed whether all C. serrata from the wild originated by direct hybridization of C. mouhotii and C. galbinifrons, or also by "hybridisation" of C. serrata × C. serrata.

Unnamed hybrids of several other Cuora taxa are also known,^{[Note 2]} as are intergeneric hybrids such as Mauremys iversoni,^[15] a hybrid between Cuora trifasciata and Mauremys mutica, which is intentionally produced in Chinese turtle farms.^[12]

In captivity

Wild-caught C. amboinensis specimens were frequently available in the exotic animal trade, but are getting rarer now; other species are rare to commercially extinct.

See also

• Box turtle

Notes

1. Placed into subspecies status by Artner^[5] and Blanck & Tang.^[6]
2. See Vetter & Van Dijk (2006).^{[citation needed]}