Albanian nobility
Historic ruling class and landowners in Albania From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Albanian nobility was an elite hereditary ruling class in Albania, parts of the western Balkans and later in parts of the Ottoman world. The Albanian nobility was composed of landowners of vast areas, often in allegiance to states like the Byzantine Empire, various Serbian states, the Republic of Venice, the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Naples in addition to the Albanian principalities. They often used Byzantine, Latin or Slavic titles,[1] such as sebastokrator, despot, dux, conte and zupan.
Byzantine Empire
The Muzaka family was loyal to the Byzantine Empire. For their loyalty to Byzantium, the head of the family Andrea II Muzaka gained the title of Despot in 1335, while other family members of the Muzaka continued to pursue careers in Byzantine administration in Constantinople.[2] They received impressive titles in the Byzantine empire such as Sebastokrator, Protosebastos. Other families such as the Mataranga family also gained similar titles and were vassals to the Byzantine empire.
Principality of Arbanon
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The first Albanian state in the Middle Ages, it was ruled by the noble Albanian Progoni family and extended from the Drin river to the southern boundary of the Ohrid lake. Its rulers were known in Catholic sources with the titles of judices, while in Byzantine ones the titles mentioned are those of the grand archon and the panhypersebastos. In 1204, Arbanon attained full, though temporary, political independence, taking advantage of the weakening of Constantinople following its pillage during the Fourth Crusade.[3] However, Arbanon lost its large autonomy ca. 1216, when the ruler of Epirus, Michael I Komnenos Doukas, started an invasion northward into Albania and Macedonia, taking Kruja and ending the independence of the principality.[4] During this period, the area was ruled by the Greco-Albanian lord Gregorios Kamonas, the new spouse of Demetrius' Serbian former wife Komnena Nemanjić, and by Golem (Gulam), a local magnate who had married Kamonas' and Komnena's daughter. Arbanon was eventually annexed in the winter of 1256–57 by the Byzantine statesman George Akropolites. Golem subsequently disappeared from historical records.[5] Akropolites' historical writings are the main primary source for late Arbanon and its history. Many scholars note that the Principality of Arbanon was the first Albanian state to emerge during the Middle Ages.[6][7] Arbanon is generally considered to have retained large autonomy until Demetrius death in 1216, when the principality fell under the vassalage of Epirus or the Laskarids of Nicaea.[3]
Between 1190 and 1204, Arbanon was a principality of the Byzantine Empire and possessed a considerable degree of autonomy, although the titles 'archon' (held by Progon) and 'panhypersebastos' (held by Dhimitër) are evident signs of Byzantine dependence.[8] In the context of a weakening of Byzantine power in the region following the sack of Constantinople in 1204, Arbanon attained full autonomy for 12 years until the death of Demetrios in 1215 or 1216.[3][9]
Kingdom of Serbia
When Durrës was captured by the Kingdom of Serbia, Milutin was titled the King of Albania while his rule was occasionally recognized by Albanian noblemen around Durrës.[10] Many Albanian noblemen were included in the feudal hierarchy of the Kingdom of Serbia and had titles and privileges of župans, voivodas or kaznacs.[11]
Serbian Empire
Albanian nobility was included into hierarchy of the feudal system of Serbian Empire without any discrimination and participated in the work of the highest government institutions, where Albanian archons had the same rights as the Serbian nobility had.[12][13] Serbian emperor wanted to gain the support of the Albanian nobility so he confirmed the privileges Kruje had been granted by the Byzantine Empire.[14]
Ottoman Empire
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A decisive point of the relation of Albanian nobility with Ottoman Empire was the Battle of Savra in 1385.[15] After the Battle of Savra Albanian nobility became vassals of the Ottoman Empire.[15]
Albanian nobility did not fight against Ottomans with united and compact forces like Serbian and Bulgarian aristocracy, but with small independent local rulers.[16] Therefore, the Ottomans, who have been since claimed to be "brutal and cruel" to the Serbian and Bulgarian nobility, might have been conciliatory with the Albanian nobility.[17]
When Albania became part of the Ottoman Empire, it was divided into sanjaks with numerous timars. Many members of the Albanian nobility held high rank positions within Ottoman the hierarchy, like Skanderbeg and Ballaban Badera who were Ottoman sanjakbeys.[18][19][20] Some members of the Albanian nobility were Ottoman timariots.[21] Through the implementation of the timar system the Albanian nobility was absorbed into the Ottoman military class within not more than two generations.[22] They adopted the Ottoman titles like agha, bey or pasha. However, there was also a significant amount of resistance to Ottoman rule from Albanian nobility, as evidenced by the Albanian revolt of 1432–1436 and Skanderbeg's rebellion.
Venetian Republic
During the period of crisis for the Ottoman Empire after the Battle of Ankara in 1402 several Ottoman vassals from Albania including Gjon Kastrioti, Niketas Thopia and Nicola Zaccaria, recognized Venetian suzerainty.[23] Numerous members of Albanian noble families were Venetian pronoiers.[24][25][26][27][28][29] Many Albanian noblemen fought against Skanderbeg within Venetian forces during Albanian–Venetian War.[30][31]
Kingdom of Naples
In 1451, many Albanian noblemen became vassals of the Kingdom of Naples. The first was Skanderbeg who signed the Treaty of Gaeta on March 26, 1451 and after him many other Albanian noblemen like George Arianiti, Ghin Musachi, George Strez Balšić, Peter Spani, Pal Dukagjini, Thopia Musachi, Peter of Himara, Simon Zenebishi and Carlo II Tocco signed similar treaties.[32][33] Skanderbeg had to fulfill his vassal obligations to send his forces to Italy to support Ferdinand I of Naples in his struggle against the Angevin Dynasty.[34] In return, the Kingdom of Naples provided financial and military support to its vassals in Albania and maintained a permanent garrison in Kruje.[35][36]
Religion and language
The religion of the Albanian nobility depended on the religion of their lords, or the power that could threaten their political existence.[37] Until the end of 14th century the Albanian nobility were Christians (Orthodox or Catholic). After the Battle of Savra in 1385 most of the local Albanian nobility became vassals of the Ottoman Empire[38] and began converting to Islam. In the end of 17th century the Albanian nobility was majority islamized.[39]
The official language of correspondence in the Medieval principalities in Albania controlled by local nobility were Greek, Latin or Slavic.[40]
Restoration
An attempt to restore the monarchy in 1997 was rejected by about two-thirds of those voting in a referendum.[41] Former noble families and their descendants are still a part of society in Albania, but they no longer retain any specific privileges.
Noble families
This is a list of Albanian noble families, which also includes families that are of Albanian descent.
- Albani
- Alibegu
- Alltuni
- Angeli
- Arianiti
- Arvanitaki
- Balsa
- Bitidosi
- Blinishti
- Bosdari
- Bua
- Burmazi
- Bushati
- Bruni
- Bruti
- Crutta
- Dukagjini
- Dushmani
- Durazzo
- Frashëri
- Gropa
- Gjini
- Ghika
- Gleđević
- Humoj
- Jonima
- Kastrioti
- Köprülü
- Kyrias
- Losha
- Lukari
- Meksi
- Mjeda
- Matranga
- Moneta
- Muhammad Ali dynasty
- Muzaka
- Niutta
- Pamalioti
- Progoni
- Spani
- Spata
- Scura
- Sorgo
- Soutzos
- Taushani
- Thopia
- Toptani
- Vrioni
- Zaharia
- Zenevisi
- Zogu
- Zaguri
References
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