The House of Balšić (Serbian Cyrillic: Балшићи; Albanian: Balsha, Balshaj), or Balsha, were a noble family that ruled "Zeta and the coastlands" (current-day southern Montenegro and northern Albania), from 1362 to 1421, during and after the fall of the Serbian Empire. Balša, the founder, was a petty nobleman who held only one village during the rule of Emperor Dušan the Mighty (r. 1331–1355), and only after the death of the emperor, his three sons gained power in Lower Zeta after acquiring the lands of gospodin Žarko (fl. 1336–1360) under unclear circumstances, and they then expanded into Upper Zeta by murdering voivode and čelnik Đuraš Ilijić (r. 1326–1362†). Nevertheless, they were acknowledged as oblastni gospodari of Zeta in edicts of Emperor Uroš the Weak (r. 1355–1371). After the death of Uroš (1371), the family feuded with the Mrnjavčevići, who controlled Macedonia.
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When the last lord of the main branch of the family, Balša III died in 1421 without an heir, his possessions were passed on to his uncle, Despot Stefan the Tall. Later that year, the Republic of Venice took advantage of Balša's death and seized the towns of Bar and Ulcinj, and some of his other territories were seized by the Ottomans and Bosnians.
The origin of the eponymous founder of the Balšić family – Balša I – is obscure and several hypotheses about it have been put forward by modern scholars.[7][8] The region the family ruled over was defined by highly porous borders and experienced high rates of intermarriage among the local peoples' aristocracies. Contemporary medieval sources provide evidence for the Albanian ethnic belonging of the Balšić family members, and the description of the Balšas as Albanian lords stands in current scholarship,[12][note 1] while on the other hand a number of scholars consider them of Serbian or of otherwise Slavic origin. Both Serbian and Albanian authors claim them.[14]
Contemporary sources
In medieval Serbian documents the Balšas are referred to as "Arbanas lords".[15] The well-known Bulgarian biographer of the 15th century, Constantine the Philosopher, who lived in the court of the Serbian ruler Stefan Lazarević, refers to Đurađ II Balšić and Balša III as Albanian lords. Historical sources from Ragusa document the Albanian ethnic affiliation of the Balša family, mentioning "the Albanian customs of the Balša". In the funds of the Ragusan archives the Balsha are one of the extremely present Arbanon families. Furthermore, the Ottomans referred to Đurađ II Balšić as "ruler of Albanian Shkodra". Also the Hungarian king Sigismund, when he met him personally in 1396, called him "ruler of Albania". One contemporary archival source in Vienna Archives mentions Balša II as "ruler of Albanians" during the Battle of Kosovo 1389.[18]
The fragmental assertions that their progenitor descended from "Emperor Nemanja", and that he held the area of Bojana river in the neighborhood of Shkodër are very uncertain.[19] In a 14th-century letter, Balša II claimed descent from the Nemanjić family.[20]
Modern historiography
In current scholarship many historians consider the Balša as being part of the local Albanian nobility.[21] According to Malcolm, the Balšići were probably of Albanian stock who had been but culturally Serbianized to a large degree.[22] Ćirković concluded that they are of non-Slavic origin, being referred to in medieval Serbian documents as "Albanian (arbanas) lords".[15] Murzaku says that the family had an Albanian origin.[23] Madgearu mentions the Balšić as a noble Albanian family, however he states that their Albanian origin is unclear, due to the debate over the family's origin.[24] Bartl mentions the Balšić as a noble family of probably Serbian origin.[25] Elsie mentions them as of "probably Slavic origin".[26] Gelichi considers them Serbian-Montenegrin.[27] Winnifrith states that they were Slavs who fought other Albanians.[28] Brendan Osswald has described them as Serbian, as does Iordachi.[29][30] Bojka Djukanovic describes them as a "Montenegrin family" about whose origin there are no reliable sources. Other Montenegrin authors consider them to be a Montenegrin dynasty as well.[32][33] According to Elizabeth Roberts, whether their origins were Serbian, Albanian, or both, has never been conclusively established, but they were "culturally Serbianized". According to Svetlana Tomin the Balšići probably originated from Slavicized Vlachs.[34] In older scholarship, Karl Hopf (1832–1873) considered "unquestionably part of the Serb tribe".[35] Ivan Stepanovich Yastrebov (1839–1894), Russian Consul in Shkodër and Prizren, when speaking of the Balšići, connected their name to the Roman town of Balletium (Balec) located near modern Shkodër which delivers from Illyrian, related to the Albanian term ballë.[36] According to Serbian historian Ilarion Ruvarac, "The Balšić were in no way Serbs but Albanians, regardless of whether they were Albanians or Vlachs in their distant origins".[37] Serbian historian Vladimir Ćorović (1885–1941) concluded, based on their name, that they had Roman (Vlach) origin.[38] Croatian ethnologist Milan Šufflay (1879–1931) mentioned them as of "Romanian and Vlach origin".[35] Croatian linguist Petar Skok considered them to have been of Vlach origin, and Serbian historian Milena Gecić supported his theory.[40] Giuseppe Gelcich theorized on the origin in his La Zedda e la dinastia dei Balšidi: studi storici documentati (1899). The theory, which was later adopted by Čedomilj Mijatović, argued that they were descendants of the Frankish nobleman Bertrand III of Baux, a companion of Charles d'Anjou. It is regarded as highly improbable.[41] German linguist Gustav Weigand (1860–1930) supported a mixed Albanian–Aromanian origin after he noted that the family name was included in a list of early Albanian surnames in Romania.
The oldest mention of any member of the family can be traced to a 1304 letter which Helen of Anjou sent to Ragusa through her trustee Matija Balšić. The earliest mention of the family itself can be traced to a charter of Serbian emperor Stefan Uroš V dated 29 September 1360, which is also the earliest known mention of its founder Balša. According to scholar Thomas Fleming, Balša was a "fairly obscure" magnate from the area surrounding Bar and Budva. Writing in 1601, Mavro Orbini describes him as a petty nobleman that held only one village in the area of Lake Skadar during the rule of Emperor Dušan the Mighty (r. 1331-1355). Only after the death of the emperor, Balša and his three sons gained power in Lower Zeta after acquiring the lands of gospodin Žarko (fl. 1336-1360) and by murdering voivode and čelnik Đuraš Ilijić (r. 1326-1362†), the holders of Lower and Upper Zeta, respectively. Balša dies the same year, and his sons, the Balšić brothers, continue in ruling the province spanning Podgorica, Budva, Bar and Shkodër.[44][better source needed]
The Balšići managed to elevate themselves from petty nobility to provincial lords.[45] They created their own state or state-like entity, comprising Zeta, and the cities of Shkodër, Drisht, Tivar, Ulqin, and Budva. Subsequently they managed to expand their rule over a large portion of Albanian territory, from Tivari to Prizren, and from Vlorë to Berat. Hence they became the chiefs of the largest feudal polity in northern Albania during the 14th century to the 15th century. The administrative and political center of Balša's feudal entity between 1355 and 1396 was the city of Shkodër, which also became the main center of a wide interregional economic network.
Balšić family members founded and renovated several Eastern Orthodox monasteries and churches.[47][48] Between 1368 and 1389 the Balsha owned their own ships and operated as Albanian pirates. Because of their anti-Ottoman attitude, the pirate activity of these Albanian lords was tolerated by the Republic of Venice. However, they limited Venice's operations.
In the Prince-Bishopric and Principality of Montenegro, supporters of the Petrović-Njegoš dynasty claimed them to be descended from the Balšići, as well as the Nemanjić and Crnojević dynasties. Before World War II, the family was the namesake of the association football club GSK Balšić Podgorica.
Simplified family tree:
- Balša I (fl. 1360–62)
- Stracimir
- Đurađ I, married Olivera Mrnjavčević (1st) and Teodora Dejanović (2nd)
- Balša II, married Comita Muzaka
- Voisava Balsha, married Karl Thopia, the "Prince of Albania", with whom she had one son, Gjergj Thopia, Duke of Durazzo, and two daughters, Helena Thopia, Lady of Krujë, married Konstantin Balšić, and Vojislava
e.g.: Tafilica, Baze & Lafe 2023, p. 74; Ivetic 2022, p. 25; Rojas Molina 2022, p. 90; Ćirković 2020, pp. 396–397; Muhadri 2020, pp. 38–39; Muhaj 2019, p. 205; Schmitt 2020, p. 18; Xhufi 2019, p. 50; Molla 2017, p. 211; Campobasso 2016, p. 17; Lee, Lubin & Ndreca 2013, p. 46; Vaccaro 2011, p. 224.
Rudić 2006, p. 99: "О њиховом пореклу не знамо ништа" ,, "Према Чедомиљу Мијатовићу Балшићи су пореклом били француска, односно провансалска породица. Од њих су настали италијански Балшићи, од којих потичу српски Балшићи, а од њих румунски. Ч. Мијатовић, Балшићи, генеалошка студија, 150"
Veselinović-Ljušić 2008, p. 91: "Пошто нам извори ништа поуздано не говоре о њиховим прецима, порекло ове породице је загонетно. Оно што је сигурно, то је да је име њиховог родоначелника несловенског порекла, па је то био повод историчарима да претке ..."
Ćirković 2020, pp. 396–397:U tom svetlu ja ne mogu osporavati albanskim istoričarima da se bave Balšićima, koji su očigledno neslovenskog porekla, koji su u svim periodima gospodarili i delovima nesumnjivo albanske teritorije, i koje su srpski srednjovekovni izvori nazivali “arbanaškom gospodom”. Za mene je sasvim razumljivo da se Balšići javljaju i u perspektivi albanske i u perspektivi srpske istorije. [In this light, I cannot challenge Albanian historians to deal with the Balšićs, who are obviously of non-Slavic origin, who in all periods ruled over parts of undoubtedly Albanian territory, and whom Serbian medieval sources called "Albanian lords". For me, it is quite understandable that the Balšićs appear both in the perspective of Albanian and in the perspective of Serbian history.] Selami Pulaha (1984). Popullsia shqiptare e Kosovës gjatë shekujve XV-XVI. Prishtinë, pp. 17: "Në koalicion Gjergj II Balsha, i cilësuar nga burimet e kohës "sundimtar i shqiptarëve", zinte një vend kryesore..."
Fajfric, 44. Oblasni gospodari: "O njihovom poreklu se zna veoma malo, tako da osim navoda koje je ostavio Mavro Orbin drugih podataka skoro i da nema. Postoje neki fragmentarni navodi koji ukazuju da je rodonačelnik ove porodice, Balša, zapravo rod od "cara Nemanje" te da je držao oblast Bojane (u susedstvu Skadra), no to je sve veoma nesigurno."
Tafilica, Baze & Lafe 2023, p. 74; Ivetic 2022, p. 25; Rojas Molina 2022, p. 90; Ćirković 2020, pp. 396–397; Muhadri 2020, pp. 38–39; Muhaj 2019, p. 205; Schmitt 2020, p. 18; Xhufi 2019, p. 50; Molla 2017, p. 211; Campobasso 2016, p. 17; Lee, Lubin & Ndreca 2013, p. 46; Vaccaro 2011, p. 224. Malcolm 1998, p. 370: "The Balshas were probably of Albanian stock, but culturally Serbianized to a large degree: they had been Orthodox for a long time, and only converted to Catholicism once or twice for political reasons." Catholicism, Culture, Conversion: The History of the Jesuits in Albania (1841-1946). Pontifical Oriental Institute (original from the University of California). 2006. p. 46.
Alexandru Madgearu (2008). The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins. Scarecrow Press. p. 83.
Winnifrith, T.J. (2021). Nobody's Kingdom: A History of Northern Albania. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 9781909930957. In Northern Albania it was the Balšič family who took over, but though they reigned for four generations they were not nearly as powerful as the Nemanjids and can hardly pass muster as a heroic Albanian family, being Slavs, fighting other Albanians and subservient at various times to Serbs, Turks and Venetians.
Osswald, Brendan (2018). "La révolution de 1411 à Iôannina : comment interpréter la "Chronique des Tocco" ?". Revue Historique. 685: 23–58.
Slijepčević 1974, p. 43: "Према Карлу Хопфу и Балшићи и Црнојевићи »припадају без спора српскоме племену».34) Милан Шуфлај вели: »Балшићи су румунскога и влашкога подријетла;"
Ćorović 2001, ТРЕЋИ ПЕРИОД, IX. Распад Српске Царевине
Grga Novak, Povijest Splita I, Split, 1978, p.335
Malcolm 1998, p. 368: "..the story that they were decended from a son of Bertrand de Baux, who accompanied Charles D'Anjou when he seized the kingdom of Naples, is probably pure legend.." Fajfrić, ch. 44, Oblasni gospodari: "Balša o kojem ćemo sada govoriti beše veoma siromašan zetski vlastelin i za života cara Stefana držao je samo jedno selo. Ali kad je umro car, a kako njegov sin Uroš nije bio valjan vladar, počeo je s nekoliko svojih prijatelja i sa svojim sinovima Stracimirom, Đurđem i Balšom da zauzima Donju Zetu." "Posle toga krenuo je sa svojim ljudima na osvajanje Gornje Zete, koju je držao Đuraš Ilijić i njegovi rođaci. Đuraša ubiše Balšini sinovi, neke njegove rođake zarobiše, a ostali napustiše zemlju. I tako su Balšini sinovi zagospodarili i Gornjom Zetom" "Isto tako pali su u njihove ruke Dukađini koji su imali mnogo poseda u Zeti. Neke su poubijali, a druge bacili u tamnicu. Pri osvajanju ovih i drugih pokrajina više su se služili lukavstvom i prevarama nego silom oružja"
Recueil de travaux de l'Institut des études byzantines: Volume 21 1982, "За разлику од Лазаревића, Бранковића и Драгаша, ближих или даљих рођака Немањића и потомака најугледцијих властеоских породица, први Балшићи су прави скоројевићи који су из редова ситне властеле доспели ..."
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Serbian Empire (1355–71)
Republic of Venice (1380s)
Serbian Despotate (1405–21)
League of Lezhë (1444–1479)
