Activating transcription factor 2

Activating transcription factor 2, also known as ATF2, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATF2 gene.^[5]

ATF2
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1BHI, 1T2K, 4H36
Identifiers
Aliases	ATF2, CRE-BP1, CREB-2, CREB2, HB16, TREB7, activating transcription factor 2
External IDs	OMIM: 123811; MGI: 109349; HomoloGene: 31061; GeneCards: ATF2; OMA:ATF2 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 2 (human)[1] Band 2q31.1 Start 175,072,250 bp[1] End 175,168,382 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 2 (mouse)[2] Band 2|2 C3 Start 73,816,509 bp[2] End 73,892,639 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in endothelial cell germinal epithelium Brodmann area 23 corpus epididymis caput epididymis mucosa of paranasal sinus pars compacta tail of epididymis ganglionic eminence Epithelium of choroid plexus Top expressed in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus medial dorsal nucleus dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus habenula arcuate nucleus ventral tegmental area olfactory tubercle lateral septal nucleus anterior amygdaloid area subiculum More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function transferase activity RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding DNA binding sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding cAMP response element binding protein binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific transcription coactivator activity chromatin binding metal ion binding protein binding cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding nucleic acid binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific binding protein kinase binding cAMP response element binding histone acetyltransferase activity DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific transcription factor binding protein heterodimerization activity Cellular component cytoplasm membrane nucleoplasm mitochondrial outer membrane mitochondrion nucleus site of double-strand break Biological process regulation of transcription, DNA-templated regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II mitotic intra-S DNA damage checkpoint signaling outflow tract morphogenesis response to water deprivation positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production transcription, DNA-templated cellular response to DNA damage stimulus response to osmotic stress positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation adipose tissue development fat cell differentiation positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II amelogenesis histone acetylation positive regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation positive regulation of gene expression negative regulation of angiogenesis Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 1386 11909 Ensembl ENSG00000115966 ENSMUSG00000027104 UniProt P15336 P16951 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001256090 NM_001256091 NM_001256092 NM_001256093 NM_001256094 NM_001880 NM_001025093 NM_001284369 NM_001284370 NM_001284371 NM_001284372 NM_001284373 NM_001284374 NM_001284376 NM_009715 RefSeq (protein) NP_001243019 NP_001243020 NP_001243021 NP_001243022 NP_001243023 NP_001871 NP_001020264 NP_001271298 NP_001271299 NP_001271300 NP_001271301 NP_001271302 NP_001271303 NP_001271305 NP_033845 Location (UCSC) Chr 2: 175.07 – 175.17 Mb Chr 2: 73.82 – 73.89 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
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Function

This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins. This protein binds to the cAMP-responsive element (CRE), an octameric palindrome. The protein forms a homodimer or heterodimer with c-Jun. The protein is also a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that specifically acetylates histones H2B and H4 in vitro; thus, it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. Additional transcript variants have been identified but their biological validity has not been determined.^[5]

The gene atf2 is located at human chromosome 2q32.^[6] The protein ATF-2 has 505 amino acids. Studies in mice indicate a role for ATF-2 in the development of nervous system and the skeleton.^[7] ATF-2 is normally activated in response to signals that converge on stress-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK.^[8] ATF-2 phosphorylation in response to treatment of cells with tumor promoter phorbol ester has been demonstrated.^[9]

Several studies implicate abnormal activation of ATF-2 in growth and progression of mammalian skin tumors.^[10][11] ATF-2 may mediate oncogenesis caused by mutant Ras protein^[12] and regulate maintenance of the aggressive cancer phenotype of some types of epithelial cells.

ATF2 has also been shown to be phosphorylated at its C-terminal (serine 472 and 480 in mouse; serine 490 and 498 in human) by ATM upon double-stranded breaks.^[13] Mice with mutations of these two serines are sensitive to irradiation and easier to tumorigenesis under p53 knockout background.

Interactions

Activating transcription factor 2 has been shown to interact with

• C-jun,^[14][15][16]
• Casein kinase 2, alpha 1,^[17]
• CREB binding protein,^[18]
• CSNK2A2,^[17]
• JDP2,^[19]
• MAPK14,^[20][21][22]
• MAPK8,^{[20][21][22][23]}
• Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3^[24]
• NCOA6,^[25]
• RUVBL2,^[26]
• UBE2I.^[27]

See also

• Activating transcription factor