ARHGEF12

Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARHGEF12 gene.^[5][6][7] This protein is also called RhoGEF12 or Leukemia-associated Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (LARG).

ARHGEF12
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1TXD, 1X86, 2OMJ, 2OS6
Identifiers
Aliases	ARHGEF12, LARG, PRO2792, Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12
External IDs	OMIM: 604763; MGI: 1916882; HomoloGene: 9088; GeneCards: ARHGEF12; OMA:ARHGEF12 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 11 (human)[1] Band 11q23.3 Start 120,336,413 bp[1] End 120,489,937 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 9 (mouse)[2] Band 9|9 A5.1 Start 42,875,138 bp[2] End 43,018,534 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in skin of thigh visceral pleura right ventricle renal medulla mucosa of paranasal sinus parietal pleura skin of hip myocardium human penis retinal pigment epithelium Top expressed in vestibular membrane of cochlear duct left lung lobe ciliary body retinal pigment epithelium substantia nigra Epithelium of choroid plexus median eminence iris superior colliculus right lung More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function protein binding G protein-coupled receptor binding GTPase activator activity guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity Cellular component cytoplasm cytosol extracellular exosome membrane Biological process positive regulation of GTPase activity regulation of Rho protein signal transduction intracellular signal transduction regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction positive regulation of apoptotic process G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway regulation of molecular function Rho protein signal transduction Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 23365 69632 Ensembl ENSG00000196914 ENSMUSG00000059495 UniProt Q9NZN5 Q8R4H2 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001198665 NM_001301084 NM_015313 NM_027144 NM_001359232 RefSeq (protein) NP_001185594 NP_001288013 NP_056128 NP_081420 NP_001346161 Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 120.34 – 120.49 Mb Chr 9: 42.88 – 43.02 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Function

Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12 is guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the RhoA small GTPase protein. ^[5] Rho is a small GTPase protein that is inactive when bound to the guanine nucleotide GDP. But when acted on by Rho GEF proteins such as RhoGEF1, this GDP is released and replaced by GTP, leading to the active state of Rho. In this active, GTP-bound conformation, Rho can bind to and activate specific effector proteins and enzymes to regulate cellular functions.^[8] In particular, active Rho is a major regulator of the cell actin cytoskeleton.^[8]

RhoGEF12 is a member of a group of four RhoGEF proteins known to be activated by G protein coupled receptors coupled to the G₁₂ and G₁₃ heterotrimeric G proteins.^[9] The others are ARHGEF1 (also known as p115-RhoGEF), ARHGEF11 (also known as PDZ-RhoGEF) and AKAP13 (also known as ARHGEF13 and Lbc). ^[10][11] GPCR-regulated RhoGEF12 (and these related GEF proteins) acts as an effector for G₁₂ and G₁₃ G proteins. In addition to being activated by G₁₂ or G₁₃ G proteins, three of these four RhoGEF proteins (ARHGEF1/11/12) also function as RGS family GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) to increase the rate of GTP hydrolysis of G₁₂/G₁₃ alpha proteins (which are themselves GTPase proteins). This action increases the rate of G protein deactivation, limiting the time during which these RhoGEFs activate Rho.^[12]

Clinical significance

This protein is observed to form myeloid/lymphoid fusion partner in acute myeloid leukemia.^[7]

Interactions

ARHGEF12 has been shown to interact with:

• GNA12,^[13][14]
• GNA13,^[13][14]
• IGF1R,^[15]
• PLXNB1,^[16]
• RHOA,^[14][17] and
• TEC.^[14]

See also

• Second messenger system
• G protein-coupled receptor
• Heterotrimeric G protein
• Small GTPases
• Rho family of GTPases

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000196914 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000059495 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Kourlas PJ, Strout MP, Becknell B, Veronese ML, Croce CM, Theil KS, et al. (February 2000). "Identification of a gene at 11q23 encoding a guanine nucleotide exchange factor: evidence for its fusion with MLL in acute myeloid leukemia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (5): 2145–50. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.2145K. doi:10.1073/pnas.040569197. PMC 15768. PMID 10681437.
6. Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Nakajima D, Ohira M, Seki N, Miyajima N, et al. (April 1997). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. VII. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which can code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Research. 4 (2): 141–50. doi:10.1093/dnares/4.2.141. PMID 9205841.
7. "Entrez Gene: ARHGEF12 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 12".
8. Thumkeo D, Watanabe S, Narumiya S (October–November 2013). "Physiological roles of Rho and Rho effectors in mammals". European Journal of Cell Biology. 92 (10–11): 303–15. doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.09.002. PMID 24183240.
9. Booden MA, Siderovski DP, Der CJ (June 2002). "Leukemia-associated Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor promotes G alpha q-coupled activation of RhoA". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 22 (12): 4053–61. doi:10.1128/mcb.22.12.4053-4061.2002. PMC 133844. PMID 12024019.
10. Fukuhara S, Chikumi H, Gutkind JS (March 2001). "RGS-containing RhoGEFs: the missing link between transforming G proteins and Rho?". Oncogene. 20 (13): 1661–8. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204182. PMID 11313914.
11. Diviani D, Soderling J, Scott JD (November 2001). "AKAP-Lbc anchors protein kinase A and nucleates Galpha 12-selective Rho-mediated stress fiber formation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (47): 44247–57. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106629200. PMID 11546812.
12. Kozasa T (April 2001). "Regulation of G protein-mediated signal transduction by RGS proteins". Life Sciences. 68 (19–20): 2309–17. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01020-7. PMID 11358341.
13. Fukuhara S, Chikumi H, Gutkind JS (November 2000). "Leukemia-associated Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (LARG) links heterotrimeric G proteins of the G(12) family to Rho". FEBS Letters. 485 (2–3): 183–8. Bibcode:2000FEBSL.485..183F. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(00)02224-9. PMID 11094164. S2CID 7300556.
14. Suzuki N, Nakamura S, Mano H, Kozasa T (January 2003). "Galpha 12 activates Rho GTPase through tyrosine-phosphorylated leukemia-associated RhoGEF". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (2): 733–8. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100..733S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0234057100. PMC 141065. PMID 12515866.
15. Taya S, Inagaki N, Sengiku H, Makino H, Iwamatsu A, Urakawa I, et al. (November 2001). "Direct interaction of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor with leukemia-associated RhoGEF". The Journal of Cell Biology. 155 (5): 809–20. doi:10.1083/jcb.200106139. PMC 2150867. PMID 11724822.
16. Hirotani M, Ohoka Y, Yamamoto T, Nirasawa H, Furuyama T, Kogo M, et al. (September 2002). "Interaction of plexin-B1 with PDZ domain-containing Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 297 (1): 32–7. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02122-8. PMID 12220504.
17. Reuther GW, Lambert QT, Booden MA, Wennerberg K, Becknell B, Marcucci G, et al. (July 2001). "Leukemia-associated Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, a Dbl family protein found mutated in leukemia, causes transformation by activation of RhoA". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (29): 27145–51. doi:10.1074/jbc.M103565200. PMID 11373293.

Further reading

• Fukuhara S, Chikumi H, Gutkind JS (November 2000). "Leukemia-associated Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (LARG) links heterotrimeric G proteins of the G(12) family to Rho". FEBS Letters. 485 (2–3): 183–8. Bibcode:2000FEBSL.485..183F. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(00)02224-9. PMID 11094164. S2CID 7300556.
• Reuther GW, Lambert QT, Booden MA, Wennerberg K, Becknell B, Marcucci G, et al. (July 2001). "Leukemia-associated Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, a Dbl family protein found mutated in leukemia, causes transformation by activation of RhoA". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (29): 27145–51. doi:10.1074/jbc.M103565200. PMID 11373293.
• Taya S, Inagaki N, Sengiku H, Makino H, Iwamatsu A, Urakawa I, et al. (November 2001). "Direct interaction of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor with leukemia-associated RhoGEF". The Journal of Cell Biology. 155 (5): 809–20. doi:10.1083/jcb.200106139. PMC 2150867. PMID 11724822.
• Chikumi H, Fukuhara S, Gutkind JS (April 2002). "Regulation of G protein-linked guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rho, PDZ-RhoGEF, and LARG by tyrosine phosphorylation: evidence of a role for focal adhesion kinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (14): 12463–73. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108504200. PMID 11799111.
• Perrot V, Vazquez-Prado J, Gutkind JS (November 2002). "Plexin B regulates Rho through the guanine nucleotide exchange factors leukemia-associated Rho GEF (LARG) and PDZ-RhoGEF". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (45): 43115–20. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206005200. PMID 12183458.
• Aurandt J, Vikis HG, Gutkind JS, Ahn N, Guan KL (September 2002). "The semaphorin receptor plexin-B1 signals through a direct interaction with the Rho-specific nucleotide exchange factor, LARG". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (19): 12085–90. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9912085A. doi:10.1073/pnas.142433199. PMC 129402. PMID 12196628.
• Hirotani M, Ohoka Y, Yamamoto T, Nirasawa H, Furuyama T, Kogo M, et al. (September 2002). "Interaction of plexin-B1 with PDZ domain-containing Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 297 (1): 32–7. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02122-8. PMID 12220504.
• Driessens MH, Olivo C, Nagata K, Inagaki M, Collard JG (October 2002). "B plexins activate Rho through PDZ-RhoGEF". FEBS Letters. 529 (2–3): 168–72. Bibcode:2002FEBSL.529..168D. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03323-9. PMID 12372594. S2CID 26525009.
• Wennerberg K, Ellerbroek SM, Liu RY, Karnoub AE, Burridge K, Der CJ (December 2002). "RhoG signals in parallel with Rac1 and Cdc42". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (49): 47810–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M203816200. PMID 12376551.
• Suzuki N, Nakamura S, Mano H, Kozasa T (January 2003). "Galpha 12 activates Rho GTPase through tyrosine-phosphorylated leukemia-associated RhoGEF". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (2): 733–8. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100..733S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0234057100. PMC 141065. PMID 12515866.
• Chikumi H, Barac A, Behbahani B, Gao Y, Teramoto H, Zheng Y, et al. (January 2004). "Homo- and hetero-oligomerization of PDZ-RhoGEF, LARG and p115RhoGEF by their C-terminal region regulates their in vivo Rho GEF activity and transforming potential". Oncogene. 23 (1): 233–40. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207012. PMID 14712228.
• Wang Q, Liu M, Kozasa T, Rothstein JD, Sternweis PC, Neubig RR (July 2004). "Thrombin and lysophosphatidic acid receptors utilize distinct rhoGEFs in prostate cancer cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (28): 28831–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.C400105200. PMID 15143072.
• Kristelly R, Gao G, Tesmer JJ (November 2004). "Structural determinants of RhoA binding and nucleotide exchange in leukemia-associated Rho guanine-nucleotide exchange factor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (45): 47352–62. doi:10.1074/jbc.M406056200. PMID 15331592.
• Ballif BA, Villén J, Beausoleil SA, Schwartz D, Gygi SP (November 2004). "Phosphoproteomic analysis of the developing mouse brain". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 3 (11): 1093–101. doi:10.1074/mcp.M400085-MCP200. PMID 15345747.
• Okuhira K, Fitzgerald ML, Sarracino DA, Manning JJ, Bell SA, Goss JL, et al. (November 2005). "Purification of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and associated binding proteins reveals the importance of beta1-syntrophin in cholesterol efflux". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (47): 39653–64. doi:10.1074/jbc.M510187200. PMID 16192269.
• Goto M, Muramatsu H, Mihara H, Kurihara T, Esaki N, Omi R, et al. (December 2005). "Crystal structures of Delta1-piperideine-2-carboxylate/Delta1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase belonging to a new family of NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases: conformational change, substrate recognition, and stereochemistry of the reaction". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (49): 40875–84. doi:10.1074/jbc.M507399200. PMID 16192274.
• Bourguignon LY, Gilad E, Brightman A, Diedrich F, Singleton P (May 2006). "Hyaluronan-CD44 interaction with leukemia-associated RhoGEF and epidermal growth factor receptor promotes Rho/Ras co-activation, phospholipase C epsilon-Ca2+ signaling, and cytoskeleton modification in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (20): 14026–40. doi:10.1074/jbc.M507734200. PMID 16565089.

External links

• Human ARHGEF12 genome location and ARHGEF12 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.