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G12/G13 alpha subunits are alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins that link cell surface G protein-coupled receptors primarily to guanine nucleotide exchange factors for the Rho small GTPases to regulate the actin cytoskeleton.[1] Together, these two proteins comprise one of the four classes of G protein alpha subunits.[2] G protein alpha subunits bind to guanine nucleotides and function in a regulatory cycle, and are active when bound to GTP but inactive and associated with the G beta-gamma complex when bound to GDP.[3][4] G12/G13 are not targets of pertussis toxin or cholera toxin, as are other classes of G protein alpha subunits.[5]
G proteins G12 and G13 regulate actin cytoskeletal remodeling in cells during movement and migration, including cancer cell metastasis.[6] G13 is also essential for receptor tyrosine kinase-induced migration of fibroblast and endothelial cells.[7]
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