311 South Wacker Drive

311 South Wacker Drive is a post-modern 65-story skyscraper located in Chicago, Illinois, and completed in 1990. At 961 feet (293 m) tall, it is the ninth-tallest building in Chicago and the 36th tallest in the United States. It was once the tallest reinforced concrete building in the world. 311 South Wacker was also the tallest building in the world known only by its street address, until it was surpassed in height by New York's 432 Park Avenue in 2015.^[3][4]

311 South Wacker Drive
Record height
Tallest in Wacker Drive from 1990 to 1992[I]
Preceded by	35 East Wacker Drive
Surpassed by	77 West Wacker Drive
General information
Status	Completed
Type	Office
Location	311 S. Wacker Drive Chicago, Illinois
Construction started	1988
Completed	1990
Height
Architectural	292.9 m (961 ft)[1]
Roof	293 m (961 ft)
Top floor	256.8 m (843 ft)[1]
Technical details
Floor count	65[1]
Floor area	1,400,000 sq ft (130,000 m2)[2]
Lifts/elevators	34[1]
Design and construction
Architect(s)	Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates HKS
Developer	Gerald Kostelny/Lincoln Property Company
Main contractor	J.A. Jones Construction Construction Manager was Harbour Contractors, inc.
References
[1]

The lower level of the winter garden was designed for a possible connection via underground passageway to Chicago Union Station. The building also contains three levels of underground parking. The building contains both retail and commercial tenants.^[5]

Lobby

The lobby is a two-level (one below ground) 85-foot (26 m)-tall glass-ceilinged "winter garden." It used to have palm trees, still has a fountain, and is supported by a steel structure influenced by the Chicago "L" tracks and bridges. It was envisioned as a commuter link or "pedestrian station" serving as a connection from the nearby Union Station through a disused streetcar tunnel under the South Branch of the Chicago River.^[6] Raymond Kaskey's bronze sculpture "Gem of the Lakes" looks over the garden from the Wacker entrance. The fountain shell form is taken from the city seal with a heroic figure representing Chicago as the "city of broad shoulders" wearing a cape symbolic of the great engineering feat which reversed the flow of Chicago River.^[6]

Crown

CNA's building illuminated to reflect Breast Cancer Awareness Month. 311 South Wacker Drive can be seen in the left, with the top portion brightly illuminated.

The top of the building is a 105-foot (32 m)-tall translucent cylinder, surrounded by four other smaller cylinders, which was inspired by the massing of the Tribune Tower. This makes it among the most visible Chicago skyscrapers at night, as its crown is brightly illuminated. The five cylinders on top are lit at night by 1,852 fluorescent tubes, and a lantern at the top changes colors for various holidays and special events.

Park

311 South Wacker is surrounded to the northwest by a grassy area, commonly used as a lounging and public lunch area during warm months, which is the largest area of green space in the Chicago Loop. This park is used to host local farmer markets, musical events, and various art and cultural festivals. To the southwest is a parking lot.^[7] This land was originally to be occupied by two companion towers that were never developed due to office market conditions.

Position in Chicago's skyline

Gallery

• 
  View
• 
  311 South Wacker Drive and Willis Tower
• 
  South view taken from Chicago River
• 
  311 South Wacker Drive top viewed from the top floor of Willis Tower
• 
  311 South Wacker Drive as viewed from the 103rd floor of the nearby Willis Tower

See also

• List of tallest buildings in the United States
• List of tallest buildings in Chicago
• List of tallest buildings and structures in the world
• List of tallest buildings in the world
• Wacker Drive