The 1888 United States House of Representatives elections were held for the most part on November 6, 1888, with three states holding theirs early between June and September. They occurred at the same time as the election of President Benjamin Harrison. Elections were initially held for 325 seats of the United States House of Representatives, representing 38 states, to serve in the 51st United States Congress. Six new states would later join the union and increase the House to 332 seats. Special elections were also held throughout the year.
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2009) |
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All 332 seats in the United States House of Representatives[b] 167 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Map of U.S. House elections results from 1888 elections for 51st Congress on election day (a number of Southern seats were later successfully contested and the results overturned) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Harrison's Republican Party gained a majority in the House at the expense of the Democratic Party, even though incumbent President Grover Cleveland actually received more votes counted than Harrison. However, as in other elections in the period, widespread vote suppression and electoral fraud was common on behalf of Democrats and against black Republicans in the Southern United States. The Republican House majority in uncontested elections unseated a number of initially reported as victorious Democratic candidates in favor of Republican candidates who contested their election loss.
The issue of tariffs played a key role in this election. The Democrats, with the support of farmers and laborers, wanted to lower tariffs in order to promote free trade, while the Republicans, backed by industry and big business, believed that higher tariffs were necessary to protect American manufacturing. Especially in industrializing regions, voters chose the Republican view on tariffs, as they gave the party a slim majority in the House.
Hamilton D. Coleman’s win in the Second District would prove the last time until 1972 that a Republican won any House seat in Louisiana,[2] for the disenfrachisement of almost all blacks in the 1890s would leave that state completely devoid of Republican support until after the Dixiecrat bolt.[3]
Election summaries
Seven seats were added, for the six new states of, in order of admission (number of House seats for each new state listed in parentheses): North Dakota (1), South Dakota (2), Montana (1), Washington (1), Idaho (1), and Wyoming (1).
179 | 1 | 152 |
Republican | [e] | Democratic |
State | Type | Total seats |
Republican | Democratic | Others | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seats | Change | Seats | Change | Seats | Change | |||
Alabama | District | 8 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 0 | |
Arkansas | District | 5 | 1 | 3 | 1[f] | 1 | ||
California | District | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 | |||
Colorado | At-large | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||
Connecticut | District | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Delaware | At-large | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |||
Florida | District | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |||
Georgia | District | 10 | 0 | 10 | 0 | |||
Illinois | District | 20 | 13 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 0 | |
Indiana | District | 13 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 4 | 0 | |
Iowa | District | 11 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1[g] | |
Kansas | District | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |||
Kentucky | District | 11 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 0 | |
Louisiana | District | 6 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0 | |
Maine[h] | District | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |||
Maryland | District | 6 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | |
Massachusetts | District | 12 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |
Michigan | District | 11 | 9 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 0 | |
Minnesota | District | 5 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | |
Mississippi | District | 7 | 0 | 7 | 0 | |||
Missouri | District | 14 | 4 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 0 | |
Nebraska | District | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Nevada | At-large | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||
New Hampshire | District | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
New Jersey | District | 7 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
New York | District | 34 | 19 | 1 | 15 | 1 | 0 | |
North Carolina | District | 9 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 1[i] |
Ohio | District | 21 | 16 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0 | |
Oregon[h] | At-large | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||
Pennsylvania | District[j] | 28 | 21 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 0 | |
Rhode Island | District | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |||
South Carolina | District | 7 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 0 | |
Tennessee | District | 10 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 0 | |
Texas | District | 11 | 0 | 11 | 0 | |||
Vermont[h] | District | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |||
Virginia | District | 10 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 1[k] |
West Virginia | District | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |
Wisconsin | District | 9 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1[k] | |
1889 elections (New States) | ||||||||
Montana | At-large | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
North Dakota | At-large | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
South Dakota | At-large | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||
Washington | At-large | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
1890 elections (New States) | ||||||||
Idaho | At-large | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Wyoming | At-large | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Total[b] | 332 | 179[1] 53.9% |
17 | 152[1] 45.8% |
6 | 1 0.3% |
5 |
The previous election had 4 third-party candidates, 2 Labor, 1 Greenback, and 1 Independent.
Election dates
All states elected their members November 6, 1888 except, three states, with 7 seats among them:
Alabama
Arizona Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Arkansas
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Arkansas 1 | Poindexter Dunn | Democratic | 1878 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |
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Arkansas 2 | Clifton R. Breckinridge | Democratic | 1882 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Arkansas 3 | Thomas C. McRae | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Arkansas 4 | John H. Rogers | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Arkansas 5 | Samuel W. Peel | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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In the 1st district, initial returns showed William H. Cate (Democratic) winning the election, but the election was contested by Lewis P. Featherstone (Labor), and on May 5, 1890, he was declared the winner.
In the 2nd district, Clifton R. Breckinridge (Democratic) was initially declared re-elected. John M. Clayton successfully contested the election, but was assassinated before the contest was complete, so the House declared the seat vacant. Breckinridge was subsequently re-elected November 4, 1890 to finish the term.
California
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
California 1 | Thomas Larkin Thompson | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
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California 2 | Marion Biggs | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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California 3 | Joseph McKenna | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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California 4 | William W. Morrow | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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California 5 | Charles N. Felton | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
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California 6 | William Vandever | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold |
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Colorado
Connecticut
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[4] | |
Connecticut 1 | Robert J. Vance | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
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Connecticut 2 | Carlos French | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |
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Connecticut 3 | Charles A. Russell | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Connecticut 4 | Miles T. Granger | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent retired. Republican gain. |
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Delaware
Florida
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[5] | |
Florida 1 | Robert H. M. Davidson | Democratic | 1876 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Florida 2 | Charles Dougherty | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold |
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Idaho Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[6] | |
Maine 1 | Thomas B. Reed | Republican | 1876 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Maine 2 | Nelson Dingley Jr. | Republican | 1881 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Maine 3 | Seth L. Milliken | Republican | 1882 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Maine 4 | Charles A. Boutelle | Republican | 1882 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Maryland
Massachusetts
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[6] | |
Massachusetts 1 | Robert T. Davis | Republican | 1882 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Massachusetts 2 | John Davis Long | Republican | 1882 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Massachusetts 3 | Leopold Morse | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |
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Massachusetts 4 | Patrick Collins | Democratic | 1882 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |
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Massachusetts 5 | Edward D. Hayden | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Massachusetts 6 | Henry Cabot Lodge | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 7 | William Cogswell | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 8 | Charles Herbert Allen | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent not re-nominated. Republican hold. |
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Massachusetts 9 | Edward Burnett | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
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Massachusetts 10 | John E. Russell | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent retired. Republican gain. |
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Massachusetts 11 | William Whiting II | Republican | 1882 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 12 | Francis W. Rockwell | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Michigan
Minnesota
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[7] | |
Minnesota 1 | Thomas Wilson | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
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Minnesota 2 | John Lind | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Minnesota 3 | John L. MacDonald | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
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Minnesota 4 | Edmund Rice | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
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Minnesota 5 | Knute Nelson | Republican | 1882 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Mississippi
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Mississippi 1 | John M. Allen | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Mississippi 2 | James B. Morgan | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Mississippi 3 | Thomas C. Catchings | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Mississippi 4 | Frederick G. Barry | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |
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Mississippi 5 | Chapman L. Anderson | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Mississippi 6 | T. R. Stockdale | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Mississippi 7 | Charles E. Hooker | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Missouri
Nebraska
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Nebraska 1 | John A. McShane | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator. Republican gain. |
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Nebraska 2 | James Laird | Republican | 1882 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Nebraska 3 | George W. E. Dorsey | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Nevada
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[18] | |
Nevada at-large | William Woodburn | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
|
New Hampshire
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[6] | |
New Hampshire 1 | |||||
New Hampshire 2 |
New Jersey
Montana Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
New Mexico Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[19] | |
Ohio 1 | Benjamin Butterworth | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 2 | Charles Elwood Brown | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Ohio 3 | Elihu S. Williams | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 4 | Samuel S. Yoder | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 5 | George E. Seney | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 6 | Melvin M. Boothman | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 7 | James E. Campbell | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent retired. Republican gain. |
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Ohio 8 | Robert P. Kennedy | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 9 | William C. Cooper | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 10 | Jacob Romeis | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Ohio 11 | Albert C. Thompson | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 12 | Jacob J. Pugsley | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 13 | Joseph H. Outhwaite | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 14 | Charles P. Wickham | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 15 | Charles H. Grosvenor | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 16 | Beriah Wilkins | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |
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Ohio 17 | Joseph D. Taylor | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 18 | William McKinley | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 19 | Ezra B. Taylor | Republican | 1880 (s) | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 20 | George W. Crouse | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Ohio 21 | Martin A. Foran | Democratic | 1882 | Incumbent retired. Republican gain. |
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Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
South Carolina 1 | Samuel Dibble | Democratic | 1882 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
South Carolina 2 | George D. Tillman | Democratic | 1878 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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South Carolina 3 | James S. Cothran | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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South Carolina 4 | William H. Perry | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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South Carolina 5 | John J. Hemphill | Democratic | 1882 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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South Carolina 6 | George W. Dargan | Democratic | 1882 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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South Carolina 7 | William Elliott | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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In the 7th district, Elliott was initially declared re-elected, but Miller successfully challenged the election and was seated in his place in September 1890.
Tennessee
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Tennessee 1 | Roderick R. Butler | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
|
Tennessee 2 | Leonidas C. Houk | Republican | 1878 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Tennessee 3 | John R. Neal | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent retired. Republican gain. |
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Tennessee 4 | Benton McMillin | Democratic | 1878 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Tennessee 5 | James D. Richardson | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Tennessee 6 | Joseph E. Washington | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Tennessee 7 | Washington C. Whitthorne | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Tennessee 8 | Benjamin A. Enloe | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Tennessee 9 | Presley T. Glass | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent lost renomination. Democratic hold. |
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Tennessee 10 | James Phelan Jr. | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Texas
Utah Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Vermont
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[30] | |
Vermont 1 | John W. Stewart | Republican | 1882 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Vermont 2 | William W. Grout | Republican | 1880 1882 (lost) 1884 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Virginia
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[31] | |
Virginia 1 | Thomas H. B. Browne | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 2 | George E. Bowden | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 3 | George D. Wise | Democratic | 1880 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 4 | William E. Gaines | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Virginia 5 | John Robert Brown | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
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Virginia 6 | Samuel I. Hopkins | Labor | 1886 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
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Virginia 7 | Charles T. O'Ferrall | Democratic | 1882 (contest) | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 8 | W. H. F. Lee | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 9 | Henry Bowen | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Virginia 10 | Jacob Yost | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Washington Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
West Virginia
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
West Virginia 1 | Nathan Goff Jr. | Republican | 1882 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
Others
|
Election successfully contested. New member seated February 26, 1890. Republican hold. |
| ||||
West Virginia 2 | William L. Wilson | Democratic | 1882 | Incumbent re-elected. |
Others
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West Virginia 3 | Charles P. Snyder | Democratic | 1883 (special) | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |
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West Virginia 4 | Charles E. Hogg | Democratic | 1886 | Incumbent lost renomination. Democratic hold. |
Others
|
Election successfully contested. New member seated February 3, 1890. Republican gain. |
Wisconsin
Wisconsin elected nine members of congress on Election Day, November 6, 1888.[37][38]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Wisconsin 1 | Lucien B. Caswell | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Wisconsin 2 | Richard W. Guenther | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent declined re-nomination. Democratic gain. |
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Wisconsin 3 | Robert M. La Follette | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Wisconsin 4 | Henry Smith | Union Labor | 1886 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
Others
|
Wisconsin 5 | Thomas R. Hudd | Democratic | 1886 (special) | Incumbent lost re-nomination. Democratic hold. |
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Wisconsin 6 | Charles B. Clark | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Wisconsin 7 | Ormsby B. Thomas | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Wisconsin 8 | Nils P. Haugen | Republican | 1887 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Wisconsin 9 | Isaac Stephenson | Republican | 1882 | Incumbent declined re-nomination. Republican hold. |
Others
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Wyoming Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Non-voting delegates
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delegate | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Arizona Territory at-large | |||||
Idaho Territory at-large | Fred Dubois | Republican | 1886 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Montana Territory at-large | Joseph K. Toole | Democratic | 1884 | Incumbent retired. Republican gain. |
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New Mexico Territory at-large | |||||
Utah Territory at-large | |||||
Washington Territory at-large | |||||
Wyoming Territory at-large | Joseph M. Carey | Republican | 1884 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
See also
Notes
- There are significant discrepancies between the party counts provided by Martis (pp. 142–43) and Dubin (p. 285) in regards to the 51st Congress, mainly due to the fact that Martis counts the results of many later contested elections (which were generally decided in favor of the challenging Republican candidate, resulting in the unseating of a number of Democratic members). Dubin records 169 Republicans and 161 Democrats on the first day of the 1st session of the 51st Congress; Dubin reports 177 Republicans, 154 Democrats, and one Labor Party member at the start of the 2nd session of the 51st Congress, figures that nearly match Martis' numbers.
- Including 2 Independent Republicans, John Alexander Anderson elected to Kansas's 5th congressional district, and Albert R. Anderson to Iowa's 8th congressional district.
- After a contested election, Lewis P. Featherstone of the Labor Party was declared the winner in Arkansas's 1st congressional district.
References
Bibliography
External links
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