1834–35 United States House of Representatives elections

The 1834–35 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between July 7, 1834, and November 5, 1835. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 24th United States Congress convened on December 7, 1835. They were held during President Andrew Jackson's second term. Elections were held for 240 seats that represented 24 states, as well as the at-large-district seat for the pending new state of Michigan.

1834–35 United States House of Representatives elections

← 1832 & 1833 July 7, 1834 – November 5, 1835[lower-alpha 1] 1836 & 1837 →
All 242[lower-alpha 2] seats in the United States House of Representatives 122 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader James K. Polk John Bell Party Jacksonian National Republican Leader's seat Tennessee 9th Tennessee 7th Last election 143 seats 63 seats Seats won 143 75 Seat change 12 Popular vote 802,422 704,229 Percentage 49.69% 43.61%   Third party Fourth party   Party Nullifier Anti-Masonic Last election 9 seats 25 seats Seats won 8[lower-alpha 3] 16 Seat change 1 9 Popular vote 19,151 50,330 Percentage 1.19% 3.12%   Fifth party   Party Independent Last election 0 seats Seats won 1[lower-alpha 4] Seat change 1 Popular vote 52,062 Percentage 3.22%
Speaker before election John Bell Jacksonian Elected Speaker James K. Polk Jacksonian

Jacksonians benefitted from the president's continued popularity and the tight party organization of the nascent Democratic Party to win a large majority of House seats for the new Congress. Their primary opponents, the National Republicans, were coalescing and unifying as the Whig Party, reducing the influence of single-issue parties, the Anti-Masonic Party (an anti-Masonry movement) and the Nullifier Party (a John C. Calhoun-led states' rights party that supported South Carolina during the Nullification Crisis in 1832 and 1833). The Whig Party evolved from the National Republican Party and these minor parties. It appealed to diverse opponents of Jackson, including voters who perceived him as autocratic and brash, voters supporting greater spending and development on institutions and infrastructure, anti-Masons, and former Federalists. As the balance of power in the House remained unchanged, with Jacksonians holding 142 seats, this was the smallest loss by a President's party in the House as a result of the so-called six-year itch.

When the House convened in December 1835, future president James K. Polk, a staunch Jacksonian, was elected speaker. He defeated the incumbent speaker, John Bell, a Jacksonian who had split with the president on the national bank and other issues. Bell subsequently aligned himself with the National Republicans in the 24th Congress.

Election summary

Michigan was admitted during this Congress, adding 1 seat.^{[1][lower-alpha 5]}

↓

75	16	8	142
National Republican	Anti-Masonic	N	Jacksonian

State	Type	Date	Total seats	National Republican		Anti-Masonic		Jacksonian		Nullifier
				Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Delaware	At-large	November 11, 1834	1	1		0		0		0
Georgia	At-large	October 6, 1834	9	0		0		9		0
Illinois	Districts	August 4, 1834	3	0		0		3		0
Louisiana	Districts	July 7–9, 1834	3	2		0		1		0
Maine	Districts	September 8, 1834	8	2	1	0		6	1	0
Massachusetts	Districts	November 10, 1834	12	8	1	3	1	1		0
New Jersey	At-large	October 14, 1834	6	0		0		6		0
New York	Districts	November 3–5, 1834	40	9	9	0	8	31	1	0
Ohio	Districts	October 14, 1834	19	9	3	1	1	9	2	0
Pennsylvania	Districts	October 14, 1834	28	3	1	8	2	17	3	0
South Carolina	Districts	October 13–14, 1834	9	0		0		2	1	7	1
Vermont	Districts	September 2, 1834	5	3		2		0		0
Late elections after the March 4, 1835 beginning of the term.
New Hampshire	At-large	March 10, 1835	5	0		0		5		0
Virginia	Districts	April 1835	21	5	2	0		16	2	0
Connecticut	At-large	April 9, 1835	6	0	6	0		6	6	0
Alabama	Districts	August 3, 1835	5	1	1	0		3	1	1
Indiana	Districts	August 3, 1835	7	1		0		6		0
Missouri	At-large	August 3, 1835	2	1		0		1		0
Kentucky	Districts	August 5, 1835	13	9		0		4		0
Tennessee	Districts	August 5–6, 1835	13	9	8	0		4	8	0
North Carolina	Districts	August 13, 1835	13	7		0		6		0
Rhode Island	At-large	August 25, 1835	2	0	1	2	1	0		0
Maryland	Districts	October 5, 1835	8	4	2	0		4	2	0
Michigan[lower-alpha 6][lower-alpha 5]	At-large	October 5, 1835	1	0		0		1	1	0
Mississippi	At-large	November 3–5, 1835	2	1	1	0		1	1	0
Total[lower-alpha 2]			241 1	75 31.1%	12	16 6.6%	9	142 58.9%		8 3.3%	1

Popular vote Jacksonian   49.69% Nat'l Republican   43.61% Anti-Masonic   3.12% Nullifier   1.19% Independents   3.22%

House seats Jacksonian   61.16% Nat'l Republican   33.06% Nullifier   3.31% Anti-Masonic   2.07% Independent   0.41%

Special elections

23rd Congress

See also: 23rd United States Congress

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Connecticut at-large 3 seats	William W. Ellsworth	National Republican	1829	Incumbent resigned July 8, 1834. New member elected April 11, 1834 and seated December 1, 1834. National Republican hold. Winner later lost re-election; see below.	Elected on a general ticket: ▌Y Phineas Miner (National Republican) 16.3% ▌Y Ebenezer Jackson Jr. (National Republican) 16.2% ▌Y Joseph Trumbull (National Republican) 16.2% ▌Luthor Loomis (Unknown) 16.0% ▌Lancelot Phelps (Jacksonian) 15.9% ▌Samuel Ingham (Jacksonian) 15.8% ▌Richard Hubbard (Unknown) 1.1% ▌Horace Cowles (Unknown) 1.1% ▌Sheldon C. Leavitt (Unknown) 1.0% Scattering 0.4%[2]
	Jabez W. Huntington	National Republican	1829	Incumbent resigned August 16, 1834 to become judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors. New member elected April 11, 1834 and seated December 1, 1834. National Republican hold. Winner was not a candidate for the next term; see below.
	Samuel A. Foot	National Republican	1833	Incumbent resigned May 9, 1834 to become Governor of Connecticut. New member elected April 11, 1834 and seated December 1, 1834. National Republican hold. Winner later lost re-election; see below.
Massachusetts 5	John Davis	National Republican	1825	Incumbent resigned January 14, 1834 to become Governor of Massachusetts. New member elected February 17, 1834 and seated March 5, 1834. National Republican hold. Winner was later re-elected; see below.	▌Y Levi Lincoln Jr. (National Republican) 79.15% ▌Isaac Davis (Jacksonian) 20.85%[3]
Maryland 1	Littleton Dennis	National Republican	1833	Incumbent died April 14, 1834. New member elected May 29, 1834 and seated June 9, 1834. National Republican hold. Winner was later re-elected; see below.	▌Y John N. Steele (National Republican) 62.17% ▌James A. Stewart (Jacksonian) 37.83%[4]
South Carolina 8	James Blair	Jacksonian	1828	Incumbent died April 1, 1834. New member elected June 3, 1834 and seated December 8, 1834. Jacksonian hold. Winner was later re-elected; see below.	▌Y Richard I. Manning (Jacksonian) 59.29% ▌Franklin H. Elmore (Nullifier) 40.71%[5]
Kentucky 5	Vacant			1833 election of Thomas P. Moore declared invalid. House ordered new election. New member elected August 4, 1834 and seated December 1, 1834. National Republican gain. Winner was not a candidate for the next term; see below.	▌Y Robert P. Letcher (National Republican) 51.88% ▌Thomas P. Moore (Jacksonian) 48.12%[6]
Ohio 19	Humphrey H. Leavitt	Jacksonian	1830 (special)	Incumbent resigned July 10, 1834 to become U.S. District Judge. New member elected October 14, 1834 and seated December 1, 1834. Jacksonian hold. Winner was also elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y Daniel Kilgore (Jacksonian) [lower-alpha 7] ▌Samuel S. Stokely (National Republican)[lower-alpha 7][7]
New York 3 Plural district with 2 seats	Dudley Selden	Jacksonian	1832	Incumbent resigned July 2, 1834. New member elected November 3, 1834 and seated December 1, 1834. Jacksonian hold.	Elected on a general ticket: ▌Y John J. Morgan (Jacksonian) 26.69% ▌Y Charles G. Ferris (Jacksonian) 26.68% ▌Adoniram Chandler (Whig) 23.41% ▌William Sampson (Whig) 23.22%[8]
	Cornelius Lawrence	Jacksonian	1832	Incumbent resigned May 14, 1834 to become Mayor of New York City. New member elected November 3, 1834 and seated December 1, 1834. Jacksonian hold.
Ohio 1	Robert Todd Lytle	Jacksonian	1832	Incumbent resigned March 10, 1834. Incumbent re-elected November 8, 1834 and re-seated December 27, 1834, having already lost re-election; see below. Jacksonian hold.	▌Y Robert Todd Lytle (Jacksonian) 50.47% ▌J. Washington Mason (National Republican) 49.54%[9]
Vermont 5	Benjamin F. Deming	Anti-Masonic	1833	Incumbent died July 11, 1834. New member elected November 10, 1834 and seated December 1, 1834. Anti-Masonic hold. Winner also elected to the next term; see below.	First ballot (September 2, 1834) ▌Isaac Fletcher (Jacksonian) 46.7% ▌William Upham (National Republican) 36.8% ▌Henry F. Janes (Anti-Masonic) 11.1% Second ballot (November 10, 1834) ▌Y Henry F. Janes (Anti-Masonic) 51.1% ▌Isaac Fletcher (National Republican) 48.5%[10]
Massachusetts 2	Rufus Choate	National Republican	1830	Incumbent resigned June 30, 1834. New member elected November 10, 1834 and seated December 1, 1834. National Republican hold. Winner also elected to the next term; see below.	▌Y Stephen C. Phillips (National Republican) 60.44% ▌Joseph S. Cabot (Jacksonian) 39.56%[11]
South Carolina 3
South Carolina 5
Louisiana 3
Virginia 5
Virginia 11
Illinois 1
Illinois 3
Louisiana 1

24th Congress

See also: 24th United States Congress

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
South Carolina 6	Warren R. Davis	Nullifier	1826	Incumbent died January 29, 1835. New member elected September 8, 1835 and seated December 7, 1835. National Republican gain.	▌Y Waddy Thompson (National Republican) 56.17% ▌Benjamin Franklin Perry (Jacksonian) 43.84%[12]
Georgia at-large 4 seats on a general ticket	James M. Wayne	Jacksonian	1828	Incumbent resigned January 13, 1835 to become Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. New member elected October 5, 1835 and seated December 7, 1835. Jacksonian hold.	▌Y Thomas Glascock (Jacksonian) 13.30% ▌Y Jesse F. Cleveland (Jacksonian) 13.10% ▌Y Jabez Y. Jackson (Jacksonian) 13.09% ▌Y Hopkins Holsey (Jacksonian) 12.95% ▌Richard H. Wilde (Whig) 12.00% ▌Thomas F. Foster (Whig) 11.99% ▌Roger L. Gamble (Whig) 11.88% ▌Robert A. Beall (Whig) 11.70%[13]
	William Schley	Jacksonian	1832	Incumbent resigned July 1, 1835. New member elected October 5, 1835 and seated December 7, 1835. Jacksonian hold.
	James C. Terrell	Jacksonian	1834	Incumbent resigned July 8, 1835. New member elected October 5, 1835 and seated December 7, 1835. Jacksonian hold.
	John W. A. Sanford	Jacksonian	1834	Incumbent resigned July 25, 1835. New member elected October 5, 1835 and seated December 7, 1835. Jacksonian hold.
New York 3	Campbell P. White	Jacksonian	1828	Incumbent resigned. New member elected November 4, 1835 and seated December 7, 1835. Jacksonian hold.	▌Y Gideon Lee (Jacksonian) 44.48% ▌James Monroe (National Republican) 39.37% ▌Charles G. Ferns (Independent Democratic) 16.15%[14]

Alabama

Main article: 1835 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama

See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama and 1834 United States Senate election in Alabama

Alabama elected its members August 3, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Alabama 1
Alabama 2
Alabama 3
Alabama 4
Alabama 5

Arkansas Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Connecticut

Main article: 1835 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut

See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut and 1835 United States Senate special election in Connecticut

Connecticut elected its members April 9, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[2]
Connecticut at-large 6 seats	Joseph Trumbull	National Republican	1834 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	Elected on a general ticket: ▌Y Samuel Ingham (Jacksonian) 8.8% ▌Y Isaac Toucey (Jacksonian) 8.8% ▌Y Zalmon Wildman (Jacksonian) 8.8% ▌Y Elisha Haley (Jacksonian) 8.8% ▌Y Lancelot Phelps (Jacksonian) 8.7% ▌Y Andrew T. Judson (Jacksonian) 8.7% ▌John M. Holley (National Republican) 7.9% ▌Noyes Barber (National Republican) 7.8% ▌Ebenezer Young (National Republican) 7.8% ▌Samuel Tweedy (National Republican) 7.8% ▌Joseph Trumbull (National Republican) 7.7% ▌Ebenezer Jackson Jr. (National Republican) 7.6%
	Phineas Miner	National Republican	1834 (special)	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain.
	Ebenezer Jackson Jr.	National Republican	1834 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.
	Ebenezer Young	National Republican	1829	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.
	Noyes Barber	National Republican	1821	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.
	Samuel Tweedy	National Republican	1833	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.

Delaware

Main article: 1834 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware

See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware and 1835 United States Senate election in Delaware

Delaware re-elected its member November 11, 1834.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Delaware at-large	John J. Milligan	National Republican	1830	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John J. Milligan (National Republican) [data missing]

Florida Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Georgia

See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia, 1834 United States Senate election in Georgia, and 1835 United States Senate special election in Georgia

Elections were held October 6, 1834.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Georgia at-large 9 at-large seats	James M. Wayne	Jacksonian	1828	Incumbent re-elected but declined the seat. Incumbent resigned January 13, 1835 to become Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.	Elected on a general ticket: ▌Y James Moore Wayne (Jacksonian) 6.06% ▌Y William Schley (Jacksonian) 6.05% ▌Y George W. Towns (Jacksonian) 6.00% ▌Y John E. Coffee (Jacksonian) 6.00% ▌Y George W. Owens (Jacksonian) 5.99% ▌Y James C. Terrell (Jacksonian) 5.98% ▌Y Seaton Grantland (Jacksonian) 5.97% ▌Y John W. A. Sanford (Jacksonian) 5.96% ▌Y Charles Eaton Haynes (Jacksonian) 5.96% ▌George R. Gilmer (National Republican) 5.23% ▌Richard H. Wilde (National Republican) 5.21% ▌Thomas F. Foster (National Republican) 5.16% ▌Roger L. Gamble (National Republican) 5.12% ▌Absalom H. Chappell (National Republican) 5.09% ▌Henry Greybill Lamar (National Republican) 5.06% ▌Robert A. Beall (National Republican) 5.06% ▌Daniel Newnan (National Republican) 5.05% ▌William C. Daniel (National Republican) 5.05%[15]
	William Schley	Jacksonian	1832	Incumbent re-elected.
	John E. Coffee	Jacksonian	1832	Incumbent re-elected.
	Seaborn Jones	Jacksonian	1832	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.
	Augustin S. Clayton	Jacksonian	1831 (special)	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.
	George R. Gilmer	Jacksonian	1820 1822 (retired) 1832	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian hold.
	Richard H. Wilde	Jacksonian	1814 1816 (lost) 1824 (special) 1824 (retired) 1827 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian hold.
	Thomas F. Foster	Jacksonian	1828	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian hold.
	Roger L. Gamble	Jacksonian	1832	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian hold.

Illinois

See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois and 1835 United States Senate election in Illinois

Illinois elected its three members on August 4, 1834.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Illinois 1	Vacant			Rep. Charles Slade (J) died July 26, 1834. Jacksonian hold. Winner was also elected to unexpired term, see above.	▌Y John Reynolds (Jacksonian) 45.9% ▌Adam W. Snyder (Jacksonian) 37.8% ▌Edward Humphrey (Unknown) 16.3%[16]
Illinois 2	Zadok Casey	Jacksonian	1832	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Zadok Casey (Jacksonian) 58.3% ▌William H. Davidson (National Republican) 41.7%[17]
Illinois 3	Joseph Duncan	Jacksonian	1826	Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Illinois. Jacksonian hold.	▌Y William L. May (Jacksonian) 52.8% ▌Benjamin Mills (National Republican) 47.2%[18]

Indiana

See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana

Indiana elected its members August 3, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Indiana 1
Indiana 2
Indiana 3
Indiana 4
Indiana 5
Indiana 6
Indiana 7

Kentucky

See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky and 1835 United States Senate election in Kentucky

Kentucky elected its members August 5, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Kentucky 1
Kentucky 2
Kentucky 3
Kentucky 4
Kentucky 5
Kentucky 6
Kentucky 7
Kentucky 8
Kentucky 9
Kentucky 10
Kentucky 11
Kentucky 12
Kentucky 13

Louisiana

See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana and 1835 United States Senate election in Louisiana

Louisiana elected its members July 7–9, 1834.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Louisiana 1
Louisiana 2
Louisiana 3

Maine

See also: List of United States representatives from Maine, 1835 United States Senate election in Maine, and 1835 United States Senate special election in Maine

Maine elected its members September 8, 1834.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Maine 1
Maine 2
Maine 3
Maine 4
Maine 5
Maine 6
Maine 7
Maine 8	Gorham Parks	Jacksonian	1833	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Gorham Parks (Jacksonian) 56.17% ▌Edward Kent (Whig) 43.83%[19]

Maryland

See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland and 1835 United States Senate special election in Maryland

Maryland elected its members October 5, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Maryland 1
Maryland 2
Maryland 3
Maryland 4
Maryland 5
Maryland 6
Maryland 7
Maryland 8

Massachusetts

See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts and 1835 United States Senate election in Massachusetts

For the elections held in the last cycle that stretched into 1834, see 1833–1834 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts.

Elections were held November 10, 1834, but at least one district's elections went to multiple ballots into 1835.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Massachusetts 1
Massachusetts 2
Massachusetts 3
Massachusetts 4
Massachusetts 5
Massachusetts 6
Massachusetts 7
Massachusetts 8
Massachusetts 9
Massachusetts 10	William Baylies	Whig[lower-alpha 8]	1808 1809 (lost contest) 1812 1816 (retired) 1833	Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected on the third ballot. Democratic gain.	First ballot (November 10, 1834) ▌Nathaniel B. Borden (Democratic) 49.20% ▌William Baylies (Whig) 48.10% Scattering 2.69%[20] Second ballot (December 15, 1834) ▌Nathaniel B. Borden (Democratic) 49.57% ▌William Baylies (Whig) 48.19% ▌Cornwell Washburn (Unknown) 2.24%[21] Third ballot (January 7, 1835) ▌Y Nathaniel B. Borden (Democratic) 53.81% ▌William Baylies (Whig) 46.20%[22]
Massachusetts 11	John Reed Jr.	Anti-Masonic[lower-alpha 8]	1812 1816 (lost) 1820	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Reed Jr. (Anti-Masonic) [data missing]
Massachusetts 12	John Quincy Adams	Anti-Masonic	1830	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Quincy Adams (Anti-Masonic) ▌Abel Cushing (Unknown) 4.72% Scattering 8.99%[23]

Michigan

See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan and 1835 United States Senate elections in Michigan

Michigan elected its member October 5, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.

The House refused to admit the member from Michigan due to a conflict with Ohio, so he was seated only as a non-voting delegate until January 27, 1837.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Delegate	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Michigan at-large	New seat			Michigan was admitted to the Union on January 26, 1837. New member elected October 5, 1835.[24] Jacksonian gain. The house refused to admit the member due to a conflict with Ohio, so he was seated only as a non-voting delegate until January 27, 1837.[25]	▌Y Isaac E. Crary (Jacksonian) 95.94% ▌William Woodbridge (Unknown) 3.32% Scattering 0.74%[24]

Michigan Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Mississippi

See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi and 1835 United States Senate election in Mississippi

Mississippi elected its members November 3–5, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Mississippi at-large (2 seats)	Franklin E. Plummer	Jacksonian	1830	Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator. Jacksonian hold.	▌Y David Dickson (National Republican) 27.60% ▌Y John F. H. Claiborne (Jacksonian) 26.92% ▌Benjamin W. Edwards (Unknown) 23.06% ▌James C. Wilkins (National Republican) 21.78% ▌Harry Vose (Unknown) 0.64%[26]
	Harry Cage	Jacksonian	1832	Incumbent retired. National Republican gain.

Missouri

See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri

Missouri elected its members August 3, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Missouri 1 Plural district with 2 seats

New Hampshire

See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire and 1835 United States Senate election in New Hampshire

New Hampshire elected its members March 10, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New Hampshire 1 Plural district with 5 seats

New Jersey

See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey and 1835 United States Senate election in New Jersey

New Jersey elected its members October 14, 1834.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New Jersey 1 Plural district with 6 seats

New York

See also: List of United States representatives from New York

New York elected its members November 3–5, 1834.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New York 1
New York 2
New York 3
New York 4
New York 5
New York 6
New York 7
New York 8
New York 9
New York 10
New York 11
New York 12
New York 13
New York 14
New York 15
New York 16
New York 17
New York 18
New York 19
New York 20
New York 21
New York 22
New York 23
New York 24
New York 25
New York 26
New York 27
New York 28
New York 29
New York 30
New York 31
New York 32
New York 33
New York 34
New York 35
New York 36
New York 37
New York 38
New York 39
New York 40

North Carolina

See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina and 1835 United States Senate election in North Carolina

North Carolina elected its members August 13, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
North Carolina 1
North Carolina 2
North Carolina 3
North Carolina 4
North Carolina 5
North Carolina 6
North Carolina 7
North Carolina 8
North Carolina 9
North Carolina 10
North Carolina 11
North Carolina 12	James Graham	National Republican	1833	Election result was disputed. House Committee on Elections awarded the election to the challenger, the full House voted to unseat the incumbent but then declined to seat the challenger, leaving the seat vacant. National Republican loss.[27]	▌Y James Graham (National Republican) 50.05% ▌David Newland (Jacksonian) 49.95%
North Carolina 13

Ohio

See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio

Ohio elected its members October 14, 1834.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Ohio 1
Ohio 2
Ohio 3
Ohio 4
Ohio 5
Ohio 6
Ohio 7
Ohio 8
Ohio 9
Ohio 10
Ohio 11
Ohio 12
Ohio 13
Ohio 14
Ohio 15
Ohio 16
Ohio 17
Ohio 18
Ohio 19

Pennsylvania

See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania and 1834 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania elected its members October 14, 1834.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[28][lower-alpha 9]
Pennsylvania 1	Joel B. Sutherland	Jacksonian	1826	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Joel B. Sutherland (Jacksonian) 61.7% ▌James Gowen (Unknown) 38.3%
Pennsylvania 2 Plural district with 2 seats	Horace Binney	National Republican	1832	Incumbent retired. National Republican hold.	▌Y Joseph R. Ingersoll (National Republican) 60.4%[lower-alpha 9] ▌Y James Harper (National Republican) 59.9% ▌James M. Linnard (Jacksonian) 40.1% ▌Henry Horn (Jacksonian) 39.6%
	James Harper	National Republican	1832	Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 3	John G. Watmough	National Republican	1830	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	▌Y Michael W. Ash (Jacksonian) 55.6% ▌John G. Watmough (National Republican) 44.4%
Pennsylvania 4 Plural district with 3 seats	William Hiester	Anti-Masonic	1830	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Hiester (Anti-Masonic) 55.0%[lower-alpha 9] ▌Y David Potts Jr. (Anti-Masonic) 55.0% ▌Y Edward Darlington (Anti-Masonic) 54.9% ▌Archibald T. Dick (Jacksonian) 45.1% ▌Benjamin Champneys (Jacksonian) 45.0% ▌John Morgan (Jacksonian) 45.0%
	Edward Darlington	Anti-Masonic	1832	Incumbent re-elected.
	David Potts Jr.	Anti-Masonic	1830	Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 5	Joel K. Mann	Jacksonian	1830	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.	▌Y Jacob Fry Jr. (Jacksonian) 55.3% ▌James Royer (Unknown) 44.7%
Pennsylvania 6	Robert Ramsey	Jacksonian	1832	Incumbent retired. National Republican gain.	▌Y Mathias Morris (National Republican) 52.4% ▌Henry Chapman (Jacksonian) 47.6%
Pennsylvania 7	David D. Wagener	Jacksonian	1832	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y David D. Wagener (Jacksonian) 68.1% ▌Alexander E. Brown (Unknown) 31.9%
Pennsylvania 8	Henry King	Jacksonian	1830	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.	▌Y Edward B. Hubley (Jacksonian) 59.6% ▌Walter C. Livingston (Unknown) 40.4%
Pennsylvania 9	Henry A. P. Muhlenberg	Jacksonian	1828	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Henry A. P. Muhlenberg (Jacksonian) 69.3% ▌Stanly Kirby (Unknown) 30.7%
Pennsylvania 10	William Clark	Anti-Masonic	1832	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Clark (Anti-Masonic) 54.0% ▌John C. Bucher (Jacksonian) 46.0%
Pennsylvania 11	Charles A. Barnitz	Anti-Masonic	1832	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	▌Y Henry Logan (Jacksonian) 54.2% ▌Charles A. Barnitz (Anti-Masonic) 45.8%
Pennsylvania 12	George Chambers	Anti-Masonic	1832	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y George Chambers (Anti-Masonic) 59.8% ▌Ludwig Heck (Jacksonian) 40.2%
Pennsylvania 13	Jesse Miller	Jacksonian	1832	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Jesse Miller (Jacksonian) 51.4% ▌Thomas Whiteside (Anti-Masonic) 48.6%
Pennsylvania 14	Joseph Henderson	Jacksonian	1832	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Joseph Henderson (Jacksonian) 52.5% ▌James Milliken (Anti-Masonic) 47.5%
Pennsylvania 15	Andrew Beaumont	Jacksonian	1832	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Andrew Beaumont (Jacksonian) 56.1% ▌Charles D. Shoemaker (Unknown) 43.9%
Pennsylvania 16	Joseph B. Anthony	Jacksonian	1832	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Joseph B. Anthony (Jacksonian) 62.8% ▌Samuel J. Packer (Unknown) 37.2%
Pennsylvania 17	John Laporte	Jacksonian	1832	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Laporte (Jacksonian) 56.8% ▌Horrace Williston (Unknown) 43.2%
Pennsylvania 18	George Burd	National Republican	1830	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain.	▌Y Job Mann (Jacksonian) 54.6% ▌Charles Ogle (Anti-Masonic) 45.4%
Pennsylvania 19	Richard Coulter	Jacksonian	1826	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian hold.	▌Y John Klingensmith Jr. (Jacksonian) 59.7% ▌Richard Coulter (Jacksonian) 40.3%
Pennsylvania 20	Andrew Stewart	Anti-Masonic	1820 1828 (lost) 1830	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	▌Y Andrew Buchanan (Jacksonian) 58.9% ▌Andrew Stewart (Anti-Masonic) 41.1%
Pennsylvania 21	Thomas M. T. McKennan	Anti-Masonic	1830	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Thomas M. T. McKennan (Anti-Masonic) 51.3% ▌Thomas Ringland (Jacksonian) 48.7%
Pennsylvania 22	Harmar Denny	Anti-Masonic	1829 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Harmar Denny (Anti-Masonic) 53.5% ▌John M. Snowden (Jacksonian) 46.5%
Pennsylvania 23	Samuel S. Harrison	Jacksonian	1832	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Samuel S. Harrison (Jacksonian) 69.9% ▌John Gilmore (Unknown) 30.1%
Pennsylvania 24	John Banks	Anti-Masonic	1830	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Banks (Anti-Masonic) 52.2% ▌Samuel Power (Jacksonian) 47.8%
Pennsylvania 25	John Galbraith	Jacksonian	1832	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Galbraith (Jacksonian) 60.6% ▌Thomas H. Sill (Anti-Masonic) 39.4%

Rhode Island

See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island and 1835 United States Senate election in Rhode Island

Rhode Island elected its members August 25, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Rhode Island 1 Plural district with 2 seats

South Carolina

See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina and 1834 United States Senate election in South Carolina

South Carolina elected its members October 13–14, 1834.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
South Carolina 1
South Carolina 2
South Carolina 3
South Carolina 4
South Carolina 5
South Carolina 6
South Carolina 7
South Carolina 8
South Carolina 9

Tennessee

See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee and 1835 United States Senate election in Tennessee

Tennessee elected its members August 5–6, 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Tennessee 1	John Blair	Jacksonian	1823	Incumbent retired. National Republican gain.	▌Y William B. Carter (National Republican) 48.55% ▌Alexander O. Anderson (Jacksonian) 26.98% ▌Thomas D. Arnold (National Republican) 24.47%[29]
Tennessee 2	Samuel Bunch	Jacksonian	1833	Incumbent re-elected as a National Republican. National Republican gain.	▌Y Samuel Bunch (National Republican) 68.32% ▌David Adams (Jacksonian) 31.68%[30]
Tennessee 3	Luke Lea	Jacksonian	1833	Incumbent re-elected as a National Republican. National Republican gain.	▌Y Luke Lea (National Republican) 58.69% ▌Joseph L. Williams (Jacksonian) 41.32%[31]
Tennessee 4	James I. Standifer	Jacksonian	1829	Incumbent re-elected as a National Republican. National Republican gain.	▌Y James I. Standifer (National Republican) 60.06% ▌William T. Senter (Jacksonian) 39.94%[32]
Tennessee 5	John B. Forester	Jacksonian	1831	Incumbent re-elected as a National Republican. National Republican gain.	▌Y John B. Forester (National Republican) 83.54% ▌Peter Buram (Jacksonian) 16.46%[33]
Tennessee 6	Balie Peyton	Jacksonian	1833	Incumbent re-elected as a National Republican. National Republican gain.	▌Y Balie Peyton (National Republican) 100%[34]
Tennessee 7	John Bell	Jacksonian	1827	Incumbent re-elected as a National Republican. National Republican gain.	▌Y John Bell (National Republican) 100%[35]
Tennessee 8	David W. Dickinson	Jacksonian	1833	Incumbent retired. National Republican gain.	▌Y Abram P. Maury (National Republican) 60.58% ▌Robert Jetton (Jacksonian) 39.42%[36]
Tennessee 9	James K. Polk	Jacksonian	1825	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James K. Polk (Jacksonian) 100%[37]
Tennessee 10	William M. Inge	Jacksonian	1833	Incumbent retired. National Republican gain.	▌Y Ebenezer J. Shields (National Republican) 40.51% ▌Thomas Porter (Unknown) 29.98% ▌Andrew A. Kincannon (Unknown) 29.51%[38]
Tennessee 11	Cave Johnson	Jacksonian	1829	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Cave Johnson (Jacksonian) 60.63% ▌William Turner (National Republican) 39.37%[39]
Tennessee 12	Davy Crockett	National Republican	1833	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	▌Y Adam Huntsman (Jacksonian) 51.39% ▌Davy Crockett (National Republican) 48.61%[40]
Tennessee 13	William C. Dunlap	Jacksonian	1833	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William C. Dunlap (Jacksonian) 57.46% ▌Christopher H. Williams (National Republican) 42.54%[41]

Vermont

See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont

Vermont elected its members September 2, 1834.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[10]
Vermont 1	Hiland Hall	National Republican	1833 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Hiland Hall (National Republican) 50.8% ▌John S. Robinson (Jacksonian) 27.6% ▌John S. Pettibone (Anti-Masonic) 19.8%
Vermont 2	William Slade	Anti-Masonic	1831 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Slade (Anti-Masonic) 55.0% ▌Jonas Clark (Jacksonian) 20.5% ▌Robert Pierpoint (National Republican) 20.5%
Vermont 3	Horace Everett	National Republican	1828	Incumbent re-elected.	First ballot ▌Horace Everett (National Republican) 44.5% ▌Samuel Loveland (Anti-Masonic) 33.2% ▌Alden Partridge (Jacksonian) 21.0% Second ballot ▌Y Horace Everett (National Republican) 52.9% ▌Samuel Loveland (Anti-Masonic) 25.4% ▌Alden Partridge (Jacksonian) 21.7%
Vermont 4	Heman Allen	National Republican	1832 (late)	Incumbent re-elected.	First ballot ▌ Heman Allen (National Republican) 40.8% ▌Cornelius P. Van Ness (Jacksonian) 31.5% ▌John Smith (Anti-Masonic) 26.3% Second ballot ▌Y Heman Allen (National Republican) 51.2% ▌Cornelius P. Van Ness (Jacksonian) 33.3% ▌John Smith (Anti-Masonic) 15.5%
Vermont 5	Benjamin F. Deming	Anti-Masonic	1833	Incumbent retired. Anti-Masonic hold.	First ballot ▌Isaac Fletcher (Jacksonian) 44.5% ▌William Upham (National Republican) 38.0% ▌Henry Fisk Janes (Anti-Masonic) 11.6% Second ballot ▌Y Henry Fisk Janes (Anti-Masonic) 51.5% ▌Isaac Fletcher (Jacksonian) 48.1%

Virginia

See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia, 1834 United States Senate special election in Virginia, and 1835 United States Senate election in Virginia

Virginia elected its members April 1835, after the beginning of the term but before the House convened.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates[42]
Virginia 1	George Loyall	Jacksonian	1833	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y George Loyall (Jacksonian) 52.5% ▌Arthur Emmerson (National Republican) 47.5%
Virginia 2	John Y. Mason	Jacksonian	1831	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Y. Mason (Jacksonian) 72.1% ▌John Urquehart (National Republican) 27.9%
Virginia 3	William S. Archer	Jacksonian	1820 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election as a National Republican. Jacksonian hold.	▌Y John Winston Jones (Jacksonian) 68.1% ▌William S. Archer (National Republican) 31.9%
Virginia 4	James Gholson	National Republican	1833	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	▌Y George Dromgoole (Jacksonian) 55.6% ▌James Gholson (National Republican) 44.4%
Virginia 5	James Bouldin	Jacksonian	1834 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James Bouldin (Jacksonian) 59.0% ▌Philip A. Bolling (National Republican) 41.0%
Virginia 6	Thomas Davenport	National Republican	1825	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	▌Y Walter Coles (Jacksonian) 54.1% ▌Thomas Davenport (National Republican) 45.9%
Virginia 7	Nathaniel Claiborne	Jacksonian	1825	Incumbent re-elected as a National Republican. National Republican gain.	▌Y Nathaniel Claiborne (National Republican) 51.3% ▌Alexander H. H. Stuart (Jacksonian) 48.7%
Virginia 8	Henry A. Wise	Jacksonian	1833	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Henry A. Wise (Jacksonian) 63.0% ▌Richard Coke Jr. (National Republican) 37.0%
Virginia 9	William P. Taylor	National Republican	1833	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	▌Y John Roane (Jacksonian) 50.3% ▌William P. Taylor (National Republican) 49.7%
Virginia 10	Joseph Chinn	Jacksonian	1831	Incumbent lost re-election. National Republican gain.	▌Y John Taliaferro (National Republican) 50.8% ▌Joseph Chinn (Jacksonian) 49.2%
Virginia 11	John Robertson	National Republican	1834 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Robertson (National Republican) 53.6% ▌William H. Roane (Jacksonian) 46.4%
Virginia 12	William F. Gordon	Jacksonian	1829 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election as a National Republican. Jacksonian hold.	▌Y James Garland (Jacksonian) 55.7% ▌William F. Gordon (National Republican) 44.3%
Virginia 13	John M. Patton	Jacksonian	1830 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John M. Patton (Jacksonian) 100%
Virginia 14	Charles F. Mercer	National Republican	1817	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Charles F. Mercer (National Republican) 100% ▌William T. T. Mason (Jacksonian) 0.0%
Virginia 15	Edward Lucas	Jacksonian	1833	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Edward Lucas (Jacksonian) 51.6% ▌John R. Cooke (National Republican) 48.4%
Virginia 16	James M. H. Beale	Jacksonian	1833	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James M. H. Beale (Jacksonian) 92.4% ▌John Winston Jones (National Republican) 7.6%
Virginia 17	Samuel M. Moore	National Republican	1833	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	▌Y Robert Craig (Jacksonian) 52.5% ▌Samuel M. Moore (National Republican) 47.5%
Virginia 18	John H. Fulton	Jacksonian	1833	Incumbent lost re-election as a National Republican. Jacksoninan hold.	▌Y George W. Hopkins (Jacksonian) 72.0% ▌John H. Fulton (National Republican) 28.0%
Virginia 19	William McComas	Jacksonian	1833	Incumbent re-elected as a National Republican. National Republican gain.	▌Y William McComas (National Republican) 55.1% ▌William L. Smith (Jacksonian) 44.9%
Virginia 20	John J. Allen	National Republican	1833	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	▌Y Joseph Johnson (Jacksonian) 46.8% ▌John J. Allen (National Republican) 44.7% ▌Lewis Maxwell (National Republican) 8.5%
Virginia 21	Edgar C. Wilson	National Republican	1833	Incumbent lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	▌Y William S. Morgan (Jacksonian) 57.5% ▌Edgar C. Wilson (National Republican) 42.5%

Non-voting delegates

See also: Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives

District	Incumbent			This race
	Delegate	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Arkansas Territory at-large	Ambrose H. Sevier	Jacksonian	1828 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Ambrose H. Sevier (Jacksonian) [data missing]
Florida Territory at-large
Michigan Territory at-large

See also

• 1834 United States elections
  • List of United States House of Representatives elections (1824–1854)
  • 1834–35 United States Senate elections
• 23rd United States Congress
• 24th United States Congress

Notes

1. Excludes states admitted during the 24th Congress.
2. Includes late elections.
3. Seven were elected in South Carolina under "Southern Rights" label and one elected in North Carolina as a "States Rights Whig."
4. William Henry Ashley, of Missouri was elected as an Independent.
5. The House refused to admit the member from Michigan due to the state's Toledo War conflict with Ohio, so he was seated only as a non-voting delegate until January 27, 1837.
6. New state
7. Source did not provide vote count
8. Changed from National Republican
9. For plural districts, percent is based on assumption that each voter cast as many votes as there are seats

References

1. 5 Stat. 50
2. "State of Connecticut Elections Database » Search Past Election Results". State of Connecticut Elections Database. Retrieved September 24, 2024.
3. "Our Campaigns - MA District 5 - Special Election Race - Feb 17, 1834". www.ourcampaigns.com.
4. "Our Campaigns - MD District 1 Race - May 29, 1834". www.ourcampaigns.com.
5. "Our Campaigns - SC - District 09 Special Election Race - Jun 02, 1834". www.ourcampaigns.com.
6. "Our Campaigns - KY - District 05 Special Election Race - Aug 04, 1834". www.ourcampaigns.com.
7. "Our Campaigns - OH District 19 - Special Election Race - Oct 14, 1834". www.ourcampaigns.com.
8. "Our Campaigns - NY District 3 - Special Election Race - Nov 03, 1834". www.ourcampaigns.com.
9. "Our Campaigns - OH District 01 - Special Election Race - Nov 08, 1834". www.ourcampaigns.com.
10. "VT Elections Database » Vermont Election Results and Statistics". VT Elections Database. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
11. "Our Campaigns - MA District 2 - Special Election Race - Nov 10, 1834". www.ourcampaigns.com.
12. "Our Campaigns - SC - District 08 Special Election Race - Sep 07, 1835". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
13. "Our Campaigns - GA At-Large - Special Election Race - Oct 05, 1835". OurCampaigns.com.
14. "Our Campaigns - NY District 3 - Special Election Race - Nov 02, 1835". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
15. "Our Campaigns - GA At Large Race - Oct 06, 1834". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
16. "IL District 1 Race - Aug 04, 1834". Our Campaigns. March 23, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
17. "IL District 02 Race - Aug 04, 1834". Our Campaigns. March 23, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
18. "IL District 03 Race - Aug 04, 1834". Our Campaigns. March 23, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
19. "Our Campaigns - ME District 8 Race - Sep 08, 1834".
20. "Our Campaigns - MA District 10 - 1st Trial Race - Nov 10, 1834". www.ourcampaigns.com.
21. "Our Campaigns - MA District 10 - 2nd Trial Race - Dec 15, 1834". www.ourcampaigns.com.
22. "Our Campaigns - MA District 10 - 3rd Trial Race - Jan 07, 1835". www.ourcampaigns.com.
23. "Our Campaigns - MA District 12 Race - Nov 10, 1834". www.ourcampaigns.com.
24. "MI - District 01". January 11, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2019 – via OurCampaigns.com.
25. "Twenty-Fourth Congress March 4, 1835, to March 3, 1837". Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on March 16, 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
26. "MS - At Large". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
27. "N. Carolina Contested Election". The Weekly Standard. Raleigh, North Carolina. March 17, 1836. Retrieved May 29, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
28. "Wilkes University Elections Statistics Project" (PDF).
29. "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
30. "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
31. "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
32. "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
33. "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
34. "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
35. "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
36. "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
37. "TN - District 09". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
38. "TN - District 10". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
39. "TN - District 11". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
40. "TN - District 12". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
41. "TN - District 13". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
42. "Virginia Elections Database » Virginia Election Results and Statistics". Virginia Elections Database. Retrieved August 31, 2024.

Bibliography

• Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
• Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
• "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.

External links

• Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)