Loading AI tools
The 1190s was a decade of the Julian calendar which began on January 1, 1190, and ended on December 31, 1199.
1190
By place
Byzantine Empire
- Spring – A German expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) led by Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) marches towards Constantinople, on the way to the Holy Land. Emperor Isaac II (Angelos), suspicious that Frederick is planning to conquer Constantinople, attempts to stop him by attacking the Crusaders. The German forces are too strong and they capture Adrianople. A peace treaty is signed by both Isaac and Frederick, that ensures the Germans are given supplies, and free passage through to Palestina.[1]
- Isaac II starts a campaign against the Bulgarians, who claim their independence. After passing the Balkan Mountains, Isaac marches westward to besiege Tarnovo, the new Bulgarian capital. Meanwhile, the Byzantine fleet reaches the Danube River in order to block the way of Cuman reinforcements from the North. The defense of Tarnovo is led by Ivan Asen I, emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria. After spreading rumors of the arrival of a Cuman army to relieve the city, Isaac orders to retreat to Stara Zagora.
- Battle of Tryavna: Byzantine forces under Isaac II are ambushed and defeated by the Bulgarians in a mountain pass, near Tryavna. In panic, the Byzantines break up and begin a disorganized retreat. Isaac barely escapes, his Varangian Guard has to cut a path through their own soldiers, enabling their emperor's flight from the rout. The Bulgarians capture the imperial treasure, including the golden helmet of Isaac, his crown, and the Imperial Cross which contains a wooden piece of the Holy Cross.
Third Crusade
- March – Frederick I leaves Adrianople to Gallipoli at the Dardanelles to embark, with the help of Byzantine transports, to cross into Asia Minor. On April 25, he enters territory of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum under the rule of Sultan Kilij Arslan II. Although promised to let the German Crusaders pass peaceably through his domains, Kilij Arslan harasses Frederick's forces with hit-and-run attacks. On May 7, a Turkish army (some 10,000 men) is defeated at the Battle of Philomelion, by 2,000 Crusaders.[2]
- March 25 – Conrad of Montferrat sails south with a Crusader fleet (some 50 ships) from Tyre. As Conrad's fleet approaches the harbour of Acre, an equally sized Muslim fleet sorties out to meet the Crusaders in open battle. Eventually, the Ayyubid fleet is blockaded (supported by Danish and Pisan ships) in the port. Acre is again cut off from reinforcements; the city's supplies are exhausted, and the Muslim garrison has to resort to eating their own beasts. In the event, troops are driven to cannibalism.[3]
- April – After a long siege Muslim forces under Saladin capture Beaufort Castle from Reginald of Sidon who has offered to hand over the castle to Saladin on the condition that he has three months to remove his family to a place of safety. At the end of the three months, Saladin expects the castle to be handed over but finds that Reginald has used the time to strengthen the castle against a siege. He is imprisoned at Damascus – the castle's garrison finally surrenders in return for Reginald's release.[4]
- May 5 – Siege of Acre: A Crusader force under King Guy of Lusignan attacks the city with three siege engines, but all are destroyed by the Muslim defenders with Greek fire, a highly flammable liquid. An Egyptian flotilla is able to avoid the Pisan fleet (some 50 ships) and resupply the city with new provisions. Saladin launches a massive eight-day attack on the Crusaders two weeks later. Meanwhile, in the Crusader camp the conditions are deteriorating by disease and famine, among the soldiers.[5]
- May 18 – Battle of Iconium: German forces under Frederick I defeat the Seljuk army (40,000 men) in a pitched battle. They are routed, leaving the city at the mercy of the German Crusaders. Frederick does not pursue the Seljuks, because his forces have been weakened by food shortage for the previous weeks. His 23-year-old son, Frederick VI, takes Iconium (modern-day Konya) and proceeds to massacre the citizens. The Germans take booty amounting to 100,000 marks in the Turkish capital.[6]
- June 10 – Frederick I drowns while crossing (or bathing in) the Göksu River near Selucia (modern-day Silifke) in Armenian Cilicia. The German Crusaders are demoralized and exhausted by the summer heat, Frederick VI takes over the command of his father, carrying with him the emperor's body preserved in a barrel of vinegar. Some of the German nobles decide to return home with their followers; Frederick continues with his army (some 5,000 men) and eventually reaches Antioch, on June 21.[7]
- September 24 – A Crusader fleet attempts to destroy the Tower of Flies at Acre, which guards the city's harbour, by ramming vessels loaded with combustibles into it. At a critical moment, the ships collide with one another and are badly damaged. A specially built Pisan vessel resembling a floating castle and outfitted with mangonels, is set afire during a sortie from the harbour by a Muslim flotilla.[8]
- November 24 – The 18-year-old Isabella I, half-sister of Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem, marries Conrad of Montferrat at Acre making him de facto king of Jerusalem (as Conrad I). He has the support of her mother Maria Comnena and stepfather Balian of Ibelin, as well as Reginald of Sidon and other major nobles in the Crusader States.
- The Teutonic Order is founded at Acre by German knights of Lübeck and Bremen. The Order is formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals (approximate date).
Europe
- July 4 – King Richard I (the Lion Heart) and Philip II (Augustus), meet at Vézelay and agree to divide the spoils of the Crusade equally between themselves. They march to the coast and then make their way across the Mediterranean, taking different routes. Richard travels with an expeditionary force (some 17,000 men) via Marseille and Philip travels with a smaller contingent (some 15,000 men) via Genoa. Richard has some 100 ships at his disposal, several of which are from Norman ports, others from Shoreham and Southampton.[9]
- September – Richard I arrives in Sicily at the head of a Crusader army and demands the release of his sister Joan of England, queen of Sicily, who is held hostage by the usurper Tancred of Lecce. He also demands that Tancred fulfill the financial commitments made by the late King William II (the Good) to the Crusade. Tancred refuses the financial demand but he agrees to release Joan, on September 28.[10]
- October 4 – Richard I captures Messina, after looting and burning the city he establishes his base there. Richard insists that his own banner be erected over the city, but this creates tension between Richard and Philip II, who has joined him with his forces. Tancred accepts a peace agreement, and pays Richard 20,000 ounces of gold. Friendly relations are restored, Richard agrees to split the gold with Philip.[11]
- King Henry VI, eldest son of Frederick I, grants Henry I (the Brave) the title of Duke of Brabant. Henry tries to expand his power and soon quarrels with Count Baldwin V, duke of Hainaut.
- December – Richard I and Philip II stay in Sicily over the winter months waiting for the weather to improve before continuing their journey to the Holy Land.
- Siege of Silves – the Almohad caliph, Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, fails to reconquer Silves, Portugal.[12]
England
- London adopts the Cross of St. George, the red cross on a white background. The flag is also used by the fleet of Genoa, and allows the ships from London to use the flag for protection when they enter the Mediterranean on trading missions.
- March 16 – A massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews in York, results in the deaths of 150–500 Jews in Clifford's Tower.
By topic
Art and Science
- On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy (ar. Kitab fasl al-maqal), by Averroes, is first published.
- Speculum Virginum, a German manuscript, is published (approximate date).
Education
- Emo of Friesland, a Frisian scholar and abbot, commences his study at what will become the University of Oxford.
Religion
- Cartmel Priory is founded by William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, in England.
- King Stefan Nemanja founds the Studenica Monastery in Serbia.
![[icon]](#/media/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2016) |
1190
- July 24 – Yelü Chucai, Chinese statesman (d. 1244)
- December 30 – Ibn Abi'l-Hadid, Arab scholar (d. 1258)
- Benedetto Sinigardi, Italian Franciscan friar (d. 1282)
- Gerhard II of Lippe, German archbishop (d. 1258)
- Heinrich I von Müllenark, German archbishop (d. 1238)
- Helvis of Cyprus, princess of Antioch (approximate date)
- Henry II of Bar, French nobleman and knight (d. 1239)
- Ida of Nivelles, Belgian Cistercian nun and mystic (d. 1231)
- John (the Old), French nobleman and knight (d. 1267)
- Klement of Ruszcza, Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1256)
- Luce de Gast, English nobleman (approximate date)
- Maria of Brabant, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1260)
- Peter González (or Pedro), Castilian priest (d. 1246)
- Pietro della Vigna, Italian jurist and diplomat (d. 1249)
- Richer of Senones, French monk and chronicler (d. 1266)
- Roger I of Fézensaguet, French nobleman (d. 1245)
- Sayf al-Din al-Bakharzi, Persian theologian (d. 1261)
- Sorghaghtani Beki, mother of Kublai Khan (d. 1252)
- Tbeli Abuserisdze, Georgian scholar and writer (d. 1240)
- Theodora Angelina, Byzantine noblewoman (d. 1246)
- Vincent of Beauvais, French encyclopedist (d. 1264)
- William Marshal, English nobleman and knight (d. 1231)
- William Perault, French preacher and writer (d. 1271)
- Władysław Odonic, duke of Greater Poland (d. 1239)
- Yuan Haowen, Chinese politician and poet (d. 1257)
- Zulema L'Astròloga, Moorish astronomer (approximate date)
1191
- February 8 – Yaroslav II, Grand Prince of Vladimir (d. 1246)
- Geoffrey de Mandeville, English nobleman (approximate date)
- George IV (or Lasha Giorgi), king of Georgia (d. 1223)[83]
- Joanna of Hohenstaufen, countess of Burgundy (d. 1205)
- Mafalda of Castile, Spanish princess (infanta) (d. 1204)
- Richard Marshal, Norman nobleman and knight (d. 1234)
- Stephen Devereux, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- Theobald I, German nobleman (House of Lorraine) (d. 1220)
- Tolui, Mongol general and son of Genghis Khan (d. 1232)
- Yan Yu, Chinese poetry theorist and writer (d. 1241)
1192
- September 17 – Minamoto no Sanetomo, Japanese shōgun (d. 1219)[84]
- Queen Maria of Jerusalem (d. 1212)[85][86]
- King Stefan Radoslav of Serbia (d. 1234)[87]
- Saint Syed Jalaluddin Bukhari of Uch Sharif (d. 1291)[88][89]
1193
- July 28 – Kujō Michiie, Japanese nobleman (d. 1252)
- Alice of Champagne, queen of Cyprus (d. 1246)
- Altheides, Cypriot philosopher and writer (d. 1262)
- Beatrice II, French countess palatine (d. 1231)
- Henri de Dreux, French archbishop (d. 1240)
- Frederick of Isenberg, German nobleman (d. 1226)
- Giovanni da Penna, Italian Franciscan priest (d. 1271)
- John III (Doukas Vatatzes), emperor of Nicaea (d. 1254)
- John Angelos (Good John), Byzantine prince (d. 1253)
- John Devereux, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- Juliana of Liège, Belgian nun and mystic (d. 1258)
- Margaret of Scotland, English noblewoman (d. 1259)
- Sayyed ibn Tawus, Arab jurist and theologian (d. 1266)
- William de Ferrers, English nobleman (d. 1254)
1194
- April 25 – Ezzelino III, Italian nobleman and knight (d. 1259)
- July 16 – Clare of Assisi, Italian nun and saint (d. 1253)
- November 30 – Andrea Caccioli, Italian priest (d. 1254)
- December 26 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1250)[90]
- Jacob Anatoli, French Jewish translator and writer (d. 1256)
- Jacopo Contarini, doge of Venice (House of Contarini) (d. 1280)
- Lý Huệ Tông, Vietnamese emperor (Lý dynasty) (d. 1226)
- Majd al-Din Taymiyyah, Seljuk judge and theologian (d. 1255)
- Margaret, marchioness of Namur (House of Vianden) (d. 1270)
- Maurice FitzGerald, Norman nobleman and justiciar (d. 1257)
- Moses ben Nahman, Spanish rabbi and philosopher (d. 1270)
- Otto I, Dutch nobleman and bishop (House of Gelre) (d. 1215)
- Richard Mór de Burgh, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- Rusudan, queen of Georgia (House of Bagrationi) (d. 1245)
- Saionji Saneuji, Japanese nobleman and waka poet (d. 1269)
1195
- August 15 – Anthony of Padua, Portuguese preacher and saint (d. 1231)[91][92]
- Princess Shōshi of Japan (d. 1211)[93]
- Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester (d. 1265)[94][95]
1196
- January 3 – Tsuchimikado, emperor of Japan (d. 1231)
- March 27 – Sviatoslav III, Kievan Grand Prince (d. 1252)
- Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili, Almohad scholar (d. 1258)
- Alberico II, Italian troubadour and statesman (d. 1260)
- Aurembiaix, Spanish countess (House of Urgell) (d. 1231)
- Dōjonyūdō, Japanese nobleman and waka poet (d. 1249)
- Henry II (the Pious), High Duke of Poland (d. 1241)
- Henry VI (the Younger), German nobleman (d. 1214)
- Pedro Alfonso de León, Spanish nobleman (d. 1226)
- William II of Dampierre, French nobleman (d. 1231)
1197
- October 22 – Juntoku, emperor of Japan (d. 1242)
- Amadeus IV, count of Savoy (House of Savoy) (d. 1253)
- Dharmasvamin, Tibetan monk and pilgrim (d. 1264)
- Ibn al-Baitar, Moorish botanist and pharmacist (d. 1248)
- John de Braose (Tadody), English nobleman (or 1198)
- Naratheinga Uzana, Burmese prince and regent (d. 1235)
- Nicola Paglia, Italian priest and preacher (d. 1256)
- Nikephoros Blemmydes, Byzantine theologian (d. 1272)
- Oberto Pallavicino, Italian nobleman (signore) (d. 1269)
- Raymond VII, French nobleman and knight (d. 1249)
- Richard of Chichester, bishop of Chichester (d. 1253)
- William de Braose, English nobleman (d. 1230)
1198
- May 4 – Kyaswa, ruler of the Pagan Empire (d. 1251)
- July 11 – Hōjō Shigetoki, Japanese samurai (d. 1261)
- August 24 – Alexander II, king of Scotland (d. 1249)
- September 25 – Ai Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1234)
- Baldwin III, Flemish nobleman and knight (d. 1244)
- Beatrice of Savoy, countess of Provence (d. 1266)
- Beatrice of Swabia, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1212)
- Hugh I of Châtillon, French nobleman and knight (d. 1248)
- Branca of Portugal, Portuguese princess (d. 1240)
- Fujiwara no Tameie, Japanese waka poet (d. 1275)
- Humbert V de Beaujeu, French constable (d. 1250)
- Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari, Arab missionary (d. 1292)
- John de Braose (Tadody), English nobleman (d. 1232)
- Konrad the Curly, Polish nobleman (approximate date)
- Koun Ejō, Japanese Sōtō Zen monk and priest (d. 1280)
- Marie of France, French princess and duchess (d. 1224)
- Minamoto no Ichiman, Japanese nobleman (d. 1203)
- Ordoño Álvarez, Spanish abbot and cardinal (d. 1285)
- Ramon Berenguer IV, Spanish nobleman (d. 1245)
- Siraj al-Din Urmavi, Ayyubid philosopher (d. 1283)
- Sybilla of Lusignan, queen of Lesser Armenia (d. 1230)
1199
- April 17 – Marie of Ponthieu, French noblewoman (d. 1250)
- Aisha Al-Manoubya, Almohad female Sufi mystic (d. 1267)
- Al-Mansur al-Hasan, Yemeni imam and politician (d. 1271)
- Bohemond V, prince of Antioch (House of Poitiers) (d. 1252)
- Ferdinand III (the Saint), king of Castile and León (d. 1252)
- Guttorm of Norway (Sigurdsson), king of Norway (d. 1204)
- Ibn al-Abbar, Andalusian biographer and historian (d. 1260)
- Isobel of Huntingdon, daughter of David of Scotland (d. 1252)
- Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, Khwarezmid ruler (shah) (d. 1231)
- Joan of Constantinople, Flemish noblewoman (d. 1244)
- Sturla Sighvatsson, Icelandic chieftain (or goði) (d. 1238)
- Thomas II, Flemish nobleman (House of Savoy) (d. 1259)
1190
- February 18 – Otto II (the Rich), margrave of Meissen (b. 1125)
- March 15 – Isabella of Hainault, wife of Philip II (Augustus) (b. 1170)
- March 23 – Saigyō Hōshi, Japanese monk, poet and writer (b. 1118)
- June 10 – Frederick I (Barbarossa), Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1122)
- July 25 – Sibylla (or Sibylle), queen of Jerusalem (b. 1160)
- July 29 – Maud of Gloucester (or Matilda), English countess
- August 1 – Floris III, Dutch nobleman and knight (b. 1141)
- August 16 – Dedi III (the Fat), German nobleman (b. 1130)
- August 21 – Godfrey III, count of Louvain (House of Reginar)
- September 13 – Herman IV, German nobleman (b. 1135)
- September 20 – Adelog of Hildesheim, German bishop
- October 16 – Louis III (the Mild), German nobleman
- November 3 – Diepold of Berg, German bishop (b. 1140)
- November 19 – Baldwin of Forde, English archbishop
- November 21 – Děpolt II (or Diepold), German nobleman
- Bernard II de Balliol, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- Chrétien de Troyes, French poet, trouvère and writer
- Geoffrey IV (the Younger), French nobleman and knight
- Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon, Arab-Jewish translator (or 1191)
- Maria Komnene, queen of Hungary and Croatia (b. 1144)
- Ramon I de Montcada, Catalan nobleman (b. 1150)
- Ranulf de Glanvill, English Chief Justiciar and writer
- Robert de Beaumont (White-Hands), English nobleman
- Walkelin de Derby (de Ferrers), Norman nobleman
- Walter de Clifford (or FitzRichard), English nobleman
1191
- January 14 – Berno, German missionary and bishop
- January 20
- Frederick VI, son of Frederick I (Barbarossa) (b. 1167)
- Theobald V (the Good), French nobleman (b. 1130)
- February 8 – Erard II, French nobleman (House of Brienne)
- February 24 – John I, French nobleman (House of Alençon)
- March 20 – Clement III, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1130)
- April 1 – Engelbert II, German nobleman (House of Gorizia)
- June 10 – Barisone II of Torres, Sardinian ruler of Logudoro
- June 29 – William le Vavasour, English nobleman (b. 1131)
- July 3 – Albéric Clément, Marshal of France (b. 1165)
- July 7 – Judith of Hohenstaufen, German noblewoman
- August 1 – Philip of Alsace, Flemish nobleman (b. 1143)
- August 5 – Rudolf of Zähringen, archbishop of Mainz
- August 13 – Philip I, archbishop of Cologne (b. 1130)
- September 7 – James of Avesnes, French nobleman
- September 9 – Conrad II, duke of Bohemia (b. 1136)
- September 10 – Ralph de Warneville, Norman bishop
- October 15 – Raoul I (the Red), French nobleman
- December 15 – Welf VI, margrave of Tuscany (b. 1115)
- December 26 – Reginald Fitz Jocelin, English bishop
- Adam de Senlis, French Benedictine monk and abbot
- Agnes of Loon, German duchess and regent (b. 1150)
- Galeran V de Beaumont, French nobleman and knight
- Geoffroy III de Pons, French nobleman and knight
- Hugh VI (the Clever), French nobleman and knight
- John I of Ponthieu, Norman nobleman and knight
- Maurice of Carnoet, French Cistercian abbot (b. 1117)
- Mór Ní Tuathail, queen of Leinster (approximate date)
- Richard de Camville, English nobleman and governor
- Rupert III, German nobleman (House of Nassau)
- Shun'e (or Tayū no Kimi), Japanese (waka) poet
- Sohrevardi, Persian scholar and philosopher (b. 1154)
- Walter Ophamil (or Offamil), Sicilian archbishop
- William V (the Old), Italian nobleman and knight
- William Fitzstephen, English cleric and administrator
1192
- April 26 – Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan (b. 1127)[96][97]
- April 28 – Conrad of Montferrat, King of Jerusalem (b. mid-1140s)[30]
- May 8 – Duke Ottokar IV, Duke of Styria (b. 1163)[98][99]
- August 25 – Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1142)[100][101]
- Saint Margaret of England, English saint[102]
- Ikhtiyar al-Din Hasan ibn Ghafras, vizier of the Sultanate of Rum[103]
- Kilij Arslan II, Sultan of Rum[104]
- Rashid ad-Din Sinan, the "Old Man of the Mountain", leader of the Hashashin sect (b. 1132/1135)[105][106]
- Prithviraj Chauhan, King of the Chauhan Dynasty (b. 1177)[33]
1193
- March 4 – Saladin (the Lion), sultan of Egypt and Syria (b. 1137)
- June 13 – Pedro de Artajona, Spanish nobleman and bishop
- June 27 – Robert FitzRalph, English archdeacon and bishop
- August 2 – Mieszko the Younger, duke of Kalisz (House of Piast)
- September 14 – Minamoto no Noriyori, Japanese general (b. 1150)
- September 23 – Robert IV, French nobleman and Grand Master
- December 23 – Thorlak Thorhallsson, Icelandic bishop (b. 1133)
- December 24 – Roger III, king of Sicily (House of Hauteville)
- Balian of Ibelin (the Younger), French nobleman and knight
- Derbforgaill ingen Maeleachlainn (or Derval), Irish princess
- Düsum Khyenpa, Tibetan spiritual leader (karmapa) (b. 1110)
- Fan Chengda, Chinese politician and geographer (b. 1126)
- Ren Zong, Chinese emperor of the Western Xia (b. 1124)
- Walter de Berkeley, Scottish nobleman (approximate date)
1194
- February 20 – Tancred of Lecce, king of Sicily (b. 1138)
- March 19 – Toghrul III, sultan of the Seljuk Empire
- April 3
- Bård Guttormsson, Norwegian nobleman
- Sigurd Magnusson, Norwegian nobleman
- April 20 – Odon of Poznań, duke of Greater Poland
- May 5 – Casimir II the Just, duke of Lesser Poland
- June 27 – Sancho VI ("the Wise"), king of Navarre (b. 1132)
- June 28 – Xiao Zong, Chinese emperor (Song dynasty) (b. 1127)
- July 18 – Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem (b. 1150)
- July 27 – Sviatoslav III, Kievan Grand Prince (b. 1126)
- November 15 – Margaret I, countess of Flanders
- December 26 – Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford
- December 31 – Leopold V, duke of Austria (b. 1157)
- Basil Vatatzes, Byzantine governor and general
1195
- March 3 – Hugh de Puiset, bishop of Durham (b. c. 1125)[107][108][109]
- August 6 – Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria (b. 1129)[110][111][112]
- October 13 – Gualdim Pais, Great Master of the Templars in Portugal (b. 1118)[113][114]
- December 17 – Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut (b. 1150)[115][116][117]
- Ascelina, French nun and mystic (b. 1121)[118][119]
1196
- January 6 – Burchard du Puiset, Norman archdeacon
- April 23 – Béla III, king of Hungary and Croatia (b. 1148)
- April 25 – Alfonso II (the Chaste), king of Aragon (b. 1157)
- April 30 – Baldwin II van Holland, bishop of Utrecht
- July 12 – Maurice II de Craon, Norman nobleman
- August 14 – Henry IV (the Blind), count of Luxembourg
- August 15 – Conrad II, German nobleman (b. 1172)
- September 11 – Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris
- November 30 – Richard of Acerra, Norman nobleman
- Agnetha Ní Máelshechlainn, abbess of Clonard
- Canute I (Eriksson), king of Sweden (approximate date)
- Dulcea of Worms, German Jewish businesswoman
- Ephraim of Bonn, German rabbi and writer (b. 1132)
- Eschiva of Ibelin, queen consort of Cyprus (b. 1160)
- Godfrey of Viterbo, Italian chronicler (approximate date)
- Hugh III of Rodez, French nobleman (House of Millau)
- Ibn Mada', Andalusian scholar and polymath (b. 1116)
- Isaac Komnenos Vatatzes, Byzantine aristocrat
- Ivan Asen I, ruler (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire
- Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi, Arab jurist and theologian
- Roger fitzReinfrid, English sheriff and royal justice
- Taira no Kagekiyo, Japanese nobleman and samurai
- Vira Bahu I, ruler of the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa
- Vsevolod I Svyatoslavich (the Fierce), Kievan prince
- Wartislaw Swantibor (the Younger), Polish nobleman
- William FitzOsbert, English politician and rebel leader
- William of Salisbury, English nobleman and high sheriff
- Yaish ibn Yahya, Portuguese politician and advisor
1197
- April 23 – Davyd Rostislavich, Kievan Grand Prince (b. 1140)
- April 28 – Rhys ap Gruffydd, Welsh prince of Deheubarth
- June 1 – Gertrude of Bavaria, queen consort of Denmark
- July 9 – Rudolf of Wied (or Rudolph), archbishop of Trier
- September 10 – Henry I (or Henry II), king of Jerusalem (b. 1166)
- September 18 – Margaret of France, daughter of Louis VII
- September 28 – Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1165)[120]
- November 13 – Homobonus of Cremona, Italian merchant
- December 12 – Wu (or Xiansheng), Chinese empress (b. 1115)
- Alix of France, French countess consort and regent (b. 1150)
- Bretislav III, bishop of Prague (House of Přemyslid) (b. 1137)
- Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani, Arab Hanafi jurist (b. 1135)
- Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi, Arab scholar and theologian
- Jón Loftsson, Icelandic chieftain and politician (b. 1124)
- Jordan Lupin, Italo-Norman nobleman and rebel leader
- Margaritus of Brindisi, Sicilian Grand Admiral (b. 1149)
- Owain ap Gruffydd (or Cyfeiliog), Welsh prince (b. 1130)
- Peter II (or Theodor-Peter), ruler (tsar) of the Bulgaria
- Peter Cantor (the Chanter), French theologian and writer
- Ruadhri Ua Flaithbertaigh, Irish king of Iar Connacht
- Tughtakin ibn Ayyub, Ayyubid emir (prince) of Arabia
- Walter Devereux, Norman nobleman and knight (b. 1173)
- William de Longchamp, Norman nobleman and bishop
1198
- January 8 – Celestine III, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1106)
- February 1 – Walram I (of Laurenburg), German nobleman
- March 11 – Marie of France, French princess and countess (b. 1145)
- April 16 – Frederick I (the Catholic), duke of Austria (b. 1175)
- July 7 – George II (Xiphilinos), patriarch of Constantinople
- July 24 – Berthold of Hanover, German apostle and bishop
- August 13 – Hellicha of Wittelsbach, duchess of Bohemia
- September 10 – Richard FitzNeal, bishop of London (b. 1130)
- November 27
- Abraham ben David, French rabbi (b. 1125)
- Constance I, queen regent of Sicily (b. 1154)
- November 29 – Al-Aziz Uthman, sultan of Egypt (b. 1171)
- December 2 – Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, High King of Ireland
- December 11 – Averroes, Arab judge and physician (b. 1126)
- Abu Madyan, Andalusian mystic and Sufi master (b. 1126)
- Alix of France, French princess and countess (approximate date)
- Constantine II (de Martis), ruler of the Judicate of Logudoro
- Donatus of Ripacandida, Italian monk and saint (b. 1179)
- Dulce of Aragon (or Barcelona), queen of Portugal (b. 1160)
- Nerses of Lambron, Armenian archbishop and writer (b. 1153)
- Walter Fitz Robert, English nobleman and knight (b. 1124)
- William of Newburgh, English historian and writer (b. 1136)
- Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich, Kievan Grand Prince (b. 1139)
1199
- January 23 – Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, Almohad caliph (b. 1160)
- February 9 – Minamoto no Yoritomo, Japanese shogun (b. 1147)
- February 13 – Stefan Nemanja, Serbian Grand Prince (b. 1113)[121]
- March 17 – Jocelin of Glasgow (or Jocelyn), Scottish bishop[122]
- April 5 – Ashikaga Yoshikane, Japanese samurai and monk
- April 6
- Pierre Basile (or Bertran de Gurdun), French knight
- Richard I (the Lionheart), king of England (b. 1157)[123]
- July 10 – Hugh de Roxburgh (or Hugo), Scottish bishop
- August 20 – Matthew, Scottish churchman and bishop
- September 4 – Joan of England, queen of Sicily (b. 1165)[124]
- October 9 – Bobo of San Teodoro, Italian cardinal-deacon
- November 6 – Hatim ibn Ibrahim, Yemeni religious leader
- November 25 – Albert III (the Rich), count of Habsburg
- December 25 – Helena of Hungary, duchess of Austria
- Alexios Komnenos, son of Andronikos I (Komnenos)
- Azalais of Toulouse (or Adelaide), French noblewoman
- Benedicta Ebbesdotter of Hvide, queen of Sweden (or 1200)
- Date Tomomune, Japanese nobleman and samurai (b. 1129)
- Michael the Syrian (the Great), Syriac patriarch (b. 1126)
- Raymond IV (or Raimund), count and regent of Tripoli
- Vladimir II Yaroslavich, Kievan prince (House of Rurik)
Wikiwand in your browser!
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.
Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.
