User:Mr. Ibrahem/Mpox
Infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus that can occur in certain animals including humans / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is an infectious viral disease that can occur in both humans and some other animals.[1] Symptoms include fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a rash that forms blisters and than crusts over.[15] The time from exposure to onset of symptoms ranges from 5-to-21 days.[3] The duration of symptoms is typically 2 to 4 weeks.[5] There may be mild symptoms, but to what extent it may occur without symptoms is not known.[3][16] The classic presentation of fever and muscle pains, followed by swollen glands, with lesions all at the same stage, has not been found to be common in all outbreaks.[15][17] The skin lesions can number from none to many, occur before glands swell, and can appear in one area at different stages of development.[18]
Mr. Ibrahem/Mpox | |
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Other names | Monkeypox |
Various appearances of mpox spots | |
Specialty | Infectious disease[1] |
Symptoms | None, fever, headache, muscle pains, swollen lymph nodes, blistering rash[2][3] |
Complications | Secondary infections, eye infection, vision loss, scarring[3][4] |
Usual onset | 5 to 21 days post exposure[3] |
Duration | 2 to 4 weeks[5] |
Types | Central African (Congo Basin), West African[6] |
Causes | Monkeypox virus[4] |
Risk factors | Hunters in Central and West Africa[7] |
Diagnostic method | Testing for viral DNA (PCR)[8] |
Differential diagnosis | Chickenpox, shingles, measles, syphilis, smallpox, scabies, bacterial skin infection, drug eruption[3] |
Prevention | Smallpox vaccines, hand washing, covering rash, PPE, keep away from sick people[9][10] |
Treatment | Supportive, antivirals, vaccinia immune globulin[11] |
Medication | Cidofovir, tecovirimat[3] |
Prognosis | Most recover[12] |
Frequency | Not as rare as previously thought[13] |
Deaths | <1%: West African type[14] Up to 11%: Central African type[3] |
The disease is caused by monkeypox viruses, a type of Orthopoxvirus.[4] Of the 2-types in humans, the West African type causes a less severe disease than the Central African (Congo Basin) type.[19] It may spread from handling bushmeat, animal bites or scratches, body fluids, contaminated objects, or other close contact with an infected person.[20][21] Spread can occur by small droplets and possibly the airborne route.[10][15][22] People can spread the virus from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and fallen off; with some evidence of spread for more than a week after lesions have crusted.[19] The virus is believed to normally spread among certain rodents in Africa.[20] Diagnosis can be confirmed by testing a lesion for the virus's DNA.[8] It can appear similar to chickenpox, measles and smallpox, but may be distinguished by the presence of swollen glands.[3][23]
There is no known cure.[24] The smallpox vaccine was found to be around 85% protective in preventing infection in close contacts and in lessening the severity of the disease.[4] A newer MVA-BN smallpox vaccine has been approved, but with limited availability.[3][9] Other measures include regular hand washing and avoiding sick people and other animals.[25] The antiviral medication cidofovir and tecovirimat, vaccinia immune globulin, and the smallpox vaccine may be used during outbreaks.[11][12] The risk of death has varied from 0% to 11%.[3] Most people recover.[12] The disease is more severe in the very young, malnourished people, pregnant women, and in those with weakened immune systems.[26]
The disease is no longer believed to be as rare as previously thought;[13][27] possibly as a result of waning immunity since the stopping of routine smallpox vaccination.[23] Cases have significantly increased since the 1980s.[28] Sporadic cases occur in Central and West Africa, and it is common in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).[27] Hunters in the tropical forests of Central and West Africa are most at risk.[7] It was first identified as a distinct illness in 1958 among laboratory monkeys in Denmark.[29][30] The first case in humans was reported in 1970 in the DRC, during smallpox eradication efforts.[31] The first cases in humans outside of Africa presented in the United States in 2003, when the outbreak was traced to a pet store where imported rodents were sold.[8] Since 2017, a large outbreak has been occurring in Nigeria.[32] Since mid-May 2022, cases have been reported with spread between people, in several countries that do not typically see the disease, including countries in Europe, North America, South America and Australasia.[15] On 23 July 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the 2022 monkeypox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.[33] As a result of abuse and stigma associated with the term monkeypox, the WHO renamed the disease mpox in November 2022.[34]