User:Mr. Ibrahem/Smallpox vaccine
Vaccine against Variola virus / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Smallpox vaccines are vaccines that prevents smallpox and monkeypox.[3][2] For smallpox it was about 95% effective for 3 to 5 years.[3] For monkeypox it has been at least 85% effective.[4] While it is not routinely given to prevent smallpox, it is available for potential exposures.[5] In 2022, it was recommended for people at high risk of these diseases.[4] Older vaccines are given by scarification while newer ones are given by injection under the skin.[1][2]
Vaccine description | |
---|---|
Vaccine type | Live virus |
Clinical data | |
Trade names | ACAM2000, Imvanex, Jynneos, others |
Other names | Monkeypox vaccine |
AHFS/Drugs.com | ACAM2000 Monograph MVA-BN Monograph |
License data | |
Pregnancy category | |
Routes of administration | Subcutaneous |
Legal status | |
Legal status |
Current vaccines include ACAM2000, which was approved for medical use in the United States in 2007 and MVA-BN which was approved in 2019.[1][2] ACAM2000 is a live vaccine that can duplicate itself, while MVA-BN is a live vaccine that cannot duplicate itself.[4] Other types are under investigation.[5]
Common side effects of ACAM2000 include swollen lymph nodes, tiredness, fever, and rash at the site of inoculation.[1] Severe side effects may include myocarditis, eczema vaccinatum, and encephalitis.[1] Use in pregnancy may harm the baby.[1] Common side effects of MVA-BN include pain at the site of injection, tiredness, muscle pain, and headache.[2] Severe side effects may include anaphylaxis.[2] There is no evidence of increased harm in pregnancy or eczema.[2]
Smallpox vaccine was first applied in a scientific manner in 1796, when Edward Jenner demonstrated that infection by the relatively mild cowpox virus conferred protection from smallpox.[6] Cowpox; however, had been used previously in 1774 by Benjamin Jesty and other physicians in the 1700s but had not been promoted to the same degree.[6] The practice of vaccination become common across Europe by 1800.[6] From 1966 to 1977, the World Health Organization conducted a vaccination campaign that eradicated smallpox, making it the only human disease to be eradicated.[6][7] In the 2000s the cost of a replicating vaccine was about 5 USD per dose while that of a non-replicating vaccine was about 29 USD.[8]