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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Isoniazid, also known as isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH), is an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis.[2] For active tuberculosis it is often used together with rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and either streptomycin or ethambutol.[3] For latent tuberculosis it is often used by itself.[2] It may also be used for atypical types of mycobacteria, such as M. avium, M. kansasii, and M. xenopi.[2] It is usually taken by mouth but may be used by injection into muscle.[2]
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Trade names | Hydra, Hyzyd, Isovit, others |
Other names | isonicotinic acid hydrazide, isonicotinyl hydrazine, INHA |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a682401 |
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Routes of administration | By mouth, intramuscular, intravenous |
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Protein binding | Very low (0–10%) |
Metabolism | liver; CYP450: 2C19, 3A4 inhibitor |
Elimination half-life | 0.5–1.6h (fast acetylators), 2-5h (slow acetylators) |
Excretion | urine (primarily), feces |
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Formula | C6H7N3O |
Molar mass | 137.139 g/mol g·mol−1 |
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Common side effect include increased blood levels of liver enzymes and numbness in the hands and feet.[2] Serious side effects may include liver inflammation and acute liver failure.[2] It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe for the baby.[4] Use during breastfeeding is likely safe.[4] Pyridoxine may be given to reduce the risk of side effects.[5] Isoniazid works in part by disrupting the formation of the bacteria's cell wall which results in cell death.[2]
Isoniazid was first made in 1952.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[7] Isoniazid is available as a generic medication.[2] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.60–4.75 per month.[8] In the United States a month of treatment costs less than $25.[5]