Toyota Dynamic Force engine

The Dynamic Force engines are a family of internal combustion engines developed by Toyota under the brand's Toyota New Global Architecture (TNGA) strategy. The engines can be fueled by petrol (gasoline) or ethanol and can be combined with electric motors in a hybrid drivetrain. The engines were developed alongside the TNGA family of vehicle platforms, as part of a company-wide effort to simplify the vehicles being produced by Toyota.^[1]

Toyota Dynamic Force engine
Toyota's A25A-FKS straight-four engine installed in the XV70 series Camry, the first vehicle to offer a Dynamic Force engine
Overview
Manufacturer	Toyota
Production	2017–present
Layout
Configuration	I3 I4 V6
Displacement	1,490–3,445 cc (90.9–210.2 cu in)
Cylinder block material	Aluminium alloy
Valvetrain	DOHC
Combustion
Fuel type	Petrol petrol hybrid ethanol
Cooling system	Water-cooled

The engine is used in various Toyota and Lexus models starting with the four-cylinder A25A type installed in XV70 series Camry in June 2017.

Overview

Dynamic Force was developed as an engine that is claimed to achieve both driving performance and environmental performance while pursuing high efficiency and low fuel consumption as well as having a "direct feeling, smooth and pleasant acceleration performance".

Specifically, the cylinder head and intake port design improves the tumble flow (longitudinal vortex) to increase the air intake volume–the majority of intake flow is across that portion of the valve closest to cylinder centreline. Other methods include:

• Expansion of the valve clamping angle. The angle between intake and exhaust valve centreline is 41 degrees–the previous design was 31 degrees.^[which?]
• Hydraulic variable valve timing on both intake and exhaust camshafts.
• Very high compression-moderated Atkinson cycle engine.
• Longer stroke to bore ratio (under-square design).
• Change of port end shape and expansion of seat inner diameter.
• Application of updated D-4S (multi-hole injector) system to achieve "high-speed combustion", resulting in thermal efficiency over 40%.
• Cylinder centreline is offset from crankshaft centreline, meaning that piston top dead center is always equivalent to several degrees of crankshaft rotation.

In development and production of the engine, Toyota claims it would be a "completely new engine design based on the TNGA strategy".

Previously, Toyota offered about 800 engine variants, most of which would be replaced with a much simpler lineup of 17 versions of nine Dynamic Force engines.^[2][3] Toyota is also simplifying its lineup of transmissions, hybrid systems, and all-wheel drive systems.

Starting with the four-cylinder A25A type installed in XV70 series Camry in June 2017, the V6 V35A and four-cylinder M20A types had also appeared. On 16 October 2019, the three-cylinder M15A type, which would be installed in the XP210 series Yaris (specifically designed for Japan, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand), was officially announced.^[4] On 12 June 2021, the first turbocharged four-cylinder model, named T24A, was introduced for the AZ20 series Lexus NX.^[5][6]

The Dynamic Force engines introduced an updated nomenclature system for Toyota engines and no longer employ the traditional iteration or generation of the engine followed by the one letter or two letter designation for the engine family (such as 5M-GE or 4GR-FE being from the M and GR engine families respectively) and instead incorporate the engine's displacement in between a two letter code such as the M20A, with the "20" denoting a 2.0-litre engine.

Common key technologies

• High speed combustion technologies:
  • Long stroke (stroke/bore ≈ 1.2)
  • Wider angle between the intake and exhaust valve
  • High efficiency intake port with laser cladded valve seat
  • High compression ratio up to 14.0:1
  • High energy ignition coil
  • Updated D-4S system
  • Multi-hole direct injector
• Variable cooling system:
  • Motor driven water pump
  • Heated thermostat
• Continuous variable-capacity oil pump
• Low viscosity engine oil
• Water jacket spacer
• Piston with laser pit skirt
• Drilled passage between cylinder bores
• VVT-iE
• Small-concave-profile camshaft
• Compact HLA
• High strength connecting rod
• High response intake air control
• Fuel injection control (multi-injection)
• Cylinder heads with built-in EGR cooler function
• Updated catalyst
• Change of exhaust manifold layout
• Piston oil jet control

M15 family

M15 family
M15A-FXE engine in a 2023 Lexus LBX
Overview
Production	2020–present
Layout
Configuration	I3
Displacement	1,490 cc (90.9 cu in)
Cylinder bore	80.5 mm (3.169 in)
Piston stroke	97.6 mm (3.843 in)
Compression ratio	13.0:1 (M15A-FKS) 14.0:1 (M15A-FXE)
Combustion
Fuel system	D-4 direct injection (M15A-FKS/M15B-FKS/M15C-FKS) Port injection (M15A-FXE/M15D-FXE)
Fuel type	Petrol (M15A-FKS/M15B-FKS/M15C-FKS) Petrol hybrid (M15A-FXE/M15D-FXE)
Output
Power output	88–92 kW (118–123 hp; 120–125 PS) (M15A-FKS/M15B-FKS/M15C-FKS) 67 kW (90 hp; 91 PS) (M15A-FXE/M15D-FXE)
Specific power	59.1–61.7 kW (79–83 hp; 80–84 PS) per litre (M15A-FKS/M15B-FKS/M15C-FKS) 45 kW (60 hp; 61 PS) per litre (M15A-FXE/M15D-FXE)
Torque output	145–153 N⋅m (107–113 lb⋅ft) (M15A-FKS/M15B-FKS/M15C-FKS) 120 N⋅m (89 lb⋅ft) (M15A-FXE/M15D-FXE)
Chronology
Predecessor	1NZ-FE/2NR-FKE (M15A-FKS) (I4) 1NZ-FXE (M15A-FXE) (I4)

The M15 engine family is a straight-three engine series that was first introduced in 2019 for the XP210 series Yaris.^[4]

Model	Applications	Vehicle chassis code	Power	Torque	Calendar years	Notes
M15A-FKS	Yaris	MXPA10 MXPA11 MXPA15	Japan, Australia, and New Zealand: 88 kW (118 hp; 120 PS) at 6,600 rpm Europe: 92 kW (123 hp; 125 PS) at 6,600 rpm[7]	Japan, Australia, and New Zealand: 145 N⋅m (107 lb⋅ft) at 4,800–5,200 rpm Europe: 153 N⋅m (113 lb⋅ft) at 4,800–5,000 rpm	2020–present
	GR Yaris RS	MXPA12	88 kW (118 hp; 120 PS) at 6,600 rpm	145 N⋅m (107 lb⋅ft) at 4,800–5,200 rpm	2020–present	Japan only
	Corolla	MZEA11 MZEA17	92 kW (123 hp; 125 PS) at 6,600 rpm	153 N⋅m (113 lb⋅ft) at 4,800–5,000 rpm	2020–present	[8]
	Yaris Cross	MXPB10 MXPB15	88 kW (118 hp; 120 PS) at 6,600 rpm	145 N⋅m (107 lb⋅ft) at 4,800–5,200 rpm	2020–present
	Sienta	MXPC10			2022–present	Japan only
M15A-FXE	Yaris Hybrid / Mazda2 Hybrid	MXPH10 MXPH11 MXPH15	67 kW (90 hp; 91 PS) at 5,500 rpm	120 N⋅m (89 lb⋅ft) at 3,800–4,800 rpm	2020–present	The Mazda2 Hybrid went on sale since 2022
	Aqua	MXPK10 MXPK11 MXPK15 MXPK16			2021–present	Japan only
	Yaris Cross Hybrid	MXPJ10 MXPJ15			2020–present
	Sienta Hybrid	MXPL10 MXPL15			2022–present	Japan only
	Lexus LBX	MAYH10 MAYH15			2023–present
M15B-FKS	Corolla	MZEA11	92 kW (123 hp; 125 PS) at 6,600 rpm	153 N⋅m (113 lb⋅ft) at 4,800–5,000 rpm	2021–present	China only
M15C-FKS	Levin	MZEA11	92 kW (123 hp; 125 PS) at 6,600 rpm	153 N⋅m (113 lb⋅ft) at 4,800–5,000 rpm	2021–present	China only
M15D-FXE	Urban Cruiser Hyryder Hybrid / Suzuki Grand Vitara Hybrid		67 kW (90 hp; 91 PS) at 5,500 rpm	120 N⋅m (89 lb⋅ft) at 3,800–4,800 rpm	2022–present	India only[9][10]

M15A-FKS

The standard version with 13.0:1 compression ratio achieves 40% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):

• 2020–present Yaris (MXPA10/11/15)
• 2020–present GR Yaris RS (MXPA12)
• 2020–present Yaris Cross (MXPB10/15)
• 2020–present Corolla (MZEA11/17)
• 2022–present Sienta (MXPC10)

M15A-FXE

The hybrid version with 14.0:1 compression ratio achieves 41% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):

• 2020–present Yaris Hybrid / 2022–present Mazda2 Hybrid (MXPH10/11/15)
• 2020–present Yaris Cross Hybrid (MXPJ10/15)
• 2021–present Aqua (MXPK10/11/15/16)
• 2022–present Sienta Hybrid (MXPL10/15)
• 2023–present Lexus LBX (MAYH10/15)

M15B-FKS

Localized M15 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

• 2021–present Corolla (MZEA11; China only)

M15C-FKS

Localized M15 series engine for China, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

• 2021–present Levin (MZEA11)

M15D-FXE

The hybrid version produced in Jigani, Bangalore, India by Toyota Industries Engine India (TIEI).^[10][11]

Applications (calendar years):

• 2022–present Urban Cruiser Hyryder Hybrid / Suzuki Grand Vitara Hybrid

M20 family

M20 family
M20A-FKS engine in the 2019 Corolla hatchback
Overview
Production	2018–present
Layout
Configuration	I4
Displacement	1,986 cc (121.2 cu in)
Cylinder bore	80.5 mm (3.169 in)
Piston stroke	97.6 mm (3.843 in)
Compression ratio	13.0:1 (M20A-FKS/M20A-FKB) 14.0:1 (M20A-FXS)
Combustion
Fuel system	D-4S direct/port injection
Fuel type	Petrol (M20A-FKS) Petrol flex fuel (M20A-FKB) Petrol hybrid (M20A-FXS)
Output
Power output	125–131 kW (168–176 hp; 170–178 PS) (M20A-FKS) 130 kW (174 hp; 177 PS) (M20A-FKB) 107–131 kW (143–176 hp; 145–178 PS) (M20A-FXS)
Specific power	62.9–66 kW (84–89 hp; 86–90 PS) per litre (M20A-FKS) 65.5 kW (88 hp; 89 PS) per litre (M20A-FKB) 53.9–66 kW (72–89 hp; 73–90 PS) per litre (M20A-FXS)
Torque output	200–210 N⋅m (148–155 lb⋅ft) (M20A-FKS) 210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) (M20A-FKB) 188–190 N⋅m (139–140 lb⋅ft) (M20A-FXS)
Emissions
Emissions control systems	ULEV50
Chronology
Predecessor	2ZR-FE/2ZR-FAE/3ZR-FE/3ZR-FAE/6AR-FSE (M20A-FKS) 2ZR-FXE (M20A-FXS)

The M20 engine family is a straight-four engine series that was first introduced in 2018 for the E210 series Corolla.

Model	Applications	Vehicle chassis code	Power	Torque	Calendar years	Notes
M20A-FKS	Corolla/Auris	MZEA12	125 kW (168 hp; 170 PS) at 6,600 rpm	202 N⋅m (149 lb⋅ft) at 4,800 rpm	2018–present	Used in Auris exclusively in Taiwan until July 2020.
	Camry	MXVA71	131 kW (176 hp; 178 PS) at 6,600 rpm	210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm	2019–present
	Avalon	MXXA50			2019–present
	C-HR	MAXA10	126 kW (169 hp; 171 PS) at 6,600 rpm	203 N⋅m (150 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,800 rpm	2018–present
	Corolla Cross	MXGA10 MXGA15			2021–present	North America only
	RAV4	MXAA52	126 kW (169 hp; 171 PS) at 6,600 rpm Australia: 127 kW (170 hp; 173 PS) at 6,600 rpm	207 N⋅m (153 lb⋅ft) at 4,800 rpm Australia: 203 N⋅m (150 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,900 rpm	2018–present
	Harrier/Venza	MXUA80 MXUA85	126 kW (169 hp; 171 PS) at 6,600 rpm	207 N⋅m (153 lb⋅ft) at 4,800 rpm	2020–present	Venza is available in North America since 2021.
	Noah/Voxy / Suzuki Landy	MZRA90 MZRA95	125 kW (168 hp; 170 PS) at 6,600 rpm	202 N⋅m (149 lb⋅ft) at 4,900 rpm	2022–present	Suzuki Landy is only available in Japan
	Innova / Innova HyCross / Kijang Innova Zenix	MAGA10	128 kW (172 hp; 174 PS) at 6,600 rpm	205 N⋅m (151 lb⋅ft) at 4,500–4,900 rpm	2022–present
	Lexus ES 200	MXZA10	128 kW (172 hp; 174 PS) at 6,600 rpm	209 N⋅m (154 lb⋅ft) at 4,000–5,200 rpm	2020–present
	Lexus UX 200	MZAA10			2018–present
M20A-FKB	Corolla	MZEA12	130 kW (174 hp; 177 PS) at 6,600 rpm	210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm	2020–present	Brazil only
	Corolla Cross	MXGA10			2021–present
M20A-FXS	Corolla Hybrid	MZEH12	112 kW (150 hp; 152 PS) at 6,000 rpm	190 N⋅m (140 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm	2018–present	Europe only
	Prius	MXWH60 MXWH65		188 N⋅m (139 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm	2022–present
	C-HR Hybrid	MAXH10	112 kW (150 hp; 152 PS) at 6,000 rpm	190 N⋅m (140 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm	2020–present	Europe only
	Corolla Cross Hybrid	MXGH10 MXGH15	131 kW (176 hp; 178 PS) at 6,600 rpm (FWD) 113 kW (152 hp; 154 PS) at 6,000 rpm (AWD)	202 N⋅m (149 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,900 rpm (FWD) 190 N⋅m (140 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm (AWD)	2022–present	North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand only
	Innova Hybrid / Innova HyCross Hybrid / Kijang Innova Zenix Hybrid	MAGH10	112 kW (150 hp; 152 PS) at 6,000 rpm	188 N⋅m (139 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm	2022–present
	Lexus UX 250h/260h	MZAH10 MZAH15	107 kW (143 hp; 145 PS) at 6,000 rpm	188 N⋅m (139 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm	2018–present	Known as UX 260h in China
M20B-FXS	IZOA Hybrid	MAXH10	112 kW (150 hp; 152 PS) at 6,000 rpm	190 N⋅m (140 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm	2020–2022
M20C-FKS	C-HR	MAXA10	126 kW (169 hp; 171 PS) at 6,600 rpm	203 N⋅m (150 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,800 rpm	2018–present	China only
	Camry	MXVA71	131 kW (176 hp; 178 PS) at 6,600 rpm	210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm	2019–present	China only
	Wildlander	MXAA54	126 kW (169 hp; 171 PS) at 6,600 rpm	209 N⋅m (154 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,000 rpm	2020–present
	Venza	MXUA85	126 kW (169 hp; 171 PS) at 6,600 rpm	207 N⋅m (153 lb⋅ft) at 4,800 rpm	2021–present	China only
	Levin GT	MZEA12	131 kW (176 hp; 178 PS) at 6,600 rpm	210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm	2021–present
	Frontlander	MXGA15	126 kW (169 hp; 171 PS) at 6,600 rpm	203 N⋅m (150 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,800 rpm	2022–present
	Camry	MXVA80L			2023–present	China only
M20D-FKS	RAV4	MXAA52	126 kW (169 hp; 171 PS) at 6,600 rpm	209 N⋅m (154 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,000 rpm	2018–present	China only
	Avalon	MXXA50	131 kW (176 hp; 178 PS) at 6,600 rpm	210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm	2019–present	China only
	Harrier	MXUA80	126 kW (169 hp; 171 PS) at 6,600 rpm	207 N⋅m (153 lb⋅ft) at 4,800 rpm	2021–present	China only
M20E-FKS	IZOA	MAXA10	126 kW (169 hp; 171 PS) at 6,600 rpm	203 N⋅m (150 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,800 rpm	2018–present
	Allion	MZEA12	131 kW (176 hp; 178 PS) at 6,600 rpm	210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm	2021–present
	Corolla Cross	MXGA10	126 kW (169 hp; 171 PS) at 6,600 rpm	203 N⋅m (150 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,800 rpm	2022–present	China only
M20F-FXS	C-HR Hybrid	MAXH10	112 kW (150 hp; 152 PS) at 6,000 rpm	190 N⋅m (140 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm	2020–present	China only
	Camry	MXVH80L			2023–present	China only
M20G-FXS	IZOA Hybrid	MAXH10	131 kW (176 hp; 178 PS) at 6,600 rpm	202 N⋅m (149 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,900 rpm	2022–present
	Allion Hybrid	MZEA12	131 kW (176 hp; 178 PS) at 6,600 rpm	202 N⋅m (149 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,900 rpm	2023–present
	Corolla Cross Hybrid	MXGA10	131 kW (176 hp; 178 PS) at 6,600 rpm	202 N⋅m (149 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,900 rpm	2023–present	China only

M20A-FKS

The standard version with 13.0:1 compression ratio achieves 40% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):

• 2018–present Corolla / 2018–2020 Auris (MZEA12)
• 2018–present C-HR (MAXA10)
• 2018–present RAV4 (MXAA52)
• 2018–present Lexus UX 200 (MZAA10)
• 2019–present Camry (MXVA71)
• 2019–present Avalon (MXXA50)
• 2020–present Lexus ES 200 (MXZA10)
• 2020–present Harrier / 2022–present Venza (MXUA80/85)
• 2021–present Corolla Cross (MXGA10/15)
• 2022–present Noah/Voxy / Suzuki Landy (MZRA90/95)
• 2022–present Innova / Innova HyCross / Kijang Innova Zenix (MAGA10)

M20A-FKB

The flex fuel E85 version with 13.0:1 compression ratio ethanol fuel capable.

Applications (calendar years):

• 2020–present Corolla (MZEA12)
• 2021–present Corolla Cross (MXGA10)

M20A-FXS

The hybrid version with 14.0:1 compression ratio achieves 41% thermal efficiency.^[12]

Applications (calendar years):

• 2018–present Corolla Hybrid (MZEH12)
• 2018–present Lexus UX 250h/260h (MZAH10/15)
• 2020–present C-HR Hybrid (MAXH10)
• 2022–present Corolla Cross Hybrid (MXGH10/15)
• 2022–present Prius (MXWH60/65)
• 2022–present Innova / Innova HyCross Hybrid / Kijang Innova Zenix Hybrid (MAGH10)

M20B-FXS

Version used only in China which is largely identical to the M20A-FXS engine, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

• 2020–2022 IZOA Hybrid (MAXH10)

M20C-FKS

Localized M20 series engine for China, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

• 2018–present C-HR (MAXA10; China only)
• 2019–present Camry
  • 2019–2023 MXVA71
  • 2024–present MXVA80
• 2020–present Wildlander (MXAA54)
• 2021–present Venza (MXUA85; China only)
• 2021–present Levin GT (MZEA12)
• 2022–present Frontlander (MXGA15)
• 2023–present Camry (MXVA80L)

M20D-FKS

Localized M20 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

• 2018–present RAV4 (MXAA52; China only)
• 2019–present Avalon (MXXA50; China only)
• 2021–present Harrier (MXUA80; China only)

M20E-FKS

Localized M20 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

• 2018–present IZOA (MAXA10)
• 2021–present Allion (MZEA12)
• 2022–present Corolla Cross (MXGA10; China only)

M20F-FXS

Version used only in China which is largely identical to the M20A-FXS engine, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

• 2020–present C-HR Hybrid (MAXH10; China only)
• 2023–present Levin GT Hybrid (MZEH16; China only)
• 2023–present Frontlander Hybrid (MXGH10; China only)
• 2023–present Camry Hybrid (MXVH80; China only)

M20G-FXS

Version used only in China which is largely identical to the M20A-FXS engine, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

• 2022–present IZOA Hybrid (MAXH10; China only)
• 2023–present Allion Hybrid (MZEH16; China only)
• 2023–present Corolla Cross Hybrid (MXGH10; China only)

S20A

S20A
Overview
Production	2022–present
Layout
Configuration	I4
Displacement	1,997 cc (121.9 cu in)
Cylinder bore	85.0 mm (3.346 in)
Piston stroke	88.0 mm (3.465 in)
Combustion
Turbocharger	Single
Fuel type	Petrol
Output
Power output	182 kW (244 hp; 247 PS)
Specific power	91.1 kW (122 hp; 124 PS) per litre
Torque output	380 N⋅m (280 lb⋅ft)
Chronology
Predecessor	8AR-FTS

The S20A engine is a straight-four engine series that was first introduced in 2022 for the Chinese market Highlander / Crown Kluger.

Model	Applications	Vehicle chassis code	Power	Torque	Calendar years	Notes
S20A-FTS	Highlander / Crown Kluger	SXUA75	182 kW (244 hp; 247 PS) at 6,000 rpm	380 N⋅m (280 lb⋅ft) at 1,800–4,000 rpm	2022–present	China only

S20A-FTS

"FTS" designates the turbocharged version of this engine.

Applications (calendar years):

• 2022–present Highlander / Crown Kluger (SXUA75)

A25 family

A25 family
A25A-FXS engine in the 2018 Crown Hybrid
Overview
Production	2017–present
Layout
Configuration	I4
Displacement	2,487 cc (151.8 cu in)
Cylinder bore	87.5 mm (3.445 in)
Piston stroke	103.4 mm (4.071 in)
Compression ratio	13.0:1 (A25A-FKS/A25A-FKB) 14.0:1 (A25A-FXS/A25B-FXS)
Combustion
Fuel system	D-4S direct/port injection
Fuel type	Petrol (A25A-FKS) Petrol flex fuel (A25A-FKB) Petrol hybrid (A25A-FXS/A25B-FXS)
Output
Power output	151–154 kW (202–207 hp; 205–209 PS) (A25A-FKS) 154 kW (207 hp; 209 PS) (A25A-FKB) 130–139 kW (174–186 hp; 177–189 PS) (A25A-FXS/A25B-FXS)
Specific power	60.7–61.9 kW (81–83 hp; 83–84 PS) per litre (A25A-FKS) 61.9 kW (83 hp; 84 PS) per litre (A25A-FKB) 52.3–55.9 kW (70–75 hp; 71–76 PS) per litre (A25A-FXS/A25B-FXS)
Torque output	247–252 N⋅m (182–186 lb⋅ft) (A25A-FKS) 250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) (A25A-FKB) 219–237 N⋅m (162–175 lb⋅ft) (A25A-FXS/A25B-FXS)
Chronology
Predecessor	2AR-FE/5AR-FE (A25A-FKS) 2AR-FSE/2AR-FXE (A25A-FXS/A25B-FXS)

The A25 engine family is a straight-four engine series that was first introduced in 2017 for the XV70 series Camry.

Model	Applications	Vehicle chassis code	Power	Torque	Calendar years	Notes
A25A-FKS	Camry	AXVA70 AXVA75	151.5–153.5 kW (203–206 hp; 206–209 PS) at 6,600 rpm (FWD); 151 kW (202 hp; 205 PS) at 6,600 rpm (AWD)	249–252 N⋅m (184–186 lb⋅ft) at 5,000 rpm (FWD); 247 N⋅m (182 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm (AWD)	2017–2024
	Avalon	AXXA50 AXXA55	153–154 kW (205–207 hp; 208–209 PS) at 6,600 rpm	250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) at 5,000 rpm	2018–present	AWD models offered between 2020 and 2022.
	RAV4	AXAA52 AXAA54	US: 151.5 kW (203 hp; 206 PS) at 6,600 rpm Australia: 152 kW (204 hp; 207 PS) at 6,600 rpm	US: 249 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) at 5,000 rpm Australia: 243 N⋅m (179 lb⋅ft) at 4,000–5,000 rpm	2018–present
	Lexus ES 250/260	AXZA10 AXZA15	151–152 kW (202–204 hp; 205–207 PS) at 6,600 rpm	247 N⋅m (182 lb⋅ft) at 5,000 rpm	2018–present	Known as ES 260 in China
	Lexus NX 250/260	AAZA20 AAZA25			2021–present	Known as NX 260 in China
A25A-FKB	Camry	AXVA70	154 kW (207 hp; 209 PS) at 6,600 rpm	250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) at 5,000 rpm	2018–present	Thailand only
A25A-FXS	Camry Hybrid/Daihatsu Altis	AXVH70 AXVH75	131 kW (176 hp; 178 PS) at 5,700 rpm	221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm	2017–present	Daihatsu Altis is only available in Japan
	Avalon Hybrid	AXXH50			2018–present
	Crown Hybrid	AZSH20 AZSH21	135 kW (181 hp; 184 PS) at 6,000 rpm	221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,800–5,400 rpm	2018–2022
	Crown Crossover Hybrid	AZSH35	137 kW (184 hp; 186 PS) at 6,000 rpm	221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm	2022–present
	Crown Sedan Hybrid	AZSH32	136 kW (182 hp; 185 PS) at 6,000 rpm	225 N⋅m (166 lb⋅ft) at 4,200–5,000 rpm	2023–present
	Crown Sport Hybrid	AZSH36	137 kW (184 hp; 186 PS) at 6,000 rpm	221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm	2022–present
	RAV4 Hybrid	AXAH52 AXAH54	131 kW (176 hp; 178 PS) at 5,700 rpm	221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm	2018–present	Except China
	RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid/Prime / Suzuki Across	AXAP52 AXAP54	130 kW (174 hp; 177 PS) at 6,000 rpm	Japan: 219 N⋅m (162 lb⋅ft) at 3,600 rpm US: 228 N⋅m (168 lb⋅ft) at 2,800 rpm	2020–present	Suzuki Across is only available in Europe since 2021.
	Harrier Hybrid / Venza	AXUH80 AXUH85	131 kW (176 hp; 178 PS) at 5,700 rpm	221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm	2020–present
	Harrier Plug-in Hybrid	AXUP80	134 kW (180 hp; 182 PS) at 5,700 rpm	221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm	2022–present
	Highlander Hybrid / Kluger Hybrid	AXUH70 AXUH78	139 kW (186 hp; 189 PS) at 6,000 rpm	237 N⋅m (175 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm	2019–present	Except China. Kluger Hybrid is only available in Australia since 2021
	Grand Highlander Hybrid	AASH10 AASH15			2023–present
	Sienna	AXLH40 AXLH45			2020–present
	Alphard Hybrid/Vellfire Hybrid	AAHH40 AAHH45	140 kW (188 hp; 190 PS) at 6,000 rpm	236 N⋅m (174 lb⋅ft) at 4,300–4,500 rpm	2023–present
	Lexus ES 300h	AXZH10 AXZH11	131 kW (176 hp; 178 PS) at 5,700 rpm	221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm	2018–present	Except China
	Lexus NX 350h	AAZH20 AAZH25	140 kW (188 hp; 190 PS) at 6,000 rpm	243 N⋅m (179 lb⋅ft) at 4,300–4,500 rpm	2021–present	Except China
	Lexus NX 450h+	AAZH26	136 kW (182 hp; 185 PS) at 6,000 rpm	228 N⋅m (168 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–3,700 rpm	2021–present	Except China
	Lexus RX 350h	AALH10 AALH15	140 kW (188 hp; 190 PS) at 6,000 rpm	243 N⋅m (179 lb⋅ft) at 4,300–4,500 rpm	2022–present
	Lexus RX 450h+	AALH16	136 kW (182 hp; 185 PS) at 6,000 rpm	228 N⋅m (168 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–3,700 rpm	2022–present
	Lexus LM 350h	AAWH10		239 N⋅m (176 lb⋅ft) at 4,300–4,500 rpm	2023–present
	Camry Hybrid	AXVH80			2024
	Crown Signia				2024
A25B-FXS	Lexus ES 300h (China)	AXZH10	131 kW (176 hp; 178 PS) at 5,700 rpm	221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm	2018–present	Engine exclusively used on the Chinese Lexus models
	Lexus NX 350h (China)	AAZH10	141 kW (189 hp; 192 PS) at 6,000 rpm	243 N⋅m (179 lb⋅ft) at 4,300–4,500 rpm	2022–present
	Lexus NX 400h+	AXZH11	136 kW (182 hp; 185 PS) at 6,000 rpm	228 N⋅m (168 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–3,700 rpm	2022–present
A25C-FKS	Camry	AXVA70	154 kW (207 hp; 209 PS) at 6,600 rpm	250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) at 5,000 rpm	2018–present	Gasoline engine manufactured by GTE
	Wildlander	AXAA54			2020–present
	Highlander	AXUA70			2021–present
A25D-FXS	Camry Hybrid	AXVH70	131 kW (176 hp; 178 PS) at 5,700 rpm	221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm	2018–present	Hybrid engine manufactured by GTE
	Wildlander Hybrid	AXAH54			2021–present
	Wildlander PHV	AXAP54	132 kW (177 hp; 179 PS) at 6,000 rpm	224 N⋅m (165 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–3,700 rpm	2021–present
	Highlander Hybrid	AXUH78	141 kW (189 hp; 192 PS) at 6,000 rpm	238 N⋅m (176 lb⋅ft) at 4,200–4,600 rpm	2021–present
	Sienna Hybrid	AXLH40	141 kW (189 hp; 192 PS) at 6,000 rpm	238 N⋅m (176 lb⋅ft) at 4,200–4,600 rpm	2021–present
	Venza Hybrid	AXUH85	131 kW (176 hp; 178 PS) at 5,700 rpm	221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm	2022–present
	Camry Hybrid	AXVH80L			2023–present
	Mazda CX-50 HEV				2023–present
A25F-FXS	RAV4 Hybrid	AXAH52	131 kW (176 hp; 178 PS) at 5,700 rpm	221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm	2021–present	Hybrid engine manufactured by FTCE
	RAV4 PHV	AXAP52	132 kW (177 hp; 179 PS) at 6,000 rpm	224 N⋅m (165 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–3,700 rpm	2021–present
	Harrier Hybrid	AXUH80	131 kW (176 hp; 178 PS) at 5,700 rpm	221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm	2022–present
A25G-FKS	Avalon	AXXA50	154 kW (207 hp; 209 PS) at 6,600 rpm	250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) at 5,000 rpm	2019–present	Gasoline engine manufactured by FTCE
	RAV4	AXAA52			2019–present
	Crown Kluger	AXUA71			2021–present
A25H-FXS	Avalon Hybrid	AXXH50	131 kW (176 hp; 178 PS) at 5,700 rpm	221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm	2019–present	Hybrid Engine manufactured by FTCE
	Crown Kluger Hybrid	AXUH79	141 kW (189 hp; 192 PS) at 6,000 rpm	238 N⋅m (176 lb⋅ft) at 4,200–4,600 rpm	2021–present
	Granvia Hybrid	AXLH40	141 kW (189 hp; 192 PS) at 6,000 rpm	238 N⋅m (176 lb⋅ft) at 4,200–4,600 rpm	2021–present

A25A-FKS

The standard version with 13.0:1 compression ratio achieves 40% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):

• 2017–present Camry (AXVA70/75)
• 2018–present RAV4 (AXAA52/54)
• 2018–present Lexus ES 250/260 (AXZA10/15)
• 2018–2022 Avalon (AXXA50/55)
• 2021–present Lexus NX 250/260 (AAZA20/25)
• 2024 Camry (AXVH80)
• 2024 Crown Signia

A25A-FKB

Version used in Thailand with E85 ethanol fuel capable.^[13]

Applications (calendar years):

• 2018–present Camry (AXVA70)

A25A-FXS

The hybrid version with 14.0:1 compression ratio achieves 41% thermal efficiency.^[14][15]

Applications (calendar years):

• 2017–present Camry Hybrid/Daihatsu Altis (AXVH70/75)
• 2018–present Avalon Hybrid (AXXH50)
• 2018–present RAV4 Hybrid (AXAH52/54)
• 2018–present Lexus ES 300h (AXZH10/11)
• 2018–2022 Crown Hybrid (AZSH20/21)
• 2022–present Crown Crossover Hybrid (AZSH35)
• 2023–present Crown Sedan Hybrid (AZSH32)
• 2023–present Crown Sport Hybrid (AZSH36)
• 2019–present Highlander Hybrid / 2021–present Kluger Hybrid (AXUH70/78)
• 2020–present RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid/Prime / Suzuki Across (AXAP52/54)
• 2020–present Harrier Hybrid/Venza (AXUH80/85)
• 2022–present Harrier Plug-in Hybrid (AXUP80)
• 2020–present Sienna/Granvia (AXLH40/45)
• 2021–present Lexus NX 350h (AAZH20/25)
• 2021–present Lexus NX 400h+/450h+ (AAZH26)
• 2022–present Lexus RX 350h (AALH10/15)
• 2022–present Lexus RX 450h+ (AALH16)
• 2023–present Grand Highlander Hybrid (AASH10/15)
• 2023–present Lexus LM 350h (AAWH10)
• 2023–present Alphard Hybrid/Vellfire Hybrid (AAHH40/45)

A25B-FXS

This engine is only used on hybrid models in China. Similar to the A25A-FXS engine used in other markets.

Applications (calendar years):

• 2018–present Lexus ES 300h (China) (AXZH10)
• 2022–present Lexus NX 350h (China) (AAZH20)
• 2022–present Lexus NX 400h+ (AAZH21)
• 2023–present Alphard Hybrid/Crown Vellfire Hybrid (China) (AAHH45)
• 2023–present Crown SportCross (China) (AZSH30)

A25C-FKS

Version used only in China which is largely identical to the A25A-FKS engine, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

• 2018–present Camry (AXVA70; China only)
• 2020–present Wildlander (AXAA54)
• 2021–present Highlander (AXUA70; China only)

A25D-FXS

Localized A25 series engine for China, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

• 2018–present Camry Hybrid (AXVH70; China only)
• 2021–present Wildlander Hybrid (AXAH54)
• 2021–present Wildlander Plug-in Hybrid (AXAP54)
• 2021–present Highlander Hybrid (AXUH78)
• 2021–present Sienna Hybrid (AXLH40)
• 2022–present Venza Hybrid (AXUH85)
• 2023–present Camry (AXVH80L)
• 2023–present Mazda CX-50 HEV

A25F-FXS

Localized A25 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

• 2021–present RAV4 Hybrid (AXAH52; China only)
• 2021–present RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid (AXAP52; China only)
• 2022–present Harrier Hybrid (AXUH80; China only)

A25G-FKS

Version used only in China which is largely identical to the A25A-FKS engine, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

• 2019–present Avalon (AXXA50; China only)
• 2019–present RAV4 (AXAA52; China only)
• 2021–present Crown Kluger (AXUA71)

A25H-FXS

Localized A25 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

• 2019–present Avalon Hybrid (AXXH50; China only)
• 2021–present Crown Kluger Hybrid (AXUH79)
• 2021–present Granvia Hybrid (AXLH40; China only)

T24A

T24A
T24A-FTS engine in the 2022 Crown Crossover
Overview
Production	2021–present
Layout
Configuration	I4
Displacement	2,393 cc (146.0 cu in)
Cylinder bore	87.5 mm (3.445 in)
Piston stroke	99.5 mm (3.917 in)
Compression ratio	11.0:1
Combustion
Turbocharger	Single twin-scroll
Fuel system	D-4ST direct/port injection
Fuel type	Petrol Petrol hybrid
Output
Power output	170–207 kW (228–278 hp; 231–281 PS)
Specific power	71–86.5 kW (95–116 hp; 97–118 PS) per litre
Torque output	329–460 N⋅m (243–339 lb⋅ft)
Chronology
Predecessor	2GR-FKS (V6)

The T24A engine is a straight-four engine series that was first introduced in 2021 for the AZ20 series Lexus NX.

Model	Applications	Vehicle chassis code	Power	Torque	Calendar years	Notes
T24A-FTS	Crown Crossover Turbo Hybrid	TZSH35	200 kW (268 hp; 272 PS) at 6,000 rpm	460 N⋅m (339 lb⋅ft) at 2,000–3,000 rpm	2022–present
	Highlander/Kluger	TXUA70 TXUA75	198 kW (266 hp; 269 PS) at 6,000 rpm	420 N⋅m (310 lb⋅ft) at 1,700–3,600 rpm	2022–present
	Grand Highlander	TASA10 TASA15			2023–present
	Grand Highlander Turbo Hybrid	TASH15	202 kW (271 hp; 275 PS) at 6,000 rpm	460 N⋅m (339 lb⋅ft) at 2,000–3,000 rpm	2023–present
	Tacoma	TZNA40 TZNA41 TZNA45 TZNA46	170–207 kW (228–278 hp; 231–281 PS)	329–430 N⋅m (243–317 lb⋅ft)	2023–present
	Tacoma Hybrid	TZNH47	207 kW (278 hp; 281 PS)	381 N⋅m (281 lb⋅ft)	2024–present
	Alphard/Vellfire	TAHA40 TAHA45	205 kW (275 hp; 279 PS) at 6,000 rpm	430 N⋅m (317 lb⋅ft) at 1,700–3,600 rpm	2023–present
	Lexus NX 350	TAZA25	205 kW (275 hp; 279 PS) at 6,000 rpm	430 N⋅m (317 lb⋅ft) at 1,700–3,600 rpm	2021–present
	Lexus RX 350	TALA10 TALA15			2022–present
	Lexus RX 500h	TALH17	202 kW (271 hp; 275 PS) at 6,000 rpm	460 N⋅m (339 lb⋅ft) at 2,000–3,000 rpm	2022–present
	Land Cruiser Prado	TJA250	206 kW (276 hp; 280 PS) at 6,000 rpm	430 N⋅m (317 lb⋅ft) at 4,300–4,500 rpm	2023–present

T24A-FTS

The "T" in the engine feature suffix "-FTS" designates the turbocharged version of this engine.^[5] Toyota have been using it to replace the naturally-aspirated 2GR-FKS V6, offering more peak torque at lower speeds and improved fuel consumption and emissions with the turbo engine.^[16]

There also are two distinct hybridised variants (marketed as "Dual Boost Hybrid System" in Japan and "Hybrid Max" in North America) which carry the same T24A-FTS engine designation as the regular (non-hybrid) variant. For transverse engine applications, the hybrid engine drives the front wheels and is equipped with two electric motors: one starter-generator and one traction assist; a third electric motor driving the rear axle is provided with all-wheel drive as a power-split hybrid variant. For longitudinal engine applications (marketed as "i-Force Max" in North America), a single traction assist/generator motor is sandwiched between the engine and transmission, taking the place of a conventional automatic transmission torque converter.^[17]

Applications (calendar years):

• 2021–present Lexus NX 350 (TAZA25)
• 2022–present Highlander/Kluger (TXUA70/75)
• 2022–present Lexus RX 350 (TALA10/15)
• 2022–present Lexus RX 500h (TALH17)
• 2022–present Crown Crossover Turbo Hybrid (TZSH35)
• 2023–present Grand Highlander (TASA10/15)
• 2023–present Grand Highlander Turbo Hybrid (TASH15)
• 2023–present Lexus LM 500h (TAWH15)
• 2023–present Tacoma
• 2023–present Tacoma Hybrid
• 2023–present Lexus TX 350
• 2023–present Lexus TX 500h
• 2023–present Alphard/Vellfire (TAHA40/45)
• 2024-present Land Cruiser Prado (J250)
• 2024–present 4Runner

V35A

V35A
V35A-FTS engine in the 2021 Land Cruiser
Overview
Production	2017–present
Layout
Configuration	60° V6
Displacement	3,445 cc (210.2 cu in)
Cylinder bore	85.5 mm (3.366 in)
Piston stroke	100.0 mm (3.937 in)
Compression ratio	10.5:1
Combustion
Turbocharger	Twin-turbo
Fuel system	D-4ST direct/port injection
Fuel type	Petrol Petrol hybrid
Output
Power output	260–310 kW (349–416 hp; 354–421 PS)
Specific power	75.5–90 kW (101–121 hp; 103–122 PS) per litre
Torque output	549–650 N⋅m (405–479 lb⋅ft)
Chronology
Predecessor	1UR-FE/1UR-FSE/3UR-FE (V8)

The V35A engine is a V6 engine series that was first introduced in 2017 for the XF50 series Lexus LS. Despite its "35" nomenclature and being advertised as a 3.5-litre engine, its actual displacement is 3.4 L (3,445 cc).

Model	Applications	Vehicle chassis code	Power	Torque	Calendar years	Notes
V35A-FTS	Land Cruiser	VJA300	305 kW (409 hp; 415 PS) at 5,200 rpm	650 N⋅m (479 lb⋅ft) at 2,000–3,600 rpm	2021–present
	Sequoia Hybrid	VXKH80 VXKH85	290 kW (389 hp; 394 PS) at 5,200 rpm	650 N⋅m (479 lb⋅ft) at 2,400 rpm	2022–present
	Tundra	VXKA70 VXKA71 VXKA72 VXKA75 VXKA76 VXKA77	260–290 kW (349–389 hp; 354–394 PS) at 5,200 rpm	549 N⋅m (405 lb⋅ft) at 2,000 rpm 650 N⋅m (479 lb⋅ft) at 2,400 rpm	2021–present
	Tundra Hybrid	VXKH70 VXKH71 VXKH75 VXKH76	290 kW (389 hp; 394 PS) at 5,200 rpm	650 N⋅m (479 lb⋅ft) at 2,400 rpm	2021–present
	Lexus LS 500	VXFA50 VXFA55	310 kW (416 hp; 421 PS) at 6,000 rpm	600 N⋅m (443 lb⋅ft) at 1,600–4,800 rpm	2017–present
	Lexus LX 600	VJA310	305 kW (409 hp; 415 PS) at 5,200 rpm	650 N⋅m (479 lb⋅ft) at 2,000–3,600 rpm	2021–present
	Lexus GX 550	VJA250	260 kW (349 hp; 354 PS) at 5,200 rpm	650 N⋅m (479 lb⋅ft) at 2,000–3,600 rpm	2023–present

V35A-FTS

The twin-turbocharged version with 10.5:1 compression ratio. Pumping losses have been reduced by electrification of the waste gate of the twin turbo system. The engine achieves 37% thermal efficiency.^[18] A hybridised version (marketed as "i-Force Max" in North America) is also available with the same engine designation as the regular variant.

The hybridised version was named Ward's World's 10 Best Engines list in 2022.^[19]

A number of customers have reported main bearing failures in 2022 and 2023 vehicles equipped with the V35A-FTS engine, with mileage as little as 40,000 km (25,000 mi).^[20]

Applications (calendar years):

• 2017–present Lexus LS 500 (VXFA50/55)
• 2021–present Land Cruiser (VJA300)
• 2021–present Tundra (VXKA70/71/72/75/76/77)
• 2021–present Tundra Hybrid (VXKH70/71/75/76)
• 2021–present Lexus LX 600 (VJA310)
• 2022–present Sequoia Hybrid (VXKH80/85)
• 2023–present Lexus GX 550

See also

• Toyota F33A engine
• Toyota G16E engine
• List of Toyota engines

References

1. "Turbocharge Your Drive: Toyota's 2.4 Engine Unleashed! -". 26 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
2. Reynolds, Kim (7 May 2015). "How the Toyota New Global Architecture Will Impact Mass-Car Building". Motor Trend. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
3. "Features of Toyota's New Powertrain". Toyota Motor Corporation. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
4. "Toyota's New Model Yaris Makes World Premiere" (Press release). Japan: Toyota. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
5. "All-New Lexus NX Premieres, Heraldling the Start of the Lexus Next Chapter" (Press release). Toyota. 12 June 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
6. Tan, Danny (21 June 2021). "2022 Lexus NX officially revealed - second-gen SUV gets PHEV, 2.4 Turbo; new rear logo, interior concept". paultan.org. Malaysia. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
7. Lee, Jonathan (29 July 2020). "2020 Toyota Yaris detailed for Europe – 125 PS petrol and 116 PS hybrid with 1.5 litre NA three-cylinder". paultan.org. Malaysia. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
8. "Toyota Corolla Sedan, 1.5 Dynamic Force motora kavuştu" [Toyota Corolla Sedan gets 1.5 Dynamic Force engine]. Motor1.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 November 2020.
9. "Toyota Hyryder SUV breaks cover; bookings open". Autocar India. 1 July 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
10. Daniels, Pearl (7 September 2022). "Maruti Grand Vitara SUV Homologated - 10 Variants, GVW 1,755 Kgs". RushLane. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
11. "Toyota opens TNGA assembly line at Bidadi plant | Team-BHP". Team-BHP.com. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
12. "2.0-liter Dynamic Force Engine, a New 2.0-liter Direct-injection, Inline 4-cylinder Gasoline Engine" (Press release). Japan: Toyota. 26 February 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
13. "อุปกรณ์มาตรฐานและข้อมูลทางเทคนิค CAMRY" [Standard equipment and technical data CAMRY]. Thailand: Toyota. 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
14. "Attainable Premium, Actualized: All-New 2019 Toyota Avalon Beams Effortless Sophistication, Style, and Exhilaration at the 2018 North American International Auto Show" (Press release). Japan: Toyota. 15 January 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
15. "2017 Toyota Camry Press Kit" (Press release). Australia: Toyota. 20 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
16. "Turbocharged performance and connected services raise the bar for Toyota Kluger" (Press release). Toyota Australia. 7 December 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
17. Beckford, Andrew (30 May 2023). "2024 Toyota Tacoma Hybrid Engine: Everything to Know About the i-Force MAX". Motor Trend. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
18. Yamazaki, Daichi; Mori, Akio; Murase, Eiji (3 April 2018). "The Development of a New V6 3.5L Turbocharged Gasoline Engine". SAE Technical Paper Series. Vol. 1. US: Society of Automotive Engineers. doi:10.4271/2018-01-0366. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
19. Winter, Drew (17 October 2022). "Drivers Will Appreciate Toyota's Civilized Beast of a Powertrain". WardsAuto. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
20. Tutu, Andrei (8 July 2023). "Toyota Tundra (3rd gen) Twin-Turbo V6 Engine Failure Causes and Fix". Carvibz. Retrieved 27 June 2024.