OECD

Not to be confused with OSCE.

"OCED" redirects here. The abbreviation may also mean Office of Community Economic Development.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; French: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental organization with 38 member countries,^[1][4] founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum whose member countries describe themselves as committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices, and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques
The Château de la Muette, the headquarters of the OECD in Paris, France.
Member states   Applicants
Abbreviation	OECD OCDE
Established	• 16 April 1948 (76 years ago) (1948-04-16) as OEEC • 30 September 1961 (63 years ago) (1961-09-30) as OECD
Type	Intergovernmental organisation
Headquarters	Château de la Muette Paris, France
Membership	38 countries[1][2]  Australia  Austria  Belgium  Canada  Chile  Colombia  Costa Rica  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Iceland  Ireland  Israel  Italy  Japan  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Mexico  Netherlands  New Zealand  Norway  Poland  Portugal  Slovakia  Slovenia  South Korea  Spain  Sweden  Switzerland  Turkey  United Kingdom  United States
Official languages	English French
Secretary-General	Mathias Cormann
Deputy Secretaries-General	Ulrik Vestergaard Knudsen Yoshiki Takeuchi Fabrizia Lapecorella Mary Beth Goodman
Budget	€975.2 million (2022)[3]
Website	oecd.org

The majority of OECD members are generally regarded as developed countries, with high-income economies, and a very high Human Development Index.

As of 2024^[update] their collective population is 1.38 billion^[5] people with an average life expectancy of 80 years and a median age of 40, against a global average of 30.^[6] As of 2017^[update], OECD Member countries collectively comprised 62.2% of global nominal GDP (USD 49.6 trillion)^[7] and 42.8% of global GDP (Int$54.2 trillion) at purchasing power parity.^[8] The OECD is an official United Nations observer.^[9] OECD nations have strong social security systems; their average social welfare spending stood at roughly 21% of GDP.^[10][11][12]

The OECD's headquarters are at the Château de la Muette in Paris, France, which housed its predecessor organization, the Organization for European Economic Co-operation.^[13] The OECD is funded by contributions from member countries at varying rates and is recognised as a highly influential publisher of mostly economic data through publications as well as annual evaluations and rankings of member countries.^[14]

History

Organisation for European Economic Co-operation

The OECD is the successor organization to the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC),^[15] established in April 1948 among the European recipients of Marshall Plan aid for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II.^[16][17][18] Only Western European states were members of the OEEC, whose primary function was the allocation of American aid. Its Secretaries-General^[19] were the Frenchmen Robert Marjolin (1948–1955) and René Sergent (1955–1960). It was headquartered in the Château de la Muette in Paris.

Following the end of Marshall aid in 1952, the OEEC focused on economic issues.^[15] Its coordinating role was challenged after the 1957 Rome Treaties establishing the European Economic Community and Euratom. The OEEC provided a framework for negotiations aimed at setting up a European Free Trade Area, to bring the EEC's Inner Six and other OEEC members together on a multilateral basis. In 1958, a European Nuclear Energy Agency was set up in response to Euratom.

By this time, some leading countries felt that the OEEC had outlived its purpose but could be adapted to fulfil a more global mission, which proved to be a cumbersome task. Following several (occasionally unruly) meetings at the Hotel Majestic in Paris, which began in January 1960, a resolution was reached to create a body that would not only solve European and Atlantic economic issues, but also devise policies that could assist less developed countries. This reconstituted organisation would bring the US and Canada, who were already OEEC observers, on board as full members, and the OEEC would set to work straight away on convincing Japan to join the organisation.^[20][21][22]

Founding

The Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development was signed on 14 December 1960, and the OECD officially superseded the OEEC in September 1961, consisting of the European founder countries of the OEEC, with the additions of the United States and Canada. Three countries, (Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Italy)—all OEEC members—ratified the OECD Convention after September 1961, but are nevertheless considered founding members. The official founding members are the following:

• Austria
• Belgium
• Canada
• Denmark
• France
• West Germany
• Greece
• Iceland
• Ireland
• Italy
• Luxembourg
• Netherlands
• Norway
• Portugal
• Spain
• Sweden
• Switzerland
• Turkey
• United Kingdom
• United States

Japan became a member in 1964, and over the following decade, Finland, Australia, and New Zealand also joined the organisation. Yugoslavia had observer status in the organisation, starting with the establishment of the OECD, until its dissolution as a country.^[23] The OECD also created agencies such as the OECD Development Centre (1961), International Energy Agency (IEA, 1974), and Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering.

The aims of the OECD are stated in Article 1 of the Convention^[24] as:

1. to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability
2. to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries
3. to contribute to the expansion of world trade

Unlike the United Nations' "Organizations," OECD uses the spelling "Organisation" with an "s" in its name, together with a hyphenated "Co-operation".

Enlargement to Eastern Europe

Following the Revolutions of 1989, the OECD began assisting countries in and Eastern Europe (especially the Visegrád Group) to prepare market economy reforms. In 1990, the Centre for Co-operation with European Economies in Transition (now succeeded by the Centre for Cooperation with Non-Members) was established, and in 1991, the programme, "Partners in Transition", was launched to offer a partnership to Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland,^[25] including a membership option for these countries.^[25] As a result of this, Poland,^[26] Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as well as South Korea^[27] and Mexico, became members of the OECD between 1996 and 2000.

Reform and further enlargement

East Germany joined on 3 October 1990 through reunification with West Germany. In the 1990s, several European countries, now members of the European Union, expressed their willingness to join the Organisation. In 1995, Cyprus applied for membership, but according to the Cypriot government, it was vetoed by Turkey.^[28] In 1996, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania signed a Joint Declaration expressing willingness to become members of the OECD,^[29] and Slovenia also applied for membership that same year.^[30] In 2005, Malta applied to join the Organisation.^[31] The EU is lobbying for the admission of all EU member states.^[32] Romania reaffirmed in 2012 its intention to become a member of the Organisation through the letter addressed by Romanian Prime Minister Victor Ponta to OECD Secretary-General José Ángel Gurría.^[33] In September 2012, the government of Bulgaria confirmed it would apply for membership before the OECD Secretariat.^[34]

The OECD established a working group headed by ambassador Seiichiro Noboru to work out a plan for the enlargement with non-members. The working group defined four criteria that must be fulfilled: "like-mindedness", "significant player", "mutual benefit" and "global considerations." The working group's recommendations were presented at the OECD Ministerial Council Meeting on 13 May 2004, and on 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to open accession discussions with Chile, Estonia, Israel, Russia, and Slovenia, and to strengthen cooperation with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and South Africa through a process of enhanced engagement.^[35] Chile, Slovenia, Israel, and Estonia all became members in 2010.^[36] In March 2014, the OECD halted membership talks with Russia in response to its role in the 2014 Annexation of Crimea.^[37][38]

In 2013, the OECD decided to open membership talks with Colombia and Latvia. In 2015, the Organisation opened talks with Costa Rica and Lithuania.^[39] Latvia became a member on 1 July 2016, and Lithuania soon followed on 5 July 2018.^[40][41] Colombia signed the accession agreement on 30 May 2018 and became a member on 28 April 2020.^[42] On 15 May 2020, the OECD decided to extend a formal invitation for Costa Rica to join the OECD,^[43] which joined as a member on 25 May 2021.^[2]

Other countries that have expressed interest in OECD membership are Argentina, Brazil,^[44] Croatia,^[45] Malaysia^[46] and Peru.^[47]

In January 2022, the OECD reported that membership talks were underway with Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania.^[48]

In March 2022, the OECD suspended the participation of Russia and Belarus due to the ongoing 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[49]

In June 2022, during the annual OECD Ministerial Council Meeting, the Roadmaps for the Accession to the OECD Convention for Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania were adopted.^[50]

Objectives and issues

Taxation

The OECD sets the rules governing international taxation for multinationals through the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations, a Model Tax Convention and country-by-country reporting rules.

Payroll and income tax by OECD country

The OECD publishes and updates a model tax convention that serves as a template for allocating taxation rights between countries. This model is accompanied by a set of commentaries that reflect OECD-level interpretation of the content of the model convention provisions. In general, this model allocates the primary right to tax to the country from which capital investment originates (i.e., the home, or resident country) rather than the country in which the investment is made (the host, or source country). As a result, it is most effective between two countries with reciprocal investment flows (such as among the OECD member countries), but can be unbalanced when one of the signatory countries is economically weaker than the other (such as between OECD and non-OECD pairings). Additionally, the OECD has published and updated the Transfer Pricing Guidelines since 1995. The Transfer Pricing Guidelines serve as a template for the profit allocation of inter-company transactions to countries. The latest version, of July 2017, incorporates the approved Actions developed under the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project initiated by the G20.^{[citation needed]}

Pillar 1

An OECD proposal to allocate multinational profits (for taxing purposes) to countries where they do business, by a formula, including to markets which multinationals sell into without a physical presence. This is hoped to eliminate the need for Digital Services Tax implemented by several countries, including France. There are exclusions and minimum thresholds, including banking and extractive industries. The proposal involves allocating only residual profit (i.e., profits above what is established through transfer pricing, thus creating a hybrid mechanism). This is essentially no change to what is currently allowed (routine profits allocated using transfer pricing + residual profits allocated through profit split).

Pillar 2

On 1 July 2021, finance officials from 130 countries agreed on plans for a new international taxation policy known as the global minimum corporate tax (of 15%). If a country taxes a multinational at a lower rate, the multinational's HQ will receive the difference.

It is not certain when the proposals will be implemented.

All the major economies agreed to pass national laws that would require corporations to pay at least 15% income tax in the countries they operate. This new policy would end the practice of locating world headquarters in small countries with very low taxation rates. Governments hope to recoup some of the lost revenue, estimated at $100 billion to $240 billion each year. The new system was promoted by the Biden Administration in the United States and the OECD. Secretary-General Mathias Cormann of the OECD said, "This historic package will ensure that large multinational companies pay their fair share of tax everywhere."^[51]

Multinational corporations

The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises are a set of legally non-binding guidelines attached as an annex to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises. They are recommendations providing principles and standards for responsible business conduct for multinational corporations operating in or from countries adhering to the Declaration.^[52]

Publications

The OECD publishes books, reports, statistics, working papers, and reference materials. All titles and databases published since 1998 can be accessed via OECD iLibrary. The OECD Library & Archives collection dates from 1947, including records from the Committee for European Economic Co-operation (CEEC) and the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), predecessors of today's OECD. External researchers can consult OECD publications and archival material on the OECD premises by appointment.^[53]

Books

Reports on a wide range of topics for sale at the OECD's Conference Centre Bookshop in 2019

The OECD releases about 600 books and over 400 papers yearly on topics spanning public policy. The publications are updated to the OECD iLibrary. Most books are published in English and French. The OECD flagship titles include:

• The OECD Economic Outlook, published twice a year. It contains forecast and analysis of the economic situation of the OECD member countries. The OECD exceptionally published the 2020 Economic Outlook on 10 June 2020 to adjust economic forecasts greatly impacted by the Coronavirus since the March Interim Economic Outlook. The June Economic Outlook assesses the economic impact of COVID-19 and provides projections for economic impact if a second outbreak were to occur.^[54]
• The Main Economic Indicators, published monthly. It contains a large selection of timely statistical indicators.
• The OECD Factbook is published yearly and available online, as an iPhone app, and in print. The Factbook contains more than 100 economic, environmental and social indicators, each presented with a clear definition, tables, and graphs. The Factbook mainly focuses on the statistics of its member countries and sometimes other major additional countries. It is freely accessible online and delivers all the data in Excel format via StatLinks.
• The OECD Communications Outlook and the OECD Internet Economy Outlook (formerly the Information Technology Outlook), which rotate every year. They contain forecasts and analysis of the communications and information technology industries in OECD member countries and non-member economies.
• In 2007 the OECD published Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life, the first book in the OECD Insights series. This series uses OECD analysis and data to introduce important social and economic issues to non-specialist readers. Other books in the series cover sustainable development, international trade and international migration. The series was discontinued in 2017.^[55]

All OECD books are available on the OECD iLibrary, the online bookshop or OECD Library & Archives.^[53]

Magazine

OECD Observer, an award-winning magazine,^{[n 1]} was launched in 1962.^[56] The magazine appeared six times a year until 2010, and became quarterly in 2011 with the introduction of the OECD Yearbook, launched for the 50th anniversary of the organisation.^[57] The online and mobile^[58] editions contained news, analysis, reviews, commentaries and data on global economic, social and environmental challenges and listings of the latest OECD books.^[59] An OECD Observer Crossword was introduced in Q2 2013.^[60] The OECD Observer was last issued in the fourth quarter of 2019, with a double edition looking ahead at artificial intelligence, and a cover leading on why statistical offices should hire a comedian. The OECD Observer website closed in the first quarter of 2021; the archive can be consulted at www.oecd.org.

Documentation on OECD's multilateral surveillance

The OECD's multilateral surveillance was systematically reviewed for the first time in Kumiharu Shigehara, “Multilateral Surveillance: What the OECD can offer?” (the 1996 Global Finance Lecture, the University of Birmingham, 1996; OECD publication, Paris, 1996) at a time when Shigehara was OECD Chief Economist and Head of Economics Department (1992–1997); he was subsequently OECD Deputy Secretary-General (1997–1999).

It was also discussed in: - Kumiharu Shigehara, “Surveillance by International Institutions: Lessons from the Global Financial and Economic Crisis” (OECD Working Papers No.860, May 2011, co-authored with Paul Atkinson). https://www.oecd- ilibrary.org/economics/surveillance-by-international-institutions_5kgchzchkvd2-en - Kumiharu Shigehara, “Multilateral Surveillance: the IMF, the OECD and G20” (Ligue Européenne de Coopération Économique, Paris, 2011). https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xh5xan - Kumiharu Shigehara, “The Limits of Surveillance and Financial Market Failure: Lessons from the Euro-Area Crisis” (Palgrave Macmillan 2014) https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137471475

The history of OECD multilateral surveillance from the 1960s to the end of the 1990s was also described in the memoirs titled “the Bank of Japan and the OECD: Recollections and Reflections”, written in Japanese by Kumiharu Shigehara and published in December 2019. In his letter of 5 February 2019, Donald Johnston, OECD Secretary-General (1996- 2006), noted that Shigehara's “book is very important for the OECD where there is little living institutional memory”. The English edition of Shigehara's memoirs titled ‘The Bank of Japan, the OECD, and Beyond’ was published by Palgrave Macmillan in September 2024. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-97-5307-9

Statistics

The OECD is known as a statistical agency, as it publishes comparable statistics on numerous subjects. In July 2014, the OECD publicly released its main statistical databases through the OECD Data Portal, an online platform that allows visitors to create custom charts based on official OECD indicators.^[61][62]

OECD statistics are available in several forms:

• as interactive charts on the OECD Data Portal,
• as interactive databases on iLibrary together with key comparative and country tables,
• as static files or dynamic database views on the OECD Statistics portal,
• as StatLinks (in most OECD books, there is a URL that links to the underlying data).

In July 2024, the OECD announced that it "has transitioned to [an] open-access information model" and that Creative Commons CC‑BY‑4.0 attribution licenses will be used on all data and publications. ^[63]

Working papers

There are 15 working papers series published by the various directorates of the OECD Secretariat. They are available on iLibrary, as well as on many specialised portals.

Reference works

The OECD is responsible for the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, a continuously updated document that is a de facto standard (i.e., soft law).^[64]

It published the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030 in March 2008, which argues that tackling key environmental problems—including climate change, biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and the health impacts of pollution—is both achievable and affordable.^[65]

SDG Pathfinder

In 2020, the inaugural University Press Redux Sustainability Award was given to OECD by the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) and Cambridge University Press.^[66] The award recognized the development of the SDG Pathfinder, an open-access digital discovery tool for finding content and data relating to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).^[67][68]

Structure

The OECD's structure consists of three main elements:^[69]

• The OECD member countries, each represented by a delegation led by an ambassador. Together, they form the OECD Council. Member countries act collectively through Council (and its Standing Committees) to provide direction and guidance to the work of Organisation.
• The OECD Substantive Committees, one for each work area of the OECD, plus their various subsidiary bodies. Committee members are typically subject-matter experts from member and non-member governments. The Committees oversee all the work on each theme (publications, task forces, conferences, and so on). Committee members then relay the conclusions to their capitals.
• The OECD Secretariat, led by the Secretary-General (currently Mathias Cormann), provides support to Standing and Substantive Committees. It is organised into Directorates, which include about 2,500 staff.

Meetings

The main entrance to the OECD Conference Centre in Paris

Delegates from the member countries attend committee and other meetings. Former Deputy Secretary-General Pierre Vinde [sv] estimated in 1997 that the cost borne by the member countries, such as sending their officials to OECD meetings and maintaining permanent delegations, is equivalent to the cost of running the secretariat.^[70] This ratio is unique among inter-governmental organisations.^{[citation needed]} In other words, the OECD is more a persistent forum or network of officials and experts than an administration.

The OECD regularly holds minister-level meetings and forums as platforms for a discussion on a broad spectrum of thematic issues relevant to the OECD charter, member countries, and non-member countries.^[71]

Noteworthy meetings include:

• The yearly Ministerial Council Meeting, with the Ministers of Economy of all member countries and the candidates for enhanced engagement among the countries.
• The annual OECD Forum, which brings together leaders from business, government, labour, civil society and international organisations. Held every year since June 2000, the OECD Forum takes the form of conferences and discussions, is open to public participation and is held in conjunction with the MCM.
• Thematic Ministerial Meetings, held among Ministers of a given domain (i.e., all Ministers of Labour, all Ministers of Environment, etc.).
• The bi-annual World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policies, which does not usually take place in the OECD. This series of meetings has the ambition to measure and foster progress in societies.
• The Forum for Harmful Tax Practices
• The Committee on Fiscal Affairs^{[citation needed]}
• OECD Eurasia Week, which includes several high-level policy dialogue discussions to share best practices and experiences in addressing common development and economic challenges in Eurasia.^[72]

Secretariat

The exterior of the Château de la Muette and the grounds of the OECD Conference Centre

Exchanges between OECD governments benefit from the information, analysis, and preparation of the OECD Secretariat. The secretariat collects data, monitors trends, and analyses and forecasts economic developments. Under the direction and guidance of member governments, it also researches social changes or evolving patterns in trade, environment, education, agriculture, technology, taxation and other areas.

The secretariat is organised in Directorates:^[73]

• Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities
• Centre for Tax Policy and Administration
• Development Co-operation Directorate
• Directorate for Education and Skills
• Directorate for Employment, Labour, and Social Affairs
• Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
• Directorate for Science, Technology, and Innovation
• Economics Department
• Environment Directorate
• Public Governance Directorate
• Statistics Directorate
• Trade and Agriculture Directorate
• General Secretariat
• Executive Directorate
• Public Affairs and Communication Directorate

Secretary-General

The head of the OECD Secretariat and chair of the OECD Council is the Secretary-General. Secretary-General selections are made by consensus, meaning all member states must agree on a candidate.^[74]

Secretary-General of the OEEC

No.	Secretary-General	Time served	Country of origin
1	Robert Marjolin	1948 – 1955	France
2	René Sergent	1955 – 1960	France
3	Thorkil Kristensen	1960 – 30 September 1961	Denmark

Secretary-General of the OECD^[75]

No.	Secretary-General	Time served	Country of origin	Notes
1	Thorkil Kristensen	30 September 1961 – 30 September 1969	Denmark
2	Emiel van Lennep	1 October 1969 – 30 September 1984	Netherlands
3	Jean-Claude Paye	1 October 1984 – 30 September 1994	France
—	Staffan Sohlman (interim)	1 October 1994 – November 1994	Sweden	[76][77]
3	Jean-Claude Paye	November 1994 – 31 May 1996	France	[78]
4	Donald Johnston	1 June 1996 – 31 May 2006	Canada
5	José Ángel Gurría	1 June 2006 – 31 May 2021	Mexico	[79]
6	Mathias Cormann	1 June 2021 – present	Australia	[80]

Committees

A meeting room in the Château de la Muette

Representatives of member and observer countries meet in specialised committees on specific policy areas, such as economics, trade, science, employment, education, development assistance or financial markets. There are about 200 committees, working groups and expert groups. Committees discuss policies and review progress in the given policy area.^[81]

Special bodies

OECD has a number of specialised bodies:^[82]

• Africa Partnership Forum
• Blue Dot Network
• Business and Industry Advisory Committee (BIAC)
• Development Assistance Committee
• OECD Development Centre
• International Transport Forum (ITF) (formerly known as the European Conference of Ministers of Transport)
• International Energy Agency
• Nuclear Energy Agency
• Multilateral Organisation Performance Assessment Network (MOPAN)
• Partnership for Democratic Governance (PDG)
• Sahel and West Africa Club
• Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC)

Voting

OECD decisions are made through voting, which requires unanimity among all of those voting. Each member country has one vote.^[83] However, dissenting members which do not wish to block a decision but merely to signal their disapproval can abstain from voting.^[84] 22 of the OECD member countries are also EU member states.^[85]

Member countries

Current members

As of May 2021^[update] there are 38 members of the OECD:^[1][2]

Country	Application	Negotiations	Invitation	Membership[1]	Geographic location	Notes
Australia				7 June 1971	Oceania
Austria				29 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member[15]
Belgium				13 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member[15]
Canada				10 April 1961	North America
Chile	November 2003[86][87]	16 May 2007[35]	15 December 2009[88]	7 May 2010	South America
Colombia	24 January 2011[89]	30 May 2013[39]	25 May 2018[90]	28 April 2020	South America
Costa Rica	9 April 2015[2]		15 May 2020[2]	25 May 2021[2]	Central America
Czech Republic	January 1994[91]	8 June 1994[92]	24 November 1995[91]	21 December 1995	Europe
Denmark				30 May 1961	Europe	OEEC member[15]
Estonia		16 May 2007[35]	10 May 2010[93]	9 December 2010	Europe
Finland				28 January 1969	Europe
France				7 August 1961	Europe	OEEC member[15]
Germany				27 September 1961	Europe	Joined OEEC in 1949 (West Germany).[94] Previously represented by the Trizone.[15]
Greece				27 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member[15]
Hungary	December 1993[95]	8 June 1994[92]		7 May 1996	Europe
Iceland				5 June 1961	Europe	OEEC member[15]
Ireland				17 August 1961	Europe	OEEC member[15]
Israel	15 March 2004[96]	16 May 2007[35]	10 May 2010[93]	7 September 2010	Middle East
Italy				29 March 1962	Europe	OEEC member[15]
Japan	November 1962[97]		July 1963[97]	28 April 1964	Asia
Latvia		29 May 2013[98]	11 May 2016[99]	1 July 2016[100]	Europe
Lithuania		9 April 2015[101]	31 May 2018	5 July 2018[101]	Europe
Luxembourg				7 December 1961	Europe	OEEC member[15]
Mexico			14 April 1994[102]	18 May 1994	North America
Netherlands				13 November 1961	Europe	OEEC member[15]
New Zealand				29 May 1973	Oceania
Norway				4 July 1961	Europe	OEEC member[15]
Poland	1 February 1994[103]	8 June 1994[92]	11 July 1996[104]	22 November 1996	Europe
Portugal				4 August 1961	Europe	OEEC member[15]
Slovakia	February 1994[105]	8 June 1994[92]	July 2000[105]	14 December 2000	Europe
Slovenia	March 1996[106]	16 May 2007[35]	10 May 2010[93]	21 July 2010	Europe
South Korea	29 March 1995[107]		25 October 1996[27]	12 December 1996	Asia	Officially the Republic of Korea
Spain				3 August 1961	Europe	Joined OEEC in 1958[108]
Sweden				28 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member[15]
Switzerland				28 September 1961	Europe	OEEC member[15]
Turkey				2 August 1961	Middle East	OEEC member[15]
United Kingdom				2 May 1961	Europe	OEEC member[15]
United States				12 April 1961	North America

Dependent territories

•  Aruba
•  Bermuda
•  Curaçao
•  Gibraltar
• Guernsey
•  Isle of Man
•  Jersey
•  Sint Maarten

Dependent territories of member states are not members in their own right, but may have membership as part of their sovereign state.^[109] As of January 2021, the Dutch Caribbean and the British territories of Guernsey, Jersey, the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, and Bermuda are included as part of the OECD memberships of the Netherlands and the U.K., respectively.^[110][111] Other dependent territories of OECD member states are not members of the OECD.

Participating partners

•  China
•  European Union
•  India
•  South Africa

The European Commission participates in the work of the OECD alongside the EU member states.^[112] The OECD designates Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and South Africa as Key Partners, which participate in policy discussions in OECD bodies, and take part in regular OECD surveys.^[113][114]

Negotiating membership

•  Argentina since 2022^[115]
•  Brazil since 2022^[115]
•  Bulgaria since 2022^[115]
•  Croatia since 2022^[115]
•  Indonesia since 2024^[116]
•  Peru since 2022^[115]
•  Romania since 2022^[115]
•  Thailand since 2024^[117]

Applicants

•  Malta applied in 2007^[118]
•  Ukraine applied in 2022^[119]

Expressed interest

•  Kazakhstan^[120]
•  Malaysia^[121][122]

Former members

• Free Territory of Trieste

The Free Territory of Trieste (Zone A) was a member of the OEEC until 1954, when it merged with Italy and ceased to exist as an independent territorial entity.^[15]

Accession talks terminated

•  Belarus
•  Russia

In May 2007, the OECD decided to open accession negotiations with Russia.^[35] In March 2014, the OECD halted membership talks in response to Russia's role in that year's Crimean Annexation and continuous human and civil rights abuses.^[37][38] On 25 February 2022, the OECD terminated the accession process with Russia after it invaded Ukraine.^[123] In March 2022, Belarus was suspended from any participation in the OECD.^[124]

Budget

The OECD operates on a two-year budget determined by member countries, with annual revenues over 700 million EUR during the most recent reporting period (2021–2022).^[125][126]

Totalling an estimated 229.9m EUR in 2024, assessed contributions to the "Part I Budget" is largest single source of revenue for the OECD and these contributions are based on both the number of OECD members and the proportional size of their national economies.^[127]

2024 Part I budget contribution shares

Member country	% contribution
Australia	3.3
Austria	1.5
Belgium	1.7
Canada	3.8
Chile	1.2
Colombia	1.2
Costa Rica	0.9
Czech Republic	1.2
Denmark	1.4
Estonia	0.8
Finland	1.2
France	5.1
Germany	7.6
Greece	1.1
Hungary	1.0
Iceland	0.6
Ireland	1.4
Israel	1.5
Italy	3.9
Japan	8.5
South Korea	3.5
Latvia	0.8
Lithuania	0.9
Luxembourg	0.8
Mexico	2.7
Netherlands	2.4
New Zealand	1.2
Norway	1.6
Poland	1.7
Portugal	1.2
Slovakia	1.0
Slovenia	0.9
Spain	2.9
Sweden	1.7
Switzerland	2.1
Turkey	1.9
United Kingdom	5.5
United States	18.3
Total	100.0

See also

• France portal

• Frascati Manual
• German Marshall Fund
• Good laboratory practice
• International organisations in Europe
• List of country groupings
• List of multilateral free trade agreements
• Marshall Plan
• OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
• OECD Better Life Index
• OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
• OECD iLibrary (replaced SourceOECD in July 2010)^[128]
• OECD Working Party on SMEs and Entrepreneurship
• Official development assistance
• Transfer pricing
• International Transport Forum

Notes

1. Highly Commended certificate in the annual ALPSP/Charlesworth awards from the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers 2002; see article .

References

1. "List of OECD Member countries – Ratification of the Convention on the OECD". OECD. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
2. "OECD welcomes Costa Rica as its 38th Member" (Press release). OECD. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
3. OECD (1 June 2023). "Financial Statements of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development as at 31 December 2022". p. 8/61. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
4. Shields, Bevan (13 January 2021). "Mathias Cormann confirmed as a frontrunner for OECD post following candidate cull". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 11 September 2022. OECD's 38 member countries.
5. "Population, total – OECD members".
6. "OECD Economic Data | Data". World Economics. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
7. "World Economic Outlook Database". International Monetary Fund. 17 April 2018.
8. "Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects (PPP valuation of country GDP)". IMF. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
9. "Intergovernmental Organizations". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018.
10. Kenworthy, Lane (1999). "Do Social-Welfare Policies Reduce Poverty? A Cross-National Assessment" (PDF). Social Forces. 77 (3): 1119–1139. doi:10.2307/3005973. JSTOR 3005973. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2013.
11. Moller, Stephanie; Huber, Evelyne; Stephens, John D.; Bradley, David; Nielsen, François (2003). "Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies". American Sociological Review. 68 (1): 22–51. doi:10.2307/3088901. JSTOR 3088901.
12. "Social Expenditure – Aggregated data". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
13. "Getting to the OECD". OECD. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
14. "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
15. "Organisation for European Economic Co-operation". OECD. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
16. "The Economic Cooperation Authority". Marshallfoundation.org. Archived from the original on 17 February 2007. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
17. Christopher, Warren (1998). In the stream of history: shaping foreign policy for a new era. Stanford University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-8047-3468-4.
18. Lintott, H. J. B. (1949). "Machinery for Rebuilding the European Economy: II. The Organization for European Economic Cooperation". International Organization. 3 (2): 269–277. doi:10.1017/S0020818300020609. ISSN 1531-5088.
19. "Definition of SECRETARY-GENERAL". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
20. OECD. "OECD 60th anniversary". OECD 60th anniversary. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
21. "What is the OECD? Definition and Meaning". marketbusinessnews.com. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
22. "A majestic start: How the OECD was won, in OECD Yearbook 2011". OECD Observer. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
23. Marković, Andrej; Obadić, Ivan (2017). "A Socialist Developing Country in a Western Capitalist Club: Yugoslavia and the OEEC/OECD, 1955–1980". In Leimgruber, Matthieu; Schmelzer, Matthias (eds.). The OECD and the International Political Economy Since 1948. Springer Nature. pp. 89–111. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60243-1_4. ISBN 978-3-319-60243-1.
24. "Convention on the OECD". OECD. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
25. "The Czech Republic in the OECD". Permanent Delegation of the Czech Republic to the OECD.
26. "A vision for Poland: Joining the world's most advanced". OECD. 23 November 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
27. "South Korea joins OECD". Chicago Tribune. 25 October 1996. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
28. "International Organisations – Turkey's attempts to exclude Cyprus' membership". Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs. September 2010. Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
29. "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia: Co-operation between the OECD and Latvia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia. 19 December 2006. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
30. "Slovenia and the OECD". OECD. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
31. "Malta applies to join OECD as full member". Maltamedia. 24 September 2005. Retrieved 4 November 2011.^{[dead link]}
32. Beatty, Andrew. "EU gives ground in OECD membership battle". European Voice. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
33. "Romania's candidacy for OECD membership" (Press release). Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
34. "Bulgarian Govt to Confirm OECD Membership Bid". Novinite. 25 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
35. "OECD Council Resolution on Enlargement and Enhanced Engagement". OECD. 16 May 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
36. "Chile's accession to the OECD". OECD. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
37. "Statement by the OECD regarding the status of the accession process with Russia & co-operation with Ukraine" (Press release). OECD. 13 March 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
38. "OECD halts membership talks with Russia". Ledger-Enquirer. 13 March 2014. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
39. "Global OECD boosted by decision to open membership talks with Colombia and Latvia with more to follow" (Press release). OECD. 30 May 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
40. "Latvia becomes full-fledged OECD member". LETA. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
41. "Lietuva tapo 36-ąja EBPO nare" [Lithuania became the 36th member of the OECD]. Verslo Žinios. 5 July 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
42. "Global OECD welcomes Colombia as its 37th Member" (Press release). OECD. 28 April 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
43. "OECD countries invite Costa Rica to join as 38th member" (Press release). OECD. 15 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
44. "Brazil Is Seeking to Join the OECD Despite Its Political Crisis". Fortune. 31 May 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
45. "PLENKOVIĆ U DAVOSU Sastao se s Federicom Mogherini, gruzijskim premijerom, švicarskom predsjednicom i šefom OECD-a -Jutarnji List". Jutarnji.hr. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017 – via Twitter.
46. "Malaysia has applied to become a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development". Daily Express. 24 April 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
47. "Peru eager to become an OECD member". Andina.com.pe. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
48. Ayres, Marcela; Paraguassu, Lisandra (25 January 2022). "UPDATE 2-OECD begins membership talks with Brazil, Argentina, Peru and more". Reuters.
49. OECD suspends Russia, Belarus from any participation.
50. [Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania on track to join OECD].
51. Paul Hannon and Kate Davidson, "U.S. Wins International Backing for Global Minimum Tax." Wall Street Journal July 1, 2021
52. "Guidelines for multinational enterprises – OECD". OECD. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
53. "OECD Archives – OECD". OECD. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
54. "OECD Economic Outlook, June 2020". OECD. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
55. "OECD Insights". www.oecd-ilibrary.org. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
56. "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development". OECD. 28 November 1962. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
57. "OECD Yearbook 2011". OECD Observer. OECD. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
58. "OECD Observer". M.oecdobserver.org. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
59. "Subscribe to OECD Observer".
60. "Crossword No.2 2013". OECD Observer. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
61. "Find, compare and share OECD data". OECD Insights Blog. 26 January 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
62. "New data visualization project: OECD Data Portal · molily". Retrieved 2 October 2018.
63. OECD (4 July 2024). "OECD data, publications and analysis become freely accessible — Press release". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Paris, France. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
64. "OECD Test Guidelines for Chemicals – OECD". OECD. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
65. "OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030 – OECD". OECD. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
66. Irfanullah, Haseeb (20 February 2023). "How are Publishing Associations Leading the Way to Meet the SDGs?". The Scholarly Kitchen.
67. "OECD Wins Inaugural University Press Redux Sustainability Award". Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers. 27 July 2020.
68. "SDG Pathfinder". sdg-pathfinder.org.
69. "Organisational structure". OECD. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
70. "The Power of Peer-Learning, chapter 3: OECD's Basic Rules of Conduct – A Sociology of its Institutional Culture". IRDC. 2007. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
71. "OECD Global Forums". OECD. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
72. "OECD Eurasia Week". OECD. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
73. "List of departments and special bodies". OECD. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
74. "Selection of the Secretary-General of the OECD". OECD. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
75. "List of OECD Secretaries-General and Deputies since 1961". OECD. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
76. Patel, Tara (2 October 1994). "After A Battle, Oecd Settles On Swede To Be Interim Leader". Journal of Commerce. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
77. Friedman, Alan (29 October 1994). "U.S. Rejects Extending Paye's Term : Rift Over OECD Leader". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
78. Friedman, Alan (26 November 1994). "U.S. Gives Up on Forcing Out OECD Chief". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017.
79. "Members renew Angel Gurría's mandate at the helm of the OECD". OECD. 26 May 2015. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023.
80. "Mathias Cormann elected next secretary-general of OECD". News.com.au. 13 March 2021. Archived from the original on 31 March 2021.
81. "On-Line Guide to OECD Intergovernmental Activity". OECD. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
82. "List of departments and special bodies". OECD. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
83. "Convention on the OECD". OECD. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
84. Peter Carroll; Aynsley Kellow (1 January 2011). The OECD: A Study of Organisational Adaptation. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 78–. ISBN 978-0-85793-989-0.
85. "Relations with the EU: Relations with OECD and UNESCO". EU. 7 September 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
86. "Países industrializados alaban avances económicos de Chile" (in Spanish). El Mercurio. 18 June 2004. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
87. "Chile está entre los mejores aspirantes para entrar a la OCDE" (in Spanish). El Mercurio. 16 June 2004. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
88. "Chile invited to become a member of the OECD". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 15 December 2009. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
89. Aronowitz, Hannah (24 January 2011). "Colombia applies for OECD membership". Colombia Reports. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
90. "OECD countries agree to invite Colombia as 37th member" (Press release). OECD. 25 May 2018. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
91. Vicari, Jaromir; Snyder, Andrea (1 December 1995). "Czech Republic to be 26th OECD Member". CAROLINA. Faculty of Social Science of Charles University. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
92. "Christopher pitches for new role for former communist countries with PM-France-OECD". Associated Press News. 8 June 1994. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
93. "Accession : Estonia, Israel and Slovenia invited to join OECD". OECD. 10 May 2010. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
94. Adenauer und die Hohen Kommissare, Munich 1989, p. 465. Available here.
95. Zsófia Árvai (November 2005). "Capital Account Liberalization, Capital Flow Patterns, and Policy Responses in the EU's New Member States" (PDF). IMF Working Paper. International Monetary Fund.
96. "Israel: Ready for the OECD" (PDF). Israel Ministry of Finance. March 2006.
97. F. C. Langdon (1 November 2011). Japan's Foreign Policy. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-4354-6.
98. Gurría, Angel (2 June 2016). "Remarks at the signing of the Accession Agreement with the Republic of Latvia". OECD. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
99. "Accession: Latvia invited to join OECD". OECD. 11 May 2016. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023.
100. "Latvia's accession to the OECD". OECD. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
101. "Lithuania's accession to the OECD". OECD. 5 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
102. "Mexico formally invited to join OECD as 25th member". Associated Press News. 14 April 1994. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023.
103. "Organizacja współpracy gospodarczej i rozwoju". msz.gov.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 10 October 2017.
104. "Poland joins think tank of richest nations". Associated Press News. 11 July 1996. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023.
105. "Slovakia politics: Slovakia officially joins OECD". ViewsWire. Economist Intelligence Unit. BBC Monitoring. 18 December 2000. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023.
106. "Accession Process". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
107. Woong Shik Shin. "Liberalization of Legal Services Market in Korea" (PDF).
108. Julio Crespo MacLennan: Spain and the process of European integration, 1957–85, Basingstoke 2000, p. 31. Available here.
109. "Frequently Asked Questions". OECD. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
110. "Declarations by certain Member Countries relating to the Convention on the OECD". OECD. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
111. "Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories of the United Kingdom". OECD. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
112. "Member Countries". OECD. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 23 October 2010. ^{[dead link]}
113. "Our global reach". OECD. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
114. "Key Partners". OECD. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
115. "OECD takes first step in accession discussions with Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania". OECD (Press release). 25 January 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
116. "Resolution of the council on the opening of accession discussions with Indonesia". OECD. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
117. "OECD increases engagement with Southeast Asia further - Opens accession discussions with Thailand". OECD. 18 June 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
118. "Malta applies to join OECD". Times of Malta. 21 September 2005. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
119. "Shmyhal submits Ukraine's application for accession to OECD". Ukrinform. 5 July 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
120. "Kazakhstan is getting closer to OECD membership". Euractiv. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
121. BERNAMA (22 July 2024). "MALAYSIA CONSIDERS JOINING OECD -- TENGKU ZAFRUL". BERNAMA. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
122. "Malaysia considers OECD membership". theinvestor.vn. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
123. "Statement from OECD Secretary-General on initial measures taken in response to Russia's large scale aggression against Ukraine". OECD. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
124. Burns, Tobias (8 March 2022). "OECD suspends Russia, Belarus from any participation". The Hill. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
125. OECD (2024). "OECD - About - Budget". Retrieved 13 October 2024.
126. OECD (1 June 2023). "Financial Statements of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development as at 31 December 2022". p. 8/61. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
127. OECD (2024). "Member countries' budget contributions". Retrieved 13 October 2024.
128. "OECD iLibrary (formerly: Source OECD)". Ontario Council of University Libraries. 28 November 2011. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2017. OECD iLibrary is OECD's Online Library for Books, Papers and Statistics and the gateway to OECD's analysis and data. It has replaced SourceOECD in July 2010.

External links

• Official website
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
• OECD Data
• The OECD and epistemic (de)colonisation: Globalising visions for knowledge in the Learning Compass 2030