Maryland's 6th congressional district

Maryland's 6th congressional district elects a representative to the United States House of Representatives from the northwest part of the state. The district comprises all of Garrett, Allegany, Frederick, and Washington counties as well as a portion of Montgomery County. David Trone (D) is its current representative.^[3]

Maryland's 6th congressional district
Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
Representative	David Trone D–Potomac
Area	3,062.27 sq mi (7,931.2 km2)
Distribution	84.49% urban 15.51% rural
Population (2023)	799,719
Median household income	$96,127[1]
Ethnicity	60.1% White 13.4% Hispanic 12.6% Black 8.6% Asian 4.6% Two or more races 0.8% other
Cook PVI	D+2[2]

The previous boundaries of the district were the subject of a Supreme Court lawsuit over partisan gerrymandering. The court ruled that taking into account partisan advantage when redistributing is "not judiciable" in federal courts, leaving it to the states.^[4] In 2012, the district was found to be the ninth least compact congressional district in the United States.^[5]

John Delaney, who represented the district after unseating 11-term incumbent republican Roscoe Bartlett, gave up the seat in 2018 to focus on his bid for president and was succeeded by fellow Democrat David Trone, who won re-election in 2020 as well. However, after redistricting in 2022, the district became much more competitive, giving up a portion of heavily Democratic Montgomery County in exchange for a more Republican-leaning portion of Frederick County. The district leans just slightly Democratic, with the heavily conservative, white, and rural regions of Western Maryland being balanced out by politically competitive Frederick County and heavily Democratic and culturally diverse suburbs in Montgomery County such as Gaithersburg and Germantown.^[6] Nevertheless, Trone was re-elected by nearly 10 points over Maryland House of Delegates member Neil Parrott.

History

The Maryland 6th District was one of the original districts that had a congressman starting in 1789. At that time, the district essentially had what remained its modern boundaries, consisting of the Maryland panhandle and areas eastward, all the way to the modern western boundary of the District of Columbia. However, after the 1790 census Maryland's representation increased to 8 congressmen. (Women would not be elected to Congress until 1916.) The new sixth district was in the north-east corner of the state east of Baltimore, covering essentially the modern counties of Harford, Cecil and Kent.^[7]

For most of the time from 1873 to 2013, the 6th was a mostly rural district anchored in western Maryland. It was in Republican hands for all but one term from 1943 to 1971, before conservative Democrat Goodloe Byron won it in 1971. He died in 1978 and was succeeded by his widow, Beverly, who held it for seven terms before being ousted by a more liberal challenger in the 1992 Democratic primary. Republican Roscoe Bartlett won the general election, and was reelected without serious challenge nine more times.

However, redistricting after the 2010 census significantly altered the 6th. It lost much of heavily Republican Carroll County, as well as the more rural and conservative portions of Frederick County, to the heavily Democratic 8th District. It also lost its shares of Baltimore and Harford counties, as well as another portion of Carroll, to the already heavily Republican 1st District. Taking their place was a heavily Democratic spur of western Montgomery County, which was only connected to the rest of the district by a tendril in Frederick County.

The new map turned the 6th from a heavily Republican district into a Democratic-leaning district. While John McCain carried the 6th with 57 percent of the vote in 2008,^[8] Barack Obama would have carried the new 6th with 56 percent.^[9] This was mainly because the Montgomery County portion had almost three times as many people as the rest of the district combined.

In his bid for an 11th term, Bartlett was defeated by Democrat John Delaney, who lives in the Montgomery County portion of the district, by over 21 points. Proving just how Democratic this district was, in 2014, Delaney narrowly won a second term against Republican Dan Bongino. Delaney only won one county in the district. However, that one county was Montgomery, where Bongino lost by over 20,500 votes.^[10]

In 2013, Republican voters filed a federal lawsuit, alleging that the Democratic legislature and Governor Martin O'Malley had engaged in partisan gerrymandering, redrawing the 6th district after the 2010 census in a way that intentionally and unconstitutionally diluted Republican voters by including parts of the heavily Democratic Washington suburbs. A federal district judge initially dismissed the lawsuit, as did the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, for failure to state a claim. The Republicans appealed to the Supreme Court, which ruled unanimously in 2015 that the lower courts had improperly dismissed the case. The case went back to the lower courts where a three judge panel ruled that the Republicans could not prove that John Delaney's election in 2012 was a result of the redistricting. Republican voters again appealed to the Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case, Benisek v. Lamone, in December 2017.^[11][12] In June 2019, the Supreme Court ruled that questions of partisan gerrymandering represented a nonjusticiable political question and remanded the case back to the district court with instructions to dismiss the case.

Recent statewide election results

Year	Office	Results
2000	U.S. President	Bush 61% – 36%
2004	U.S. President	Bush 65% – 34%
2008	U.S. President	McCain 58% – 40%
2012	U.S. President	Obama 55% – 42%
2016	U.S. President	Clinton 55% – 40%
2020	U.S. President	Biden 61% – 38%

^{[citation needed]}

Composition

#	County	Seat	Population
1	Allegany	Cumberland	67,273
21	Frederick	Frederick	293,391
23	Garrett	Oakland	28,423
31	Montgomery	Rockville	1,058,474
43	Washington	Hagerstown	155,813

Cities of 10,000 or more people

• Germantown – 91,249
• Frederick – 79,588
• Gaithersburg – 69,657
• Hagerstown – 43,487
• Montgomery Village – 34,893
• Clarksburg – 29,051
• Ballenger Creek – 24,999
• Cumberland – 19,076
• Damascus – 17,224
• Urbana – 13,304
• Green Valley – 12,643
• Linganore – 12,351
• Halfway – 11,896

2,500 – 10,000 people

• Mount Airy – 9,654
• Brunswick – 8,211
• Robinwood – 7,397
• Frostburg – 7,027
• Darnestown – 6,723
• Thurmont – 6,213
• Fountainhead-Orchard Hills – 6,189
• Walkersville – 6,156
• Spring Ridge – 6,005
• Poolesville – 5,742
• Cresaptown – 5,442
• Middletown – 4,943
• St. James – 4,757
• LaVale – 4,201
• Boonsboro – 3,799
• Maugansville – 3,669
• Braddock Heights – 3,075
• Smithsburg – 2,977
• Emmitsburg – 2,770
• Bartonsville – 2,753
• Monrovia – 2,702
• Jefferson – 2,697
• Paramount-Long Meadow – 2,658

List of members representing the district

Member (Residence)	Party	Years	Con- gress	Electoral history	Location
District created March 4, 1789
Daniel Carroll (Rock Creek)	Pro-Administration	March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1791	1st	Elected in 1789. Lost re-election.
Upton Sheredine (Liberty)	Anti-Administration	March 4, 1791 – March 3, 1793	2nd	Elected in 1790. [data missing]
Gabriel Christie (Havre de Grace)	Anti-Administration	March 4, 1793 – March 3, 1795	3rd 4th	Elected in 1792. Re-elected in 1794. Lost re-election.
	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1795 – March 3, 1797
William Matthews (Cecil County)	Federalist	March 4, 1797 – March 3, 1799	5th	Elected in 1796. Retired.
Gabriel Christie (Havre de Grace)	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1799 – March 3, 1801	6th	Elected in 1798. Retired.
John Archer (Medical Hall)	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1801 – March 3, 1807	7th 8th 9th	Re-elected in 1801. Re-elected in 1803. Re-elected in 1804. Lost re-election.
John Montgomery (Bel Air)	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1807 – April 29, 1811	10th 11th 12th	Elected in 1806. Re-elected in 1808. Re-elected in 1810. Resigned after appointment as Attorney General of Maryland.
Vacant		April 29, 1811 – October 26, 1811	12th
Stevenson Archer (Bel Air)	Democratic-Republican	October 26, 1811 – March 3, 1817	12th 13th 14th	Elected to finish Montgomery's term. Re-elected in 1812. Re-elected in 1814. Lost re-election.
Philip Reed (Chestertown)	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1817– March 3, 1819	15th	Elected in 1816. Lost re-election.
Stevenson Archer (Bel Air)	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1819– March 3, 1821	16th	Elected in 1818. Retired.
Jeremiah Cosden (Elkton)	Democratic-Republican	March 4, 1821 – March 19, 1822	17th	Elected in 1820. Election contested.
Philip Reed (Chestertown)	Democratic-Republican	March 19, 1822 – March 3, 1823		Contested 1820 election. Lost re-election.
George E. Mitchell (Elkton)	Democratic-Republican[lower-alpha 1]	March 4, 1823 – March 3, 1825	18th 19th	Elected in 1822. Re-elected in 1824. Retired.
	Jacksonian	March 4, 1825 – March 3, 1827
Levin Gale (Elkton)	Jacksonian	March 4, 1827 – March 3, 1829	20th	Elected in 1826. Retired.
George E. Mitchell (Elkton)	Jacksonian	December 7, 1829 – June 28, 1832	21st 22nd	Elected in 1829. Re-elected in 1831. Died.
Vacant		June 28, 1832 – October 1, 1832	22nd
Charles S. Sewall (Elkton)	Jacksonian	October 1, 1832 – March 3, 1833		Elected to finish Mitchell's term. [data missing]
William C. Johnson (Jefferson)	Anti-Jacksonian	March 4, 1833 – March 3, 1835	23rd	Elected in 1833. Retired.
Francis Thomas (Frederick)	Jacksonian	March 4, 1835 – March 3, 1837	24th 25th 26th	Redistricted from the 7th district and re-elected in 1835. Re-elected in 1837. Re-elected in 1839. Retired to run for Governor of Maryland.
	Democratic	March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1841
John T. Mason Jr. (Hagerstown)	Democratic	March 4, 1841 – March 3, 1843	27th	Elected in 1841. [data missing]
Thomas A. Spence (Snow Hill)	Whig	March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1845	28th	Elected late in 1844. Retired.
Edward H. C. Long (Princess Anne)	Whig	March 4, 1845 – March 3, 1847	29th	Elected in 1845. Retired.
John W. Crisfield (Princess Anne)	Whig	March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849	30th	Elected in 1847. [data missing]
John B. Kerr (Easton)	Whig	March 4, 1849 – March 3, 1851	31st	Elected in 1849. Retired.
Joseph S. Cottman (Upper Trappe)	Independent Whig	March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1853	32nd	Elected in 1851. Lost re-election.
Augustus R. Sollers (Prince Frederick)	Whig	March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1855	33rd	Elected in 1853. [data missing]
Thomas F. Bowie (Upper Marlboro)	Democratic	March 4, 1855 – March 3, 1859	34th 35th	Elected in 1855. Re-elected in 1857. Lost re-election.
George W. Hughes (West River)	Democratic	March 4, 1859 – March 3, 1861	36th	Elected in 1859. [data missing]
Charles B. Calvert (Bladensburg)	Union	March 4, 1861 – March 3, 1863	37th	Elected in 1861. Retired.
Seat eliminated after the 1860 census.
Seat re-created after the 1870 census.
Lloyd Lowndes Jr. (Cumberland)	Republican	March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1875	43rd	Elected in 1872. Lost re-election.
William Walsh (Cumberland)	Democratic	March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1879	44th 45th	Elected in 1874. Re-elected in 1876. Retired.
Milton G. Urner (Frederick)	Republican	March 4, 1879 – March 3, 1883	46th 47th	Elected in 1878. Re-elected in 1880. Retired.
Louis E. McComas (Hagerstown)	Republican	March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1891	48th 49th 50th 51st	Elected in 1882. Re-elected in 1884. Re-elected in 1886. Re-elected in 1888. Lost re-election.
William M. McKaig (Cumberland)	Democratic	March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1895	52nd 53rd	Elected in 1890. Re-elected in 1892. Retired.
George Louis Wellington (Cumberland)	Republican	March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1897	54th	Elected in 1894. Retired after election as a U.S. senator.
John McDonald (Rockville)	Republican	March 4, 1897 – March 3, 1899	55th	Elected in 1896. [data missing]
George A. Pearre (Cumberland)	Republican	March 4, 1899 – March 3, 1911	56th 57th 58th 59th 60th 61st	Elected in 1898. Re-elected in 1900. Re-elected in 1902. Re-elected in 1904. Re-elected in 1906. Re-elected in 1908. Retired.
David J. Lewis (Cumberland)	Democratic	March 4, 1911 – March 3, 1917	62nd 63rd 64th	Elected in 1910. Re-elected in 1912. Re-elected in 1914. Retired.
Frederick N. Zihlman (Cumberland)	Republican	March 4, 1917 – March 3, 1931	65th 66th 67th 68th 69th 70th 71st	Elected in 1916. Re-elected in 1918. Re-elected in 1920. Re-elected in 1922. Re-elected in 1924. Re-elected in 1926. Re-elected in 1928. Lost re-election.
David J. Lewis (Cumberland)	Democratic	March 4, 1931 – January 3, 1939	72nd 73rd 74th 75th	Elected in 1930. Re-elected in 1932. Re-elected in 1934. Re-elected in 1936. Retired.
William D. Byron (Williamsport)	Democratic	January 3, 1939 – February 27, 1941	76th 77th	Elected in 1938. Re-elected in 1940. Died.
Vacant		February 27, 1941 – May 27, 1941	77th
Katharine Byron (Williamsport)	Democratic	May 27, 1941 – January 3, 1943		Elected to finish her husband's term. Retired.
James G. Beall (Frostburg)	Republican	January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1953	78th 79th 80th 81st 82nd	Elected in 1942. Re-elected in 1944. Re-elected in 1946. Re-elected in 1948. Re-elected in 1950. Retired after election as a U.S. senator.
DeWitt S. Hyde (Bethesda)	Republican	January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1959	83rd 84th 85th	Elected in 1952. Re-elected in 1954. Re-elected in 1956. Lost re-election.
John R. Foley (Kensington)	Democratic	January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1961	86th	Elected in 1958. Lost re-election.
Charles M. Mathias Jr. (Frederick)	Republican	January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1969	87th 88th 89th 90th	Elected in 1960. Re-elected in 1962. Re-elected in 1964. Re-elected in 1966. Retired to run for U.S. Senator.
John G. Beall Jr. (Frostburg)	Republican	January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1971	91st	Elected in 1968. Retired to run for U.S. Senator.
Goodloe E. Byron (Frederick)	Democratic	January 3, 1971 – October 11, 1978	92nd 93rd 94th 95th	Elected in 1970. Re-elected in 1972. Re-elected in 1974. Re-elected in 1976. Died.
Beverly Byron (Frederick)	Democratic	January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1993	96th 97th 98th 99th 100th 101st 102nd	Elected in 1978. Re-elected in 1980. Re-elected in 1982. Re-elected in 1984. Re-elected in 1986. Re-elected in 1988. Re-elected in 1990. Lost renomination.
Roscoe Bartlett (Frederick)	Republican	January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013	103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th	Elected in 1992. Re-elected in 1994. Re-elected in 1996. Re-elected in 1998. Re-elected in 2000. Re-elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2008. Re-elected in 2010. Lost re-election after redistricting.	1993–2003 [data missing]
					2003–2013
John Delaney (Potomac)	Democratic	January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2019	113th 114th 115th	Elected in 2012. Re-elected in 2014. Re-elected in 2016. Retired to run for U.S. President.	2013–2023
David Trone (Potomac)	Democratic	January 3, 2019 – present	116th 117th 118th	Elected in 2018. Re-elected in 2020. Re-elected in 2022. Retiring at end of term to run for U.S. senator.
					2023–present

Recent election results

1990s

Maryland's 6th congressional district election, 1990^[13]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Beverly B. Byron (Incumbent)	106,502	65.35
	Republican	Christopher P. Fiotes, Jr.	56,479	34.65
Total votes			162,981	100.00
	Democratic hold

Maryland's 6th congressional district election, 1992^[14]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Roscoe Bartlett	125,564	54.17
	Democratic	Thomas H. Hattery	106,224	45.83
Total votes			231,788	100.00
	Republican gain from Democratic

Maryland's 6th congressional district election, 1994^[15]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Roscoe Bartlett (Incumbent)	122,809	65.95
	Democratic	Paul Muldowney	63,411	34.05
Total votes			186,220	100.00
	Republican hold

Maryland's 6th congressional district election, 1996^[16]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Roscoe Bartlett (Incumbent)	132,853	56.83
	Democratic	Stephen Crawford	100,910	43.16
	Write-ins		25	0.01
Total votes			233,788	100.00
	Republican hold

Maryland's 6th congressional district election, 1998^[17]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Roscoe Bartlett (Incumbent)	127,802	63.42
	Democratic	Timothy D. McCown	73,728	36.58
Total votes			201,530	100.00
	Republican hold

2000s

Maryland's 6th congressional district election, 2000^[18]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Roscoe Bartlett (Incumbent)	168,624	60.65
	Democratic	Donald M. DeArmon	109,136	39.25
	Write-ins		285	0.10
Total votes			278,045	100.00
	Republican hold

Maryland's 6th congressional district election, 2002^[19]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Roscoe Bartlett (Incumbent)	147,825	66.17
	Democratic	Donald M. DeArmon	75,575	33.83
Total votes			223,400	100.00
	Republican hold

Maryland's 6th congressional district election, 2004^[20]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Roscoe Bartlett (Incumbent)	206,076	67.45
	Democratic	Kenneth T. Bosley	90,108	29.49
	Green	Gregory T. Hemingway	9,324	3.05
Total votes			305,508	100.00
	Republican hold

Maryland's 6th congressional district election, 2006^[21]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Roscoe Bartlett (Incumbent)	141,200	58.97
	Democratic	Andrew J. Duck	92,030	38.43
	Green	Robert E. Kozak	6,095	2.55
	Write-ins		128	0.05
Total votes			239,453	100.00
	Republican hold

Maryland's 6th congressional district election, 2008^[22]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Roscoe Bartlett (Incumbent)	190,926	57.76
	Democratic	Jennifer Dougherty	128,207	38.79
	Libertarian	Gary W. Hoover, Sr.	11,060	3.35
	Write-ins		342	0.10
Total votes			330,535	100.00
	Republican hold

2010s

Maryland's 6th congressional district election, 2010^[23]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Roscoe Bartlett (Incumbent)	148,820	61.45
	Democratic	Andrew J. Duck	80,455	33.22
	Libertarian	Dan Massey	6,816	2.81
	Constitution	Michael Reed	5,907	2.44
	Write-ins		191	0.08
Total votes			242,189	100.00
	Republican hold

Maryland's 6th congressional district election, 2012^[24]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	John Delaney	181,921	58.8
	Republican	Roscoe G. Bartlett (Incumbent)	117,313	37.9
	Libertarian	Nickolaus Mueller	9,916	3.2
	N/A	Others (write-in)	399	0.1
Total votes			309,549	100
	Democratic gain from Republican

Maryland's 6th congressional district election, 2014^[24]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	John Delaney (Incumbent)	94,704	49.7
	Republican	Dan Bongino	91,930	48.2
	Green	George Gluck	3,762	2
	N/A	Others (write-in)	140	0.1
Total votes			190,536	100
	Democratic hold

Maryland's 6th Congressional District, 2016

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	John Delaney (Incumbent)	185,770	56.0%
	Republican	Amie Hoeber	133,081	40.1%
	Libertarian	David L. Howser	6,889	2.1%
	Green	George Gluck	5,824	1.8%
	Write-in	Ted Athey	103	0.0%
	No party	Write-ins	306	0.1
Total votes			331,973	100
	Democratic hold

Maryland's 6th congressional district, 2018^[25]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	David Trone	163,346	59.0
	Republican	Amie Hoeber	105,209	38.0
	Libertarian	Kevin Caldwell	4,972	1.8
	Green	George Gluck	3,275	1.2
	Independent	Other write-ins	282	0.1
Total votes			277,084	100
	Democratic hold

2020s

Maryland's 6th congressional district, 2020^[26]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	David Trone (Incumbent)	215,540	58.8
	Republican	Neil Parrott	143,599	39.2
	Green	George Gluck	6,893	1.9
	No party	Write-ins	402	0.1
Total votes			366,434	100.0
	Democratic hold

Maryland's 6th congressional district, 2022

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	David Trone (incumbent)	140,295	54.7
	Republican	Neil Parrott	115,771	45.2
	Write-in		332	0.1
Total votes			256,398	100.0
	Democratic hold

See also

• United States portal
• Maryland portal

• Maryland's congressional districts
• List of United States congressional districts
• 2024 Maryland's 6th congressional district election

Notes

1. Supported the Adams-Clay faction in the 1824 United States presidential election

References

1. Center for New Media & Promotion (CNMP), US Census Bureau. "My Congressional District". www.census.gov.
2. "2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List". The Cook Political Report. July 12, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
3. Varney, James (October 31, 2018). "Amie Hoeber and David Trone, Maryland's 6th Congressional District candidates, don't live there". The Washington Times. Associated Press. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
4. Liptak, Adam (June 27, 2019). "Supreme Court Says Constitution Does Not Bar Partisan Gerrymandering". The New York Times. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
5. Lazarick, Len (October 3, 2012). "Maryland has least compact congressional districts in nation". MarylandReporter.com. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
6. Leckrone, Bennett (March 30, 2022). "The Major Shakeups for Incumbents in Legislative Leaders' Redrawn Congressional Map". Maryland Matters. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
7. The Historical cal Parties in Congress, p. 74
8. "Swing State Project: Presidential Results by Congressional District, 2000–2008". October 16, 2015. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015.
9. "Daily Kos Elections 2008 & 2012 presidential election results for congressional districts used in 2012 & 2014 elections". Google Docs.
10. "Maryland House results". Politics. CNN. November 4, 2014. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
11. Supreme Court will take up a second gerrymandering case this term (Washington Post)
12. "Benisek v. Lamone". Brennancenter.org. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
13. "Info" (PDF). clerk.house.gov. 1990. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
14. "92 PRESIDENTIAL and CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION STATISTICS". Office of the Clerk. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
15. "94 congressional election statistics". Office of the Clerk. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
16. "96 PRESIDENTIAL and CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION STATISTICS". Office of the Clerk. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
17. "1998 Election Statistics – Legislative Activities". Office of the Clerk. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
18. "2000 election statistics". Office of the Clerk. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
19. "2002 election statistics". Office of the Clerk. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
20. "2004 election statistics". Office of the Clerk. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
21. "2006 Election Statistics". Office of the Clerk. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
22. "2008 Election Statistics". Office of the Clerk. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
23. "Info" (PDF). clerk.house.gov. 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
24. "Unofficial 2012 Presidential General Election results for Representative in Congress". Maryland State Board of Elections. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
25. "Official 2018 Gubernatorial General Election results for Representative in Congress: Congressional District 6". Maryland State Board of Elections. December 11, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
26. "Official 2020 Presidential General Election results for Representative in Congress". Maryland State Board of Elections. Retrieved December 14, 2020.

Bibliography

• Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
• Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present

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