National Republican Party

This article is about the American political party. For other uses, see National Republican Party (disambiguation).

"National Republican" redirects here. For the former newspaper, see National Republican (newspaper).

Not to be confused with Republican Party (United States), National Union Party (United States), or Democratic-Republican Party.

The National Republican Party, also known as the Anti-Jacksonian Party or simply Republicans,^[2] was a political party in the United States which evolved from a conservative-leaning faction of the Democratic-Republican Party that supported John Quincy Adams in the 1824 presidential election.

National Republican Party
Other name	Adams-Clay Republicans Adams's Men Anti-Jacksonians
Leader	John Quincy Adams Henry Clay
Founded	1824; 200 years ago (1824)
Dissolved	1834; 190 years ago (1834)
Split from	Democratic-Republican Party
Preceded by	Democratic-Republican Party Federalist Party
Merged into	Whig Party
Ideology	American School Anti-Jacksonianism Traditionalist conservatism Economic nationalism Classical liberalism[1]
Colors	Buff
Politics of the United States Political parties Elections

Known initially as "Adams-Clay Republicans" in the wake of the 1824 campaign, Adams's political allies in Congress and at the state-level were referred to as "Adams's Men" during his presidency (1825–1829). When Andrew Jackson became president, following his victory over Adams in the 1828 election, this group became the opposition, and organized themselves as "Anti-Jackson". The use of the term "National Republican" dates from 1830.^{[citation needed]}

Henry Clay was the party's nominee in the 1832 election, but was defeated by Jackson. The party supported Clay's American System of nationally financed internal improvements and a protective tariff. After the 1832 election, opponents of Jackson, including the National Republicans, Anti-Masons and others, coalesced into the Whig Party.

History

Further information: Presidency of John Quincy Adams § Formation of political parties, and Second Party System

Before the election of John Quincy Adams to the presidency in 1825, the Democratic-Republican Party, which had been the only national American political party for over a decade, began to fracture, losing its infrastructure and identity. Its caucuses no longer met to select candidates because now they had separate interests. After the 1824 election, factions developed in support of Adams and in support of Andrew Jackson. Adams politicians, including most ex-Federalists (such as Daniel Webster and Adams himself), would gradually become members of the National Republican Party; and those politicians that supported Jackson would later help form the modern Democratic Party.

After Adams's defeat in the 1828 election, his supporters regrouped around Henry Clay. Now the "anti-Jackson" opposition, they soon organized as the National Republican Party. Led by Clay, the new party maintained its historic nationalistic outlook and desired to use national resources to build a strong economy. Its platform was Clay's American System of nationally financed internal improvements and a protective tariff, which would promote faster economic development. More important, by binding together the diverse interests of the different regions, the party intended to promote national unity and harmony.

Historians refer to the National Republican Party, but the term Anti-Jackson was frequently used at the time. For instance in 1830, Alexander McIlhenny recorded in his diary, "May 29th: I attended the Anti Jackson meeting at Sultzers in Taney Town. Addressed a few words to the meeting."^[3]: 130

The National Republicans saw the Union as a corporate, organic whole. Hence, the rank and file idealized Clay for his comprehensive perspective on the national interest. Conversely, they disdained those they identified as "party" politicians for pandering to local interests at the expense of the national interest.^[4] The party met in national convention in late 1831 and nominated Clay for the presidency and John Sergeant for the vice presidency.

Formation of the Whig Party

Further information: Presidency of Andrew Jackson § Rise of the Whig Party

The Whig Party emerged in 1833–1834 after Clay's defeat as a coalition of National Republicans, along with Anti-Masons, disaffected Jacksonians and people whose last political activity had been with the Federalists a decade before. In the short term, the Whig Party formed with the help of other smaller parties in a coalition against President Jackson and his reforms.

National Republican presidents

John Quincy Adams was the only president to come from the National Republican Party.

#	Name (lifespan)	Portrait	State	Presidency start date	Presidency end date	Time in office
6	John Quincy Adams (1767–1848)		Massachusetts	March 4, 1825	March 4, 1829	4 years, 0 days

Electoral history

Presidential tickets

Further information: List of United States National Republican and Whig Party presidential tickets

Election	Ticket		Popular vote	Electoral vote
	Presidential nominee	Running mate	Percentage	Electoral votes	Ranking
1828	John Quincy Adams	Richard Rush	44.0	83 / 261	2
1832	Henry Clay	John Sergeant	37.4	49 / 286	2

Congressional representation

See also: Party divisions of United States Congresses

Congress	Years		Senate[5]						House of Representatives[6]						President
			Total	Pro-Jackson	Pro-Adams	Others	Vacancies		Total	Pro-Jackson	Pro-Adams	Others	Vacancies
19th	1825–1827		48	26	22	—	—		213	104	109	—	—		John Quincy Adams[7]
20th	1827–1829		48	27	21	—	—		213	113	100	—	—
Congress	Years		Total	Pro-Jackson	Anti-Jackson	Others	Vacancies		Total	Pro-Jackson	Anti-Jackson	Others	Vacancies		President
21st	1829–1831		48	25	23	—	—		213	136	72	5	—		Andrew Jackson
22nd	1831–1833		48	24	22	2	—		213	126	66	21	—
23rd	1833–1835		48	20	26	2	—		240	143	63	34	—
24th	1835–1837		52	26	24	2	—		242	143	75	24	—

See also

• Era of Good Feelings
• Second Party System

Footnotes

1. "John Quincy Adams on the war we are in". Claremont review of books. Richard Samuelson. Retrieved 9 November 2024. Long before Samuel Huntington, Adams understood our modern "clash of civilizations." Adams believed that history had set the liberal West on a collision course with the Islamic East. In Adams's day, as in ours, many sophisticated Europeans thought that the two civilizations ought to compromise their differences in the name of peace. Unfortunately, Adams found, compromise was not always possible. As then constituted, Islamic civilization would not accept Western notions of liberty, equality, and progress, and for that reason the West had to fight to defend both its principles and its interests.
2. "State Journal - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Vol. III, no. 6. E. Lawrence. Oct 12, 1837. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
3. n.a. (April 2003). "From the Diary of A. McIlhenny January 19, 1830 to February 7, 1831, Copied from the Original by Jane C. Sween, Annotations by Patricia A. Andersen". Western Maryland Genealogy. 30 (2–3). Damascus, Maryland: GenLaw Resources: 105–146. ISSN 0747-7805. OCLC 10807414.
4. Brown, Thomas (1985). Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 20. ISBN 9780231056021. OCLC 906445960.
5. "Party Division". United States Senate.
6. "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives, 1789 to Present". United States House of Representatives.
7. Adams won election as a Democratic-Republican, but he sought re-election as a National Republican.

Further reading

• Michael F. Holt. The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War. New York. Oxford University Press. 1999.
• Carroll, E. Malcolm. Origins of the Whig Party. Durham, NC. Duke University Press. 1925.
• Robert V. Remini. Henry Clay: A Statesman for the Union. New York. W. W. Norton and Co. 1992.