Markanda River (Haryana)

Not to be confused with Markandeya River, Eastern Ghats or Markandeya River, Western Ghats.

The Markanda (Hindi: मारकंडा नदी) is a river in the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Haryana. It is a tributary of the Ghaggar river, flowing through Sirmaur District, Ambala district and Shahabad Markanda, a town in Kurukshetra district.^[1][2] The Markanda river's ancient name was Aruna.

Markanda River
Native name	मारकंडा नदी (Hindi)
Location
Country	India
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	Near Katasan Devi Temple, Baraban, Sirmaur District, Himachal Pradesh
Mouth	Ghaggar River
• location	Himachal Pradesh, India
• coordinates	30°05′26″N 76°23′39″E
Length	90 km (56 mi)
Basin features
Tributaries
• left	Begna river, Ran, nakati
Waterbodies	Jalbehra barrage in Kurukshetra
Bridges	Markanda Bridge, Haryana

Origin and route

The Markanda river is an eponymous seasonal river in Haryana state, which is a main tributary of the Ghaggar River.^[3]

The Markanda river originates in the Shivalik hills on the border of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh State, and flows along the haryana and Punjab, India border before meeting with Ghaggar river at the confluence.^[4]

The basin is classified in two parts, Khadir and Bangar, the higher area that is not flooded in rainy season is called Bangar and the lower flood-prone area is called Khadar.^[4]

Several archaeologists identify the old Ghaggar-Hakra River as the Sarasvati river, on the banks of which the Indus Valley civilisation developed.^[5][6][7][8]

Gallery

• 
  Indus–Sarasvati civilisation major sites
• 
  Ghaggar river flowing through Panchkula in Haryana
• 
  Markanda River at Markanda, Haryana

See also

• Dangri, a tributary of Sarsuti
• Tangri river, a tributary of Sarsuti, merge if Dangri and Tangri are same
• Sarsuti, a tributary of Ghaggar-Hakra River
• Kaushalya river, a tributary of Ghaggar-Hakra River
• Chautang, a tributary of Ghaggar-Hakra River
• Sutlej, a tributary of Indus
• Ganges
• Indus
• Western Yamuna Canal, branches off Yamuna

References

1. AmbalaOnline - Rrvers of Ambala
2. Chopra, Sanjeev (25 September 2010). "Overflowing Ghaggar, Tangri inundate some villages along Punjab-Haryana border". The Indian Express. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
3. Shanker Sharma, Hari; Kalwar, S. C. (2005). Geomorphology and Environmental Sustainability: Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor H.S. Sharma. Concept Publishing Company. p. 61. ISBN 978-81-8069-028-0.
4. HaryanaOnline - Geography of Haryana^[usurped]
5. Possehl, Gregory L. (December 1997), "The Transformation of the Indus Civilization", Journal of World Prehistory, 11 (4): 425–472, doi:10.1007/bf02220556, JSTOR 25801118, S2CID 161129625
6. Kenoyer, J. M. (1997), "Early City-states in South Asia: Comparing the Harappan Phase and the Early Historic Period", in D. L. Nichols; T. H. Charlton (eds.), The Archaeology of City States: Cross Cultural Approaches, Washington: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 52–70, ISBN 1560987227
7. Allchin, Bridget; Allchin, Raymond (1982), The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan, Cambridge University Press, p. 160, ISBN 978-0-521-28550-6
8. Erdosy, George, ed. (1995), The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, Walter de Gruyter, p. 44, ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5

External links

• Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization and Sarasvati River
• The Saraswati: Where lies the mystery by Saswati Paik