List of totalitarian regimes

This is a list of totalitarian regimes. There are regimes that have been commonly referred to as "totalitarian", or the concept of totalitarianism has been applied to them, for which there is wide consensus among scholars to be called as such. Totalitarian regimes are usually distinguished from authoritarian regimes in the sense that totalitarianism represents an extreme version of authoritarianism. Authoritarianism primarily differs from totalitarianism in that social and economic institutions exist that are not under governmental control.^[1]

Prose

Note: Because of differing opinions about the definition of totalitarianism, and the variable nature of each regime, this article first states in prose the various opinions given by sources, even when those opinions might conflict or be at angles to each other. It is followed by a convenience table of basic facts, but the table is limited by its binary nature and can not always accurately reflect the complex and nuanced nature of the sources, which are more fully described in the prose section.

Soviet Union

According to Encyclopedia Britannica, the Soviet Union during the period of Joseph Stalin's rule was a "modern example" of a totalitarian state, being among "the first examples of decentralized or popular totalitarianism, in which the state achieved overwhelming popular support for its leadership." This contrasted with earlier totalitarian states that were imposed on the people;^[2] "every aspect of the Soviet Union's political, economic, cultural, and intellectual life came to be regulated by the Communist Party in a strict and regimented fashion that would tolerate no opposition".^[3] According to Peter Rutland (1993), with the death of Stalin, "this was still an oppressive regime, but not a totalitarian one."^[4] This view is echoed by Igor Krupnik (1995), "The era of 'social engineering' in the Soviet Union ended with the death of Stalin in 1953 or soon after; and that was the close of the totalitarian regime itself."^[5] According to Klaus von Beyme (2014), "The Soviet Union after the death of Stalin moved from totalitarianism to authoritarian rule."^[6]

Britannica and various authors noted that the policies of Vladimir Lenin, the first leader of the Soviet Union, contributed to the establishment of a totalitarian system in the USSR,^[3][7] but while some authors, such as Leszek Kolakowski, believed Stalinist totalitarianism to be a continuation of Leninism^[7] and directly called Lenin's government the first totalitarian regime to appear,^[8] other authors, including Hannah Arendt, argued that there was rupture between Stalinist totaliarianism and Leninism, and that Leninism offered other various outcomes besides Stalinism, including "a mere one-party dictatorship as opposed to full-blown totalitarianism." Arend believed Stalinist totalitarianism to be a part of a hypernational historically specific phenomenon which also included Nazism.^[7]

Table

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

State	Totalitarianism		Leader(s)	Ruling party/group	Ideology	Government	Continent
	Start	End
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics[2]	see above	1953[2][4][5][6]	Vladimir Lenin (disputed, see above) Joseph Stalin[2]	All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)	Marxism–Leninism Soviet Communism Soviet patriotism Stalinism	Federal one-party socialist republic	Eurasia
Kingdom of Italy[9][10][11][12][a]	1925	1943	Benito Mussolini	National Fascist Party	Italian fascism Militarism Ultranationalism Corporatism	Unitary one-party constitutional monarchy	Europe
German Reich / Greater German Reich[2]	1933[2]	1945[2]	Adolf Hitler	National Socialist German Workers' Party	Nazism	Unitary one-party Nazi fascist state[13]	Europe
Spanish State[14]	1936[15]	1959[16]	Francisco Franco	FET y de las JONS	Fascism Falangism National Catholicism Anti-communism Anti-Masonry	Unitary one-party semi-fascist state	Europe
Kingdom of Romania[17][18][19]	1940	1941	Ion Antonescu Horia Sima	Iron Guard	Clerical fascism Monarchism Anti-communism Anti-semitism	Unitary one-party fascist constitutional monarchy	Europe
People's Socialist Republic of Albania[20][21][22]	1946	1985	Enver Hoxha (1946–1985)	Party of Labour of Albania	Anti-revisionism Hoxhaism Marxism–Leninism	Unitary one-party republic	Europe
Socialist Republic of Romania[23][24]	1971	1989	Nicolae Ceaușescu	Romanian Communist Party	Marxism–Leninism National Communism	Unitary one-party socialist republic	Europe
Democratic People's Republic of Korea[25][26][27][2][28]	1948	Active	Kim dynasty	Workers' Party of Korea	Juche Songun Marxism–Leninism (until 2009) Stalinism (formerly)	Unitary one-party socialist republic[29]	Asia
People's Republic of China[30][31]	1949	1976	Mao Zedong[2]	Chinese Communist Party	Chinese communism Maoism Marxism–Leninism	Unitary one-party socialist republic	Asia
Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma[32]	1962	1988	Ne Win	Burma Socialist Programme Party	Burmese Way to Socialism	Unitary one-party socialist republic	Asia
Syrian Arab Republic[33][34][35][36][37][38]	1963	Active	Amin al-Hafiz (1963–1966) General Salah Jadid (1966–1970) General Hafez al-Assad (1970–2000) Bashar al-Assad (2000–present)	Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region	Neo-Ba'athism Militarism Left-wing nationalism Assadism	Unitary de facto one-party[39] presidential republic[40] (neo-Ba'athist de-jure one-party socialist republic[41][42] until 2012)	Asia
Republic of Equatorial Guinea[43]	1968	1979	Francisco Macías Nguema	United National Workers' Party	Ultranationalism Anti-colonialism[44] Anti-intellectualism Pan-Africanism	Unitary socialist one-party presidential republic	Africa
Democratic Kampuchea[32][45]	1975	1979	Pol Pot	Communist Party of Kampuchea	Agrarian socialism Khmer nationalism Maoism Anti-intellectualism	Unitary one-party socialist republic	Asia
Iraqi Republic / Republic of Iraq[46][47][48][49]	1979	2003	Saddam Hussein	Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party	Ba'athism Saddamism	Unitary one-party socialist republic	Asia
Turkmenistan[50][51][52][53]	1991	Active	Saparmurat Niyazov (1991–2006) Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow (2006–2022) [b]Serdar Berdimuhamedow (2022–present)[c]	Democratic Party of Turkmenistan	Nationalism Social conservatism[54]	Unitary presidential republic (one-party state until 2008)[55]	Asia
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan[56][57][58]	1996	2001	Mullah Omar[59][60]	Taliban	Deobandi Islamic fundamentalism[61] Islamism[61] Pashtunwali[62] Religious nationalism[62]	Unitary theocratic Islamic emirate	Asia
	2021	Active	Hibatullah Akhundzada			Unitary provisional theocratic Islamic emirate
State of Eritrea[63][64]	2001[65]	Active	Isaias Afwerki	People's Front for Democracy and Justice	Eritrean nationalism Left-wing nationalism	Unitary one-party presidential republic	Africa
Islamic State[66][67][68][69]	2014	2019	Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi	Islamic State (Daesh)	Wahhabism Qutbism Salafi jihadism	Unitary Salafi Jihadist proto-state	Asia

List of totalitarian puppet regimes

The following is a list of puppet states of various outside states (mostly Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union), which are considered to be totalitarian.

Country	Totalitarianism		Leader(s)	Ruling party/group	Ideology	Government	Continent	Administrative status
	Start	End
Mongolian People's Republic[70][71][72][73]	1924	1953	Khorloogiin Choibalsan (1937–1952)	Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party	Marxism–Leninism Stalinism	Unitary one-party socialist republic	Asia	Soviet satellite state
Empire of Manchuria[74]	1932	1945	Zheng Xiaoxu (1932–1935) Zhang Jinghui (1935–1945)	Concordia Association of Manchukuo	Anti-communism Fascism[75] Manchurian nationalism Pan-Asianism	One-party constitutional monarchy	Asia	Japanese puppet state
Slovak Republic[76]	1939	1945	Jozef Tiso	Slovak People’s Party	Clerical fascism Slovak nationalism Anti-Hungarianism	Unitary one-party fascist state	Europe	Nazi-German puppet state[76]
Independent State of Croatia[77][78]	1941	1945	Ante Pavelić	Ustaše	Clerical fascism Anti-communism Anti-Serb sentiment	Fascist one-party state	Europe	Nazi-German puppet state
Italian Social Republic[79][80]	1943	1945	Benito Mussolini	Republican Fascist Party	Fascism Militarism Ultranationalism Corporatism	Unitary one-party state	Europe	Nazi-German puppet state
Hungarian People's Republic[81][82][83][84]	1949	1953	Mátyás Rákosi	Hungarian Working People's Party	Marxism–Leninism Stalinism	Unitary one-party socialist republic	Europe	Soviet satellite state
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan[85][86][87][88]	1978	1989	Nur Muhammad Taraki (1978–1979) Hafizullah Amin (1979) Babrak Karmal (1979–1986) Mohammad Najibullah (1986–1989)	People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan	Marxism-Leninism[89][90] Neo-Stalinism[88] Anti-intellectualism	Unitary one-party socialist republic	Asia	Soviet satellite state[91][92][93]

Notes

1. Hannah Arendt in The Origins of Totalitarianism disputes that Italy was a totalitarian state.
2. Power-sharing with son Serdar since 2022.
3. Power-sharing with father Gurbanguly.

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81. Bihari, Mihály (2013). "Magyarországi pártrendszerek (Történeti és analitikus bemutatás)" [Party systems of Hungary (historical and analytical presentation)]. Politológia: a politika és a modern állam: pártok és ideológiák [Political Science: Politics and the Modern State: Parties and Ideologies] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Nemzedékek Tudása Tankönyvkiadó. p. 367. ISBN 978-963-19-7628-1. OCLC 1081799738. Az egypárti diktatúra első szakasza 1949 nyarától 1953 nyaráig (az első Nagy Imre-kormány kinevezéséig) tartott. Ennek az időszaknak azegypártrendszere olyan totalitárius egypártrendszer, amely összekapcsolódott Rákosi Mátyás despotikus személyi hatalmával. [The first phase of the one-party dictatorship lasted from the summer of 1949 to the summer of 1953 (until the appointment of the first Imre Nagy government). The one-party system of this period is a totalitarian one-party system connected with the despotic personal power of Mátyás Rákosi.]
82. Mezey, Barna; Gosztonyi, Gergely, eds. (2003). "A szovjet típusú államberendezkedés Magyarországon (1949–1956)" [The Soviet-type state system in Hungary (1949–1956)]. Magyar alkotmánytörténet [Hungarian Constitutional History] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. pp. 467–468. ISBN 963-389-532-4. OCLC 1014875954. ... a párt nemcsak megszervezni igyekezett a társadalmat, hanem megpróbálta saját képére és hasonlatosságára formálni, s ellenőrzése alá vonta a termelést és az elosztást. ... A magyar társadalom ellenállása csupán néhány évig biztosította a valóban totalitárius berendezkedést. [... the party not only sought to organize society, but also to shape it in its own image and likeness, bringing production and distribution under its control. ... The resistance of the Hungarian society ensured a truly totalitarian system for only a few years.]
83. Körösényi, András; Tóth, Csaba; Török, Gábor (2007). "A kommunista korszak tradíciója" [The tradition of the communist era]. A magyar politikai rendszer [The Hungarian Political System] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 21. ISBN 978-963-389-963-2. OCLC 1088039656. A politikai hatalom totális jellegűvé vált ... A rendszer totalitárius jellege abban ragadható meg, hogy a pártállami kontroll a politikai szférán messze túlmenően minden létszférára – a gazdaságtól a kultúrán keresztül egészen az iskolai és ifjúsági szocializációig – kiterjedt. [Political power has become total in nature ... The totalitarian nature of the system can be grasped in the fact that party-state control extended far beyond the political sphere to all spheres of existence, from the economy through culture to school and youth socialization.]
84. Romsics, Ignác (2010). "A rákosista diktatúra" [The Rákosist dictatorship]. Magyarország története a XX. században [History of Hungary in the 20th Century] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 337. ISBN 978-963-276-179-4. OCLC 1081699371. Nem kétséges, hogy az 1949 – re kialakult magyar rendszer ... kimeríti a totalitarianizmus fogalmát. [There is no doubt that the Hungarian system formed by 1949 ... exhausts the concept of totalitarianism.]
85. Tucker, Ernest (2019). "21: Middle East at the End of the Cold War, 1979–1993". The Middle East in Modern World History (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 303. ISBN 978-1-138-49190-8. LCCN 2018043096. During their first few months in power, the Communists remade Afghanistan into a Soviet-style totalitarian state...
86. Kirkpatrick, Jeane J (1981). "Afghanistan: Implications for Peace and Security". World Affairs. 144 (3): 243. JSTOR 20671902. ...the Communists violently seized power in Kabul and, with the help of growing numbers of Soviet "advisers," began forcibly to impose upon the people of Afghanistan a foreign ideology and a totalitarian system
87. Roy, Olivier (2018). "3: The Sovietization of Afghanistan". In Hauner, Milan; L. Canfield, Robert (eds.). Afghanistan and the Soviet Union: Collision and Transformation. New York: Routledge. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-367-01216-8.
88. S.Margolis, Eric (2001). "2: The Bravest Men on Earth". War at the top of the World: The struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Tibet. New York: Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 0-415-92712-9.
89. Roy, Olivier (2018). "3: The Sovietization of Afghanistan". In Hauner, Milan; L. Canfield, Robert (eds.). Afghanistan and the Soviet Union: Collision and Transformation. New York: Routledge. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-367-01216-8.
90. Kamrany, Nake M (1982). "Afghanistan Under Soviet Occupation". Current History. 81 (475): 222. doi:10.1525/curh.1982.81.475.219. JSTOR 45317401. S2CID 73677693.
91. Roy, Olivier (2018). "3: The Sovietization of Afghanistan". In Hauner, Milan; L. Canfield, Robert (eds.). Afghanistan and the Soviet Union: Collision and Transformation. New York: Routledge. pp. 48–57. ISBN 978-0-367-01216-8.
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93. Azmi, Muhammad R. (Spring 1986). "Soviet Politico-Military Penetration in Afghanistan, 1955 to 1979". Armed Forces & Society. 12 (3). Sage Publishing: 343, 344. doi:10.1177/0095327X8601200301. JSTOR 45304853. S2CID 144197649.