List of subcultures

This is a list of subcultures.

Contents: 

• Top
• 0–9
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z

A

• Anarcho-punk^[1]

B

• Ball culture^[2]
• B-boys and b-girls^[3]
• BDSM^[4]
• Beat Generation and beatniks^[5]
• Bikers, see motorcycle clubs and outlaw motorcycle clubs^[6]
  • Bōsōzoku^[7]
• Bikini boys^[8]
• Bills^[9]
• Biopunk^[10][11]
• Birdwatching^[12]
• Bobby soxers^[13]
• Bodybuilding^[14]
• Bro^[15]
• Bodgies & Widgies^[16]
• Bogan^[17]

C

• Casuals^[18]
• Chonga^[19]
• Cosplayers^[20]
• Crust punks^[21]
• Cryptozoology^[22]
• Cyberpunk^[23]
• Cybergoth^[24]
• Cholos & Cholas^[25]
• Chavs^[26]

D

• Dark culture^[27]
• Dark academia^[28]
• Deadhead^[29]
• Deaf culture^[30]
• Decora^[31]
• Demoscene^[32]
• Dizelaši^[26]
• Drag^[33]
• Dresiarz^[34]

E

• E-kids^[35]
• Emo^[36]
• Eshay^[37][38]

F

• Fandom^[39]
• Flappers^[40]
• Flat Earth Society^[41][42][43]
• Freak scene^[44]
• Furrie fandom^[45]
• Frikis^[46]

G

• Gabber^[47]
• Glam rock^[48]
• Glam metal^[49]
• Gopnik^[50]
• Goth subculture^[51]
• Graffiti writers^[52]
• Greaser^[53]
• Grebo^[54]
• Grunge^[55]
• Guido^[56]
• Gutter punk^[57]
• Gyaru^[58]

H

• Hacker^[59]
• Halbstarke^[60]
• Hardcore punk^[61]
• Hardline^[62]
• Heavy metal subculture^[63]
• Hip hop (culture),^[26]
• Hippie^[64]
• Hipster – 1940s subculture^[65]
• Hipster – contemporary subculture^[65]
• Hobo^[66]

I

• Incroyables and merveilleuses^[67]
• Indie^[68]
• Industrial^[69]

J

• Jampec^[70]
• Janeites^[71]
• Juggalo^[72]
• Juggling^[73]

L

• Lad culture^[74]
• La Sape^[75]
• Leather subculture^[76]
• Live Action Role-Players (LARPers)^[77]
• Losties^[78][79]
• Lolita^[20][80]

M

• Mall goth^[81]
• Mangas^[82]
• Metalcore^[83]
• Military brat^[84]
• Mod,^[85]

N

• New Romantic^[86]
• New Age travellers^[87]
• Nudism/Naturism^[88]

O

• Otaku^[89][90]
• Otherkin^[91]

P

• Pachuco^[92]
• Paninaro^[93]
• Pintos and pintas^[94]
• Pokemón^[95]
• Preppy,^[96]
• Psychedelia^[97][98] and psychonauts^[99][100]
• Punk subculture^[101]

R

• Raggare^[102]
• Railfan^[103][104]
  • Densha Otaku^[105]
  • Trainspotters^[106]
• Rave^[107]
• Riot grrrl^[108]
• Rivethead^[62]
• Rockabilly^[109]
• Rocker^[110]
• Role-playing gamers^[111]
• Rude boy^[109][112]

S

• Scene^[113]
• Scooterboy^[114]
• Scouting^[115]
• Seapunk^[116]
• Skater^[117][118]
• Skinhead^[119]
  • Gay skinhead,^[119]
  • Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice^[120]
    • Redskin^[121]
  • Suedehead^[122]
  • Trojan skinhead^[123]
  • White power skinhead^[124]
• Soulboy^[125]
• Steampunk^[126]
• Stilyaga^[127]
• Straight edge^[128]
• Surf^[129]
• Sharpies^[130]

T

• Teenybopper^[131]
• Teddy Boy^[132]
• Tombakowa młodzież^[133]
• Trekkie^[134]

V

• Visual kei^[135]

W

• Warez scene^[136][137]

Z

• Zazou^[138]

See also

• History of modern Western subcultures
• Outline of culture
• List of fandom names
• Youth subculture

Notes

1. Low, Chris (12 April 2013). "Now That's What I Call Anarcho-Punk! Vol. 1". Vice Media. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
2. Hughes, Langston (2001). The Collected Works of Langston Hughes. University of Missouri Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-8262-1410-2. OCLC 45500326. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
3. "B-boys – Subcultures and Sociology". Grinnell College. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
4. BDSM sources:

   • Juliet Richters, Richard O. de Visser, Chris E. Rissel, Andrew E. Grulich, Anthony M.A. Smith (July 2008). "Demographic and Psychosocial Features of Participants in Bondage and Discipline, "Sadomasochism" or Dominance and Submission (BDSM): Data from a National Survey". Journal of Sexual Medicine. 5 (7): 1660–1668. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00795.x. PMID 18331257.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
   • Leiblum, Sandra R. (2006). Principles and practice of sex therapy. Guilford Press. pp. 380, 405. ISBN 978-1-59385-349-5.
5. Wills, Matthew (5 May 2019). "How the Beat Generation Became "Beatniks"". Jstor. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
6. Thomas, Lou (21 June 2024). ""The golden age of motorcycles and that life is now gone": Jeff Nichols on his biker subculture movie The Bikeriders". Retrieved 30 July 2024.
7. Kersten, Joachim (2003). "Street Youths, Bosozoku, and Yakuza: Subculture Formation and Societal Reactions in Japan". Crime & Delinquency. 39 (3): 277–295. doi:10.1177/0011128793039003002. S2CID 143674993.
8. Bretan, Juliette (23 January 2022). "The Striped-Sock-Wearing Polish Beatniks: The Life & Styles of the Bikiniarze". culture.pl. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
9. Trefon, Theodore (2004). Reinventing order in the Congo: how people respond to state failure in Kinshasa (illustrated ed.). Zed Books. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-84277-491-5. Archived from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
10. Xue, Katherine (2014). "Synthetic Biology's New Menagerie". Harvard Magazine. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
11. Haywire, Rachel (20 March 2012). "Becoming Ourselves". Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
12. Connell, J (2009). "Birdwatching, twitching and tourism: towards an Australian perspective". Australian Geographer. 40 (2): 203–217. Bibcode:2009AuGeo..40..203C. doi:10.1080/00049180902964942.
13. Sickels, Robert (2004). The 1940s (American Popular Culture Through History). ABC-CLIO. p. 36. ISBN 9780313312991. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
14. Sources for Boispedink: Klein, Alan M. (1993). Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1559-7. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

    • KOERT W. (March 28, 1988). "Tales of lies. The bodybuilder's body between reality and fantasy". Amsterdams Sociologisch Tijdschrift. 25 (2): 276–294, 324. ISSN 0921-4933. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
    • Yiannakis, Andrew; Melnick, Merrill J. (2001). Contemporary Issues in Sociology of Sport. Human Kinetics. pp. 413–425. ISBN 978-0-7360-3710-5. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
15. Tweet; WhatsApp (2019-05-10). "The Great 'Bro-liferation': Should Women Be Calling Each Other 'Bro'?". Live Wire. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
16. Rosel, Rachael (15 September 2019). "Bodgies and widgies: Remembering Aussie teens of the '50s who were up to no good". Retrieved 30 July 2024.
17. Kay Frances Bartolo. "'Bogan' Polite or not? Cultural implications of a term in Australian slang" (PDF). Griffith University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
18. Barry Didcock (8 May 2005). "Casuals: The Lost Tribe of Britain: They dressed, andf still dress, cool and fought". The Sunday Herald. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
19. Preston, Devon (15 December 2021). "CHONGAFIED". Inked. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
20. Gagné, Isaac (June 2008). "Urban Princesses: Performance and "Women's Language" in Japan's Gothic/Lolita Subculture". Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 18 (1). Blackwell Publishing: 130–176(21). doi:10.1111/j.1548-1395.2008.00006.x.
21. Kail, Ellyn (10 May 2017). "On the Go: Faces of an American Youth Subculture". Retrieved 31 July 2024.
22. "On the Monster Beat". Retrieved 31 July 2024.
23. "Cyberpunk as a Subculture". Information Database.
24. ^{bell 2001}, pages 101-102, 154-184
25. Calderón-Douglass, Barbara (13 April 2015). "The Folk Feminist Struggle Behind the Chola Fashion Trend". Vice Media. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
26. Kovačević, Predrag S (11 October 2018). Between the First and the Second Serbia: On the Political and Class Dimension of Hip-Hop Subculture in Serbia. Novi Sad: University of Novi Sad. pp. 699–720. Subcultures that emerged under neoliberalism, from hip-hoppers in the US and British chavs to Russian gopniks and, of course, Serbian dizelaši, share many core features.
27. Arvid Dittmann · Artificial Tribes · Page 147 · 2001 · ISBN 3-933773-11-3
28. Bateman, Kristen (2020-06-30). "Academia Lives — on TikTok". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2020-07-06. Retrieved 2021-02-03.
29. "Deadheads – Subcultures and Sociology". Retrieved 2023-07-17.
30. Sources:

    • Marschark, Marc (1997). Psychological Development of Deaf Children (reprint, illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press US. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-19-511575-8. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
    • Braden, Jeffery P. (1994). Deafness, Deprivation, and IQ (illustrated ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-0-306-44686-3. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
31. PIPKIN, JANE. "Tokyo fashion subculture 'Decora' – color, cute characters and a whole lot of accessories". Retrieved 31 July 2024.
32. Sources:

    • Lysloff, René T. A.; Gay, Leslie C. (2003). Music and technoculture (illustrated ed.). Wesleyan University Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0-8195-6514-3.
    • "Course Description: The Demoscene: An Introduction to Programming and Subcultures". Columbia College Chicago. Archived from the original on 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
33. Martin, Emily. "From police raids to pop culture: The early history of modern drag". Nation Geographic. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
34. "Snow White and the Russian Red". Culture.pl. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
35. Uh, Kyung Jin (2020-10-30). "Digital persona in E-girl and E-boy fashion images". The Research Journal of the Costume Culture. 28 (5): 692–704. doi:10.29049/rjcc.2020.28.5.692. ISSN 1226-0401. S2CID 229207298.
36. Sources for emo subculture:

    • Steinberg, Shirley R.; Parmar, Priya; Richard, Birgit (2006). Contemporary Youth Culture: An International Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33729-1. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
    • Scott, Lydia; Chur-Hansen, Anna (2008-06-02). "The mental health literacy of rural adolescents: Emo subculture and SMS texting". Australasian Psychiatry. 16 (5): 359–62. doi:10.1080/10398560802027328. PMID 18608151. S2CID 31717119.
    • Kirsch, Michele (2008-07-06). "Emotionally challenged". The Times. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
    • Hawley, Chris (2008-04-18). "Subculture clash among Mexico youth". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2008-07-26. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
    • Martin, G. (2006). "Editorial. On suicide and subcultures" (PDF). Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health. 5 (3): 1–5. doi:10.5172/jamh.5.1.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2008-11-05.

    Ware, Ianto (2008). "Andrew Keen Vs the Emos: Youth, Publishing, and Transliteracy". M/C Journal. 11 (4). doi:10.5204/mcj.41. Archived from the original on 2008-12-21. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
37. "What is an Eshay? The Unofficial Uidegay to Adlays". 11 July 2023.
38. "Geelong Advertiser".
39. Waysdorf, Abby (June 2020). "Placing fandom, studying fans: Modified acafandom in practice". Transformative Works and Cultures. 33. doi:10.3983/twc.2020.1739. Fandom is not only a niche subculture but a way of relating to a wide range of aspects of mediatized society
40. Sagert, Kelly Boyer (2010). Flappers: A Guide to an American Subculture. Santa Barbara CA: Greenwood Press. pp. 1. ISBN 978-0-313-37690-0.
41. Pappas, Stephanie (5 February 2018). "Flat Earth: What Fuels the Internet's Strangest Conspiracy Theory?". Live Science. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
42. Lanuza, JM; Ong, Jonathan Corpus (28 August 2019). "Beyond Conspiracy: the ties that bind Filipino Flat Earthers and populist supporters". Media@LSE. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
43. Thompson, Clive (18 September 2020). "YouTube's Plot to Silence Conspiracy Theories". Wired. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
44. Davis, Fred; Munoz, Laura (2011). "8. Heads and freaks: patterns and meanings of drug use among hippies". In Rainwater, Lee (ed.). Deviance and Liberty: Social Problems and Public Policy. Aldine Transaction. pp. 88–95. ISBN 978-1-4128-1503-1. Archived from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
45. Matthews, Dylan (March 27, 2015). "9 questions about furries you were too embarrassed to ask". Vox. Archived from the original on July 29, 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-07.
46. Wells, Karen. Teen Lives around the World: A Global Encyclopedia. p. 107.
47. "Thunderdome: the Dutch rave with the world's fastest, hardest music". the Guardian. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
48. Sources for glam:

    • Stratton, Jon (June 2006). "Why Doesn't Anyone Write about Glam Rock". Australian Journal of Cultural Studies. 4 (1). Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2014-05-03.
    • Marchetti, Gina (December 1998). "Fringe cultures". Jump Cut (42). Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
    • Childs, Peter; Storry, Mike (1999). Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-415-14726-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
    • ^Goodlad, pages: 6 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 19-20 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 34-35 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 66 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 78 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 92 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 259 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine
49. "Hair metal", AllMusic. Retrieved November 2014.
50. "Get the 'post-Soviet' look: how Russian street style went global". The Jordan Times. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
51. Spooner, Catherine; McEvoy, Emma (2007). The Routledge Companion to Gothic. London: Routledge. pp. 195–196, 263–264. ISBN 978-0-415-39843-5.
52. Snyder, Gregory J. (2006-04-01). "Graffiti media and the perpetuation of an illegal subculture". Crime, Media, Culture. 2 (1): 93–101. doi:10.1177/1741659006061716. ISSN 1741-6590. S2CID 144911784.
53. ^{Ken Gelder} pages 91 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
54. Garland, Emma (24 February 2020). "Introducing: The Grown-Up Greebo". Vice Media. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
55. Martin, Rick (November 15, 1992). "Grunge: A Success Story". The New York Times.
56. Klein, Amanda Ann (9 March 2021). "How MTV's "Jersey Shore" fetishized the Guido, a subversive ethnic stereotype that America disdained". Salon.com. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
57. Adams, Jack (22 August 2014). "Angry, Young and Poor: Our Look at the World of Traveler Kids". Retrieved 30 July 2024.
58. Evers, Izumi; Macias, Patrick (2010-07-01). Japanese Schoolgirl Inferno: Tokyo Teen Fashion Subculture Handbook. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-7885-2.
59. Sources:

    • ^{bell 2001},pages 179-185
    • Thomas, Douglas (2002). Hacker Culture (illustrated ed.). University of Minnesota Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-8166-3346-3.
60. Madsen, Susanne (8 November 2013). "Rebel rebel". Dazed. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
61. Gordon, Calum (13 November 2018). "A look at the subcultural legacy of New Balance". Dazed. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
62. Santos, Zeon. "10 Of The Strangest Music Subcultures From Around The World". Retrieved 31 July 2024.
63. Sources:Arnett, Jeffrey (December 1993). "Three profiles of heavy metal fans: A taste for sensation and a subculture of alienation". Qualitative Sociology. 16 (4): 423–443. doi:10.1007/BF00989973. S2CID 143389132.^Epstein, pages viii, 13, 265
64. ^{Ken Gelder} pages:

    • 23 chapter "Introduction to part one, by Ken Gelder
    • 91 from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
    • 106, 110-111 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber;
    • 127 from chapter "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
    • 136-137 from chapter "Second-hand dresses and the role of the ragmarket (1989)" by Angela McRobbie
    • 304 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer
65. Dan Fletcher (July 29, 2009). "Hipsters". time.com. Archived from the original on July 30, 2009. Retrieved November 1, 2009.
66. Happe, Marguerite (19 January 2018). "The Hobo Way of Life". Retrieved 1 August 2024.
67. Smee, Sebastian. "They kept their heads in the Reign of Terror, then embraced hedonism". The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
68. "What Does Being "Indie" Even Mean?: A Deep Dive Into The Subculture". Retrieved 1 August 2024.
69. ^Goodlad, page 68-71 Archived 2019-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
70. Horváth, Sándor (May 2009). "Patchwork identities and folk devils: youth subcultures and gangs in socialist Hungary". Social History. 34 (2). Taylor & Francis: 163–183. doi:10.1080/03071020902879598. ISSN 0307-1022. OCLC 859650578.
71. Hefferman, Virginia. "The Pride and Prejudice of Online Fan Culture". Wire. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
72. Sources:

    • Karen Bettez Halnon (Winter 2006). "Heavy Metal Carnival and Dis-alienation: The Politics of Grotesque Realism". Symbolic Interaction. 29 (1): 33–48. doi:10.1525/si.2006.29.1.33.
    • Karen Bettez Halnon (2004). "Inside Shock Music Carnival: Spectacle as Contested Terrain". Critical Sociology. 30 (3): 743–779. doi:10.1163/1569163042119868. S2CID 220912143.
73. Baker, Billy (2007-03-05). "Up for the count, Jugglers may pop out on streets this spring, but the real action is in a thriving Hub subculture". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
74. Johnson, Elgar (11 October 2016). "One of the Boys - a GQ Film". GQ. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
75. Mvioki, Christvie. "The Cultural History of the Congolese Fashion Identity". Retrieved 1 August 2024.
76. Siddons, Edward (4 October 2018). "Why is the gay leather scene dying?". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
77. Leppälahti, Merja (2004). "About the Community of Role-Players" (PDF). In Markus Montola, Jaakko Stenros (ed.). Beyond Role and Play. Ropecon ry. ISBN 978-952-91-6843-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-09-11. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
78. "ABC Television and Creation Entertainment bring the Official Lost Fan Club and Special Events to Cities Around the World" (Press release). ABC. May 12, 2005. Retrieved August 29, 2006.
79. Kaplan, Don (June 15, 2005). "Lost Fans Hold Convention for Show". Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on September 25, 2006. Retrieved August 29, 2006.
80. Mary Jane Kehily, Open University (2007). Understanding Youth: Perspectives, Identities and Practices (illustrated ed.). London: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-3064-2.
81. Rasmussen, Tom (11 March 2019). "The IG documenting the Hot Topic mallgoths of the 90s and 00s". Dazed. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
82. ANTONOPOULOS, PAUL. "Brendan Perry discusses migration, mangas and his new English-language Rebetiko album with GCT". Retrieved 1 August 2024.
83. "Fashioncore Definitions and Connotations". Archived from the original on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2011-09-14.
84. Ender, Morton, "Military Brats and Other Global Nomads", March 2002, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-275-97266-0, ISBN 0-275-97266-6
85. ^{Ken Gelder}

    • 84 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 91 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen;
    • 94 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 101 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.
86. Stratton, Jon (1986). "Why doesn't anybody write anything about Glan Rock?". Australian Journal of Cultural Studies. 4 (1): 15–38. Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2014-05-03.
87. Fox, Dan (20 March 2014). "Whatever Happened to New Age Travellers?". Frieze (162). Retrieved 30 July 2024.
88. Sources for nudism:Karl Eric Toepfer (1997). Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935. University of California Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-520-20663-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

    • Steen, Edwin B.; Price, James H. (1988). Human Sex and Sexuality: Second Revised and Enlarged Edition. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-25544-6. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30. Pages: 179 Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine 194-196
89. ^{Ken Gelder} pages: 516, 550
90. Buckley, Sandra (2002). Taylor & Francis (ed.). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 380. ISBN 978-0-415-14344-8. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
91. "Senator Ralph Babet slams Year 8 student who reportedly identifies as a cat". Retrieved 30 July 2024.
92. Pachuco sources:

    • Eva Paulino Bueno, Terry Caesar, University Library System, Digital Research Library, University of Pittsburgh (1998). Imagination beyond nation: Latin American popular culture. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 7, 14, 227–229, 230–232, 243. ISBN 978-0-8229-5686-0. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    • Lock, Margaret M.; Farquhar, Judith (2007). Beyond the Body Proper: Reading the Anthropology of Material Life. Durham: Duke Univ. Press. pp. 349, 355. ISBN 978-0-8223-3845-1. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
    • Austin, Joe; Willard, Michael (1998). Generations of Youth: Youth Cultures and History in Twentieth-century America (illustrated ed.). New York: New York Univ. Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-8147-0646-6.
    • ^{Ken Gelder} page: 309 from chapter: Black hair/style politics by Kobena Mercer
93. "Paninaro How Italian Style and UK Football Culture Collided in the 1980s". 13 May 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
94. Vidales, Santiago (2019). "Hemispheric Poetics: raúlsalinas, César Vallejo, and the convergence of Xicanx and Vanguardia poetry". NACCS Annual Conference Proceedings: 117–133.
95. Sousa, Pedro Mesquita de; Ferreira, Adriana; Martins, Alissan; Gubert, Fabiane; Scopacasa, Ligia; Mesquita, Jaislâny; Filho, Francisco Sampaio; Paula, Paulo Henrique de; Vieira, Neiva; Pinheiro, Patricia (November 11, 2011). "Adolescência, cultura Emo e saúde: o olhar de adolescentes em Fortaleza-CE". Adolescencia e Saude. 8 (2): 11–17. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2013 – via www.adolescenciaesaude.com.
96. DeLamater, John D. (2003). Handbook of social psychology (illustrated ed.). Springer. pp. 165–168. ISBN 978-0-306-47695-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
97. "RhymeZone - Psychedelia". Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
98. "memidex - Psychedelias". Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
99. "Adventures Through Inner Space: Meet the 'Psychonauts'". 28 November 2000. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
100. "New Designer Drugs Are In Legal Gray Area". 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
101. ^{Ken Gelder} pages:

     • 84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder
     • 121-124, 127-128 Archived 2021-02-24 at the Wayback Machine from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
     • 138 from chapter "Second-hand dresses and the role of the ragmarket (1989)" by Angela McRobbie
102. Jalopnik: Your Guide To Europe's Weirdest Car Culture: Raggare
103. Larson, Russ (1974). "Learn the lingo". N Scale Primer (Fourth printing, 1977 ed.). Milwaukee, WI: Kalmbach Publishing. p. 101.
104. Kisor, p. 5.
105. "What is Otaku Culture - The Obsessive Japanese Pop Culture Fandom Explained". Retrieved 31 July 2024.
106. Carter, Ian (2014). British railway enthusiasm (Second ed.). USA: Manchester University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-7190-6567-5.
107. Sources:

     • ^{Ken Gelder}
       • chapter "The social logic of subcultural capital" by Sarah Thorton, page 192
       • chapter "Moments of Ecstasy: oceanic and ecstatic moments in clubbing [1999]" by Ben Malbon, page 496 Archived 2021-02-24 at the Wayback Machine
       • chapter "Amateur manga subculture and the Otaku incident [2000]" by Sharon Kinsella, page 543
     • McRobbie, Angela (1994). Postmodernism and popular culture (illustrated, reprint ed.). Routledge. pp. 168–170. ISBN 978-0-415-07713-2.
     • Hazlehurst, Cameron (1998). Transaction Publishers (ed.). Gangs and Youth Subcultures: International Explorations. Transaction Publishers. pp. 57–60. ISBN 978-1-56000-363-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
     • Gavan Titley, Council of Europe. Directorate of Youth and Sport (2004). Resituating culture. Council of Europe. pp. 181, 183–184. ISBN 978-92-871-5396-8. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
     • Brian Longhurst, Gaynor Bagnall, Greg Smith, Garry Crawford, Scott McCracken, Miles Ogborn, Elaine Baldwin (2008). Introducing Cultural Studies (2, illustrated ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-1-4058-5843-4. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
108. Sources:

     • ^Goodlad, page 67
     • ^Epstein 148-183 Chapter "'Don't need you': Rethinking identity politics and separatism from a grrrl perspective, by Mary Celeste Kearney
     • ^Muggleton, 253-256
109. ^Muggleton, pages 721,728 Archived 2019-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
110. ^{Ken Gelder} pages:

     • 94, 109-110 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber
     • 295 from chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige
111. Sources:

     • Gary Alan Fine (1983). Shared Fantasy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 25–38, 236––. ISBN 978-0-226-24944-5. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
     • Stanley W. Beeler, Stan Beeler, Lisa Dickson; Beeler, Stan; Dickson, Lisa (2006). Reading Stargate SG-1. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-183-0. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
112. Sources:

     • ^Epstein, page 100
     • ^{Ken Gelder} pages 103 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al. (rudies = rude boys)
113. Stewart, Ethan (25 May 2021). "From Hardcore to Harajuku: the Origins of Scene Subculture". PopMatters. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
114. ^{Ken Gelder} pages:

     • 90, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
     • 131 Archived 2021-03-03 at the Wayback Machine from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
115. Sources for Scouting:

     • Proctor, Tammy M. (2002). "On my honour": Guides and Scouts in interwar Britain, Volume 92, Part 2. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-922-0.
116. "Seapunk: scenester in-joke or underground art movement?". The Guardian. 15 December 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
117. [Penguin Dictionary of Sociology 2006 p.384]
118. "Skateboarding – Subcultures and Sociology". Sk8spt. 16 February 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
119. ^{Ken Gelder} pages:

     • 294, from chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige
     • 339, from chapter "Tattoo enthusiasts. Subculture or figuration? (2003)" by Michael Atkinson
     • 370-381, from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy
     • 471, chapter "Communities and scenes in popular music (1991)" by Will Straw
120. Brown, Timothy S. (2004). "Subcultures, Pop Music and Politics: Skinheads and "Nazi Rock" in England and Germany". Journal of Social History. 38 (1): 170. doi:10.1353/jsh.2004.0079. ISSN 0022-4529. S2CID 42029805.
121. Bronner, Simon J.; Clark, Cindy Dell (21 March 2016). Youth Cultures in America [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 622. ISBN 978-1-4408-3392-2.
122. "The Skinheads". Time. 1970-06-08. Archived from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
123. Wright, Lisa (6 March 2015). "The Greatest Indie Labels Of All Time". NME. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
124. Campbell, Alex (2006). "The search for authenticity: An exploration of an online skinhead newsgroup". New Media & Society. 8 (2): 269–294. doi:10.1177/1461444806059875. ISSN 1461-4448. S2CID 40582514.
125. "Institute of Contemporary Arts : DANCESCHOOL : Subjective Thoughts on a Neglected Scene". Archived from the original on 2010-10-30. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
126. Sources for steampunk:

     • Gizzo, Erico. "The steampunk contraptors". IEEE Spectrum. Vol. 45, no. 10. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2008.4635034.
     • La Ferla, Ruth (2008-05-08). "Steampunk Moves Between 2 Worlds". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
     • "Visões Perigosas: Para uma genealogia do cyberpunk". E-compos Revista da Associação Nacional Dos Programas de Pós-Graduação Em Comunicação. 6 (in Portuguese). Estudos Culturais: 7. August 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-08-10. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
     • Amaral, Adriana (December 2008). "Subculturas e cibercultura(s): para uma genealogia das identidades de um campo". Famecos (in Portuguese) (37): footnote 13 in page 6. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
127. Lewis, Danny. "When Rock Was Banned in the Soviet Union, Teens Took to Bootlegged Recordings on X-Rays". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
128. Palmer, Elle (26 July 2023). "The Minor Threat song that shaped Thurston Moore". Retrieved 30 July 2024.
129. Thorne, Tanis (July 1976). "Legends of the Surfer Subculture: Part One". Western Folklore. 35 (3): 209–217. doi:10.2307/1498346. JSTOR 1498346.
130. Duffy, Conor (31 August 2015). "Sharpie die hards keep Australia's only home-grown youth subculture alive". ABC News. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
131. Sources:

     • ^{Ken Gelder} pages:
       • 84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder
       • 111-112 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber
     • Brake, Mike (1980). The Sociology of Youth Culture and Youth Subcultures. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-7100-0364-5. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
132. ^{Ken Gelder} pages:

     • 98, 101, 102 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.
     • 105, 107 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber
     • 126 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
     • 161-162 from chapter "Symbols of trouble" by Stanley Cohen
     • 273 from chapter "Introduction to part five" by Ken Gelder
     • 284-287 from chapter "Fashion and revolt (1963)" by T.R. Fyvel
     • 309 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer
     • 367 Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, 372 from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy
133. Sołtysiak, Grzegorz; Williams, Dorota (January 2017). "Plereza pod naleśnikiem" (PDF). Tygodnik Przegląd (in Polish). Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
134. Trekkie sources:

     • Chamberlain, Daniel Luke; Alexander, Malcolm Laurence (2005). "Personal networks and the social world of ordinary Star Trek fans: Method and first results". TASA 2005 Conference Proceedings. The Sociological Association of Australia. Archived from the original on 2011-04-11. Retrieved 2008-09-19. The fans of the science fiction franchise, Star Trek, are known as 'Trekkies' and are the only fan subculture to have an entry in the OED.
     • ^{bell 2001} page 167–169
     • Kozinets, Robert V. (June 2001). "Utopian Enterprise: Articulating the Meanings of Star Trek's Culture of Consumption". Journal of Consumer Research. 28 (1): 67–88. doi:10.1086/321948.
135. Bunny Bissoux (2015-06-11). "The story of visual kei". Time Out. Retrieved 2017-08-20.
136. Ordered Misbehavior – The Structuring of an Illegal Endeavor Archived 2016-08-08 at the Wayback Machine by Alf Rehn. A study of the illegal subculture known as the "warez scene".
137. Herman, Andrew; Swiss, Thomas (2014-04-08). The World Wide Web and Contemporary Cultural Theory: Magic, Metaphor, Power. Routledge. p. 103. ISBN 9781135205126. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
138. Zazou sources:

     • Portis, Larry (2004). French Frenzies: A Social History of Pop Music in France. College Station, TX: Virtualbookworm.com. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-58939-547-3. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
     • Crane, Diana (2001). Fashion and Its Social Agendas: Class, Gender, and Identity in Clothing (illustrated ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-226-11799-7. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
     • Uhlmann, Anthony (1999). Beckett and Poststructuralism. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-0-521-64076-3. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

References

• Bell, David, ed. (2001). "Cybersubcultures". An Introduction to Cybercultures. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-24659-0.
• Epstein, Jonathon S. (1998). Youth Culture: Identity in a Postmodern World. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55786-851-0.
• Gelder, Ken, ed. (2005). The Subcultures Reader. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34415-9. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
• Goodlad, Lauren M. E.; Bibby, Michael (2007). Goth. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3921-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
• Muggleton, David (2002). Inside Subculture: The Postmodern Meaning of Style. Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85973-352-3.