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Russian and Eastern European term for delinquent From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A gopnik[a] is a member of a delinquent subculture in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and in other former Soviet republics—a young man (or a woman, a gopnitsa) of working-class background who usually lives in suburban areas.[2][3]
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The collective noun is gopota (Russian: гопота). The subculture of gopota has its roots in working-class communities in the late Russian Empire and gradually emerged underground during the later half of the 20th century in many cities in the Soviet Union.[4][5] Even before their heyday in the 90s, there was a ‘gopnik’ movement in the Soviet Union. Young men from working class areas rebelled against neformaly (non-conformists) and gladly fought people from punk movements, rappers and other lovers of Western music who became popular in the Soviet Union in the 1980s.[6]
These years—between the late 1980s and roughly 2001—were the time when the gopota subculture was at its greatest extent, though it remained prevalent, albeit in decline, throughout much of the former Soviet space into the 2000s. As of the late 2010s, the subculture has faded for the most part, although youth gangs (such as the A.U.E.) that resemble gopota still exist in Russia and in other Slavic and Baltic countries.
Folk etymology connects the word to the GOP, the acronym for the Gorodskoye Obshezhitie Proletariata (local dormitory for proletariat). These were almshouses for the destitute created by the Bolshevik government after the October Revolution in 1917.
A more plausible origin is the onomatopoeic гоп (gop), which represents a swift act of grabbing or striking, likely via the slang term го́пать (gopat'), which means to mug or rob.
According to the Russian Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary, first published in the 19th century, an old slang word for "sleeping on streets" was "гопать" (gopat', literally "to gop") something that was related to the "mazuricks" or the criminals of Saint Petersburg.[7]
One of the first appearances of "gopnik" in written text is in Zoopark's 1984 song Gopniki.[8]
Gopniks are often seen wearing Adidas tracksuits, which were popularized by the 1980 Moscow Olympics Soviet team.[9][10] While sunflower seeds (colloquially semki [семки] or semechki [семечки]) is a common snack in Ukraine and Russia, chewing ("cracking") them in public and spitting out the shells on the ground is characteristic of gopniks.[10]
The subculture is stereotypically associated with Russian chanson music, specifically the blatnaya pesnya subgenre. Since the mid-2010s, gopniks have been associated with hardbass music in internet memes and viral videos.[11][12]
Some gopniks have Russian nationalism or Pan-Slavism as their primary political views,[13] though there are also leftist, far-right and even neo-Nazi gopnik communities. In Russia, some gopniks hold strong anti-Western views and often show admiration for the Putin regime.[3]
Gopniks are also stereotyped as being prone to substance and alcohol abuse, crime and hooliganism.[14]
Gopniks are often seen squatting (Russian slang terms for the position are "на кортах", na kortakh, a truncation of "na kortochkakh", Russian for "squatting") or "doing the crab" ("на крабе", na krabe)).[10][15][14] It is described as a learned behavior, attributed to Russian and Soviet prison culture to avoid sitting on the cold ground.[10] This habit of squatting, known as "słowiański przykuc" is a new stereotype of Russians in Poland, along with being drunk and speaking in mat.[16] The "Slavic squat" or "Slav squat" was also popularized in the West in early 2010s.[17][18][19]
Similar subcultures by country include:
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