List of chemical elements

118 chemical elements have been identified and named officially by IUPAC. A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z).^[1]

The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements, whose history along the principles of the periodic law was one of the founding developments of modern chemistry. It is a tabular arrangement of the elements by their chemical properties that usually uses abbreviated chemical symbols in place of full element names, but the linear list format presented here is also useful. Like the periodic table, the list below organizes the elements by the number of protons in their atoms; it can also be organized by other properties, such as atomic weight, density, and electronegativity. For more detailed information about the origins of element names, see List of chemical element name etymologies.

List

v t e List of chemical elements
Z	Sym.	Element	Name origin [2][3]	Group	Period	Block	Atomic weight [a] (Da)	Density [b][c] (⁠g/cm3⁠)	Melting point[d] (K)	Boiling point[e] (K)	Specific heat capacity[f] (⁠J/g · K⁠)	Electro­negativity [g]	Abundance in Earth's crust[h] (⁠mg/kg⁠)	Origin[i]	Phase[j]
1	H	Hydrogen	[k]	1	1	s-block	1.0080	0.00008988	14.01	20.28	14.304	2.20	1400	primordial	gas
2	He	Helium	[l]	18	1	s-block	4.0026	0.0001785	–[m]	4.22	5.193	–	0.008	primordial	gas
3	Li	Lithium	[n]	1	2	s-block	6.94	0.534	453.69	1560	3.582	0.98	20	primordial	solid
4	Be	Beryllium	[o]	2	2	s-block	9.0122	1.85	1560	2742	1.825	1.57	2.8	primordial	solid
5	B	Boron	[p]	13	2	p-block	10.81	2.34	2349	4200	1.026	2.04	10	primordial	solid
6	C	Carbon	[q]	14	2	p-block	12.011	2.267	>4000	4300	0.709	2.55	200	primordial	solid
7	N	Nitrogen	[r]	15	2	p-block	14.007	0.0012506	63.15	77.36	1.04	3.04	19	primordial	gas
8	O	Oxygen	[s]	16	2	p-block	15.999	0.001429	54.36	90.20	0.918	3.44	461000	primordial	gas
9	F	Fluorine	[t]	17	2	p-block	18.998	0.001696	53.53	85.03	0.824	3.98	585	primordial	gas
10	Ne	Neon	[u]	18	2	p-block	20.180	0.0009002	24.56	27.07	1.03	–	0.005	primordial	gas
11	Na	Sodium	[v]	1	3	s-block	22.990	0.968	370.87	1156	1.228	0.93	23600	primordial	solid
12	Mg	Magnesium	[w]	2	3	s-block	24.305	1.738	923	1363	1.023	1.31	23300	primordial	solid
13	Al	Aluminium	[x]	13	3	p-block	26.982	2.70	933.47	2792	0.897	1.61	82300	primordial	solid
14	Si	Silicon	[y]	14	3	p-block	28.085	2.3290	1687	3538	0.705	1.9	282000	primordial	solid
15	P	Phosphorus	[z]	15	3	p-block	30.974	1.823	317.30	550	0.769	2.19	1050	primordial	solid
16	S	Sulfur	[aa]	16	3	p-block	32.06	2.07	388.36	717.87	0.71	2.58	350	primordial	solid
17	Cl	Chlorine	[ab]	17	3	p-block	35.45	0.0032	171.6	239.11	0.479	3.16	145	primordial	gas
18	Ar	Argon	[ac]	18	3	p-block	39.95	0.001784	83.80	87.30	0.52	–	3.5	primordial	gas
19	K	Potassium	[ad]	1	4	s-block	39.098	0.89	336.53	1032	0.757	0.82	20900	primordial	solid
20	Ca	Calcium	[ae]	2	4	s-block	40.078	1.55	1115	1757	0.647	1.00	41500	primordial	solid
21	Sc	Scandium	[af]	3	4	d-block	44.956	2.985	1814	3109	0.568	1.36	22	primordial	solid
22	Ti	Titanium	[ag]	4	4	d-block	47.867	4.506	1941	3560	0.523	1.54	5650	primordial	solid
23	V	Vanadium	[ah]	5	4	d-block	50.942	6.11	2183	3680	0.489	1.63	120	primordial	solid
24	Cr	Chromium	[ai]	6	4	d-block	51.996	7.15	2180	2944	0.449	1.66	102	primordial	solid
25	Mn	Manganese	[aj]	7	4	d-block	54.938	7.21	1519	2334	0.479	1.55	950	primordial	solid
26	Fe	Iron	[ak]	8	4	d-block	55.845	7.874	1811	3134	0.449	1.83	56300	primordial	solid
27	Co	Cobalt	[al]	9	4	d-block	58.933	8.90	1768	3200	0.421	1.88	25	primordial	solid
28	Ni	Nickel	[am]	10	4	d-block	58.693	8.908	1728	3186	0.444	1.91	84	primordial	solid
29	Cu	Copper	[an]	11	4	d-block	63.546	8.96	1357.77	2835	0.385	1.90	60	primordial	solid
30	Zn	Zinc	[ao]	12	4	d-block	65.38	7.14	692.88	1180	0.388	1.65	70	primordial	solid
31	Ga	Gallium	[ap]	13	4	p-block	69.723	5.91	302.9146	2673	0.371	1.81	19	primordial	solid
32	Ge	Germanium	[aq]	14	4	p-block	72.630	5.323	1211.40	3106	0.32	2.01	1.5	primordial	solid
33	As	Arsenic	[ar]	15	4	p-block	74.922	5.727	1090[as]	887	0.329	2.18	1.8	primordial	solid
34	Se	Selenium	[at]	16	4	p-block	78.971	4.81	453	958	0.321	2.55	0.05	primordial	solid
35	Br	Bromine	[au]	17	4	p-block	79.904	3.1028	265.8	332.0	0.474	2.96	2.4	primordial	liquid
36	Kr	Krypton	[av]	18	4	p-block	83.798	0.003749	115.79	119.93	0.248	3.00	1×10−4	primordial	gas
37	Rb	Rubidium	[aw]	1	5	s-block	85.468	1.532	312.46	961	0.363	0.82	90	primordial	solid
38	Sr	Strontium	[ax]	2	5	s-block	87.62	2.64	1050	1655	0.301	0.95	370	primordial	solid
39	Y	Yttrium	[ay]	3	5	d-block	88.906	4.472	1799	3609	0.298	1.22	33	primordial	solid
40	Zr	Zirconium	[az]	4	5	d-block	91.224	6.52	2128	4682	0.278	1.33	165	primordial	solid
41	Nb	Niobium	[ba]	5	5	d-block	92.906	8.57	2750	5017	0.265	1.6	20	primordial	solid
42	Mo	Molybdenum	[bb]	6	5	d-block	95.95	10.28	2896	4912	0.251	2.16	1.2	primordial	solid
43	Tc	Technetium	[bc]	7	5	d-block	[97]	11	2430	4538	–	1.9	~ 3×10−9	from decay	solid
44	Ru	Ruthenium	[bd]	8	5	d-block	101.07	12.45	2607	4423	0.238	2.2	0.001	primordial	solid
45	Rh	Rhodium	[be]	9	5	d-block	102.91	12.41	2237	3968	0.243	2.28	0.001	primordial	solid
46	Pd	Palladium	[bf]	10	5	d-block	106.42	12.023	1828.05	3236	0.244	2.20	0.015	primordial	solid
47	Ag	Silver	[bg]	11	5	d-block	107.87	10.49	1234.93	2435	0.235	1.93	0.075	primordial	solid
48	Cd	Cadmium	[bh]	12	5	d-block	112.41	8.65	594.22	1040	0.232	1.69	0.159	primordial	solid
49	In	Indium	[bi]	13	5	p-block	114.82	7.31	429.75	2345	0.233	1.78	0.25	primordial	solid
50	Sn	Tin	[bj]	14	5	p-block	118.71	7.265	505.08	2875	0.228	1.96	2.3	primordial	solid
51	Sb	Antimony	[bk]	15	5	p-block	121.76	6.697	903.78	1860	0.207	2.05	0.2	primordial	solid
52	Te	Tellurium	[bl]	16	5	p-block	127.60	6.24	722.66	1261	0.202	2.1	0.001	primordial	solid
53	I	Iodine	[bm]	17	5	p-block	126.90	4.933	386.85	457.4	0.214	2.66	0.45	primordial	solid
54	Xe	Xenon	[bn]	18	5	p-block	131.29	0.005894	161.4	165.03	0.158	2.60	3×10−5	primordial	gas
55	Cs	Caesium	[bo]	1	6	s-block	132.91	1.93	301.59	944	0.242	0.79	3	primordial	solid
56	Ba	Barium	[bp]	2	6	s-block	137.33	3.51	1000	2170	0.204	0.89	425	primordial	solid
57	La	Lanthanum	[bq]	f-block groups	6	f-block	138.91	6.162	1193	3737	0.195	1.1	39	primordial	solid
58	Ce	Cerium	[br]	f-block groups	6	f-block	140.12	6.770	1068	3716	0.192	1.12	66.5	primordial	solid
59	Pr	Praseodymium	[bs]	f-block groups	6	f-block	140.91	6.77	1208	3793	0.193	1.13	9.2	primordial	solid
60	Nd	Neodymium	[bt]	f-block groups	6	f-block	144.24	7.01	1297	3347	0.19	1.14	41.5	primordial	solid
61	Pm	Promethium	[bu]	f-block groups	6	f-block	[145]	7.26	1315	3273	–	1.13	2×10−19	from decay	solid
62	Sm	Samarium	[bv]	f-block groups	6	f-block	150.36	7.52	1345	2067	0.197	1.17	7.05	primordial	solid
63	Eu	Europium	[bw]	f-block groups	6	f-block	151.96	5.244	1099	1802	0.182	1.2	2	primordial	solid
64	Gd	Gadolinium	[bx]	f-block groups	6	f-block	157.25	7.90	1585	3546	0.236	1.2	6.2	primordial	solid
65	Tb	Terbium	[by]	f-block groups	6	f-block	158.93	8.23	1629	3503	0.182	1.2	1.2	primordial	solid
66	Dy	Dysprosium	[bz]	f-block groups	6	f-block	162.50	8.540	1680	2840	0.17	1.22	5.2	primordial	solid
67	Ho	Holmium	[ca]	f-block groups	6	f-block	164.93	8.79	1734	2993	0.165	1.23	1.3	primordial	solid
68	Er	Erbium	[cb]	f-block groups	6	f-block	167.26	9.066	1802	3141	0.168	1.24	3.5	primordial	solid
69	Tm	Thulium	[cc]	f-block groups	6	f-block	168.93	9.32	1818	2223	0.16	1.25	0.52	primordial	solid
70	Yb	Ytterbium	[cd]	f-block groups	6	f-block	173.05	6.90	1097	1469	0.155	1.1	3.2	primordial	solid
71	Lu	Lutetium	[ce]	3	6	d-block	174.97	9.841	1925	3675	0.154	1.27	0.8	primordial	solid
72	Hf	Hafnium	[cf]	4	6	d-block	178.49	13.31	2506	4876	0.144	1.3	3	primordial	solid
73	Ta	Tantalum	[cg]	5	6	d-block	180.95	16.69	3290	5731	0.14	1.5	2	primordial	solid
74	W	Tungsten	[ch]	6	6	d-block	183.84	19.25	3695	6203	0.132	2.36	1.3	primordial	solid
75	Re	Rhenium	[ci]	7	6	d-block	186.21	21.02	3459	5869	0.137	1.9	7×10−4	primordial	solid
76	Os	Osmium	[cj]	8	6	d-block	190.23	22.59	3306	5285	0.13	2.2	0.002	primordial	solid
77	Ir	Iridium	[ck]	9	6	d-block	192.22	22.56	2719	4701	0.131	2.20	0.001	primordial	solid
78	Pt	Platinum	[cl]	10	6	d-block	195.08	21.45	2041.4	4098	0.133	2.28	0.005	primordial	solid
79	Au	Gold	[cm]	11	6	d-block	196.97	19.3	1337.33	3129	0.129	2.54	0.004	primordial	solid
80	Hg	Mercury	[cn]	12	6	d-block	200.59	13.534	234.43	629.88	0.14	2.00	0.085	primordial	liquid
81	Tl	Thallium	[co]	13	6	p-block	204.38	11.85	577	1746	0.129	1.62	0.85	primordial	solid
82	Pb	Lead	[cp]	14	6	p-block	207.2	11.34	600.61	2022	0.129	1.87 (2+) 2.33 (4+)	14	primordial	solid
83	Bi	Bismuth	[cq]	15	6	p-block	208.98	9.78	544.7	1837	0.122	2.02	0.009	primordial	solid
84	Po	Polonium	[cr]	16	6	p-block	[209][a]	9.196	527	1235	–	2.0	2×10−10	from decay	solid
85	At	Astatine	[cs]	17	6	p-block	[210]	(8.91–8.95)	575	610	–	2.2	3×10−20	from decay	unknown phase
86	Rn	Radon	[ct]	18	6	p-block	[222]	0.00973	202	211.3	0.094	2.2	4×10−13	from decay	gas
87	Fr	Francium	[cu]	1	7	s-block	[223]	(2.48)	281	890	–	>0.79[5]	~ 1×10−18	from decay	unknown phase
88	Ra	Radium	[cv]	2	7	s-block	[226]	5.5	973	2010	0.094	0.9	9×10−7	from decay	solid
89	Ac	Actinium	[cw]	f-block groups	7	f-block	[227]	10	1323	3471	0.12	1.1	5.5×10−10	from decay	solid
90	Th	Thorium	[cx]	f-block groups	7	f-block	232.04	11.7	2115	5061	0.113	1.3	9.6	primordial	solid
91	Pa	Protactinium	[cy]	f-block groups	7	f-block	231.04	15.37	1841	4300	–	1.5	1.4×10−6	from decay	solid
92	U	Uranium	[cz]	f-block groups	7	f-block	238.03	19.1	1405.3	4404	0.116	1.38	2.7	primordial	solid
93	Np	Neptunium	[da]	f-block groups	7	f-block	[237]	20.45	917	4273	–	1.36	≤ 3×10−12	from decay	solid
94	Pu	Plutonium	[db]	f-block groups	7	f-block	[244]	19.85	912.5	3501	–	1.28	≤ 3×10−11	from decay	solid
95	Am	Americium	[dc]	f-block groups	7	f-block	[243]	12	1449	2880	–	1.13	–	synthetic	solid
96	Cm	Curium	[dd]	f-block groups	7	f-block	[247]	13.51	1613	3383	–	1.28	–	synthetic	solid
97	Bk	Berkelium	[de]	f-block groups	7	f-block	[247]	14.78	1259	2900	–	1.3	–	synthetic	solid
98	Cf	Californium	[df]	f-block groups	7	f-block	[251]	15.1	1173	(1743)[b]	–	1.3	–	synthetic	solid
99	Es	Einsteinium	[dg]	f-block groups	7	f-block	[252]	8.84	1133	(1269)	–	1.3	–	synthetic	solid
100	Fm	Fermium	[dh]	f-block groups	7	f-block	[257]	(9.7)[b]	(1125)[6] (1800)[7]	–	–	1.3	–	synthetic	unknown phase
101	Md	Mendelevium	[di]	f-block groups	7	f-block	[258]	(10.3)	(1100)	–	–	1.3	–	synthetic	unknown phase
102	No	Nobelium	[dj]	f-block groups	7	f-block	[259]	(9.9)	(1100)	–	–	1.3	–	synthetic	unknown phase
103	Lr	Lawrencium	[dk]	3	7	d-block	[266]	(14.4)	(1900)	–	–	1.3	–	synthetic	unknown phase
104	Rf	Rutherfordium	[dl]	4	7	d-block	[267]	(17)	(2400)	(5800)	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
105	Db	Dubnium	[dm]	5	7	d-block	[268]	(21.6)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
106	Sg	Seaborgium	[dn]	6	7	d-block	[267]	(23–24)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
107	Bh	Bohrium	[do]	7	7	d-block	[270]	(26–27)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
108	Hs	Hassium	[dp]	8	7	d-block	[271]	(27–29)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
109	Mt	Meitnerium	[dq]	9	7	d-block	[278]	(27–28)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
110	Ds	Darmstadtium	[dr]	10	7	d-block	[281]	(26–27)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
111	Rg	Roentgenium	[ds]	11	7	d-block	[282]	(22–24)	–	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
112	Cn	Copernicium	[dt]	12	7	d-block	[285]	(14.0)	(283±11)	(340±10)[b]	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
113	Nh	Nihonium	[du]	13	7	p-block	[286]	(16)	(700)	(1400)	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
114	Fl	Flerovium	[dv]	14	7	p-block	[289]	(11.4±0.3)	(284±50)[b]	–	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
115	Mc	Moscovium	[dw]	15	7	p-block	[290]	(13.5)	(700)	(1400)	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
116	Lv	Livermorium	[dx]	16	7	p-block	[293]	(12.9)	(700)	(1100)	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
117	Ts	Tennessine	[dy]	17	7	p-block	[294]	(7.1–7.3)	(700)	(883)	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase
118	Og	Oganesson	[dz]	18	7	p-block	[294]	(7)	(325±15)	(450±10)	–	–	–	synthetic	unknown phase

1. Standard atomic weight or A_r°(E)

   • '1.0080': abridged value, uncertainty ignored here
   • '[97]', [ ] notation: mass number of most stable isotope
2. Values in ( ) brackets are predictions
3. Density (sources)
4. Melting point in kelvin (K) (sources)
5. Boiling point in kelvin (K) (sources)
6. Heat capacity (sources)
7. Electronegativity by Pauling (source)
8. Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
9. Primordial (=Earth's origin), from decay, or synthetic
10. Phase at Standard state (25°C [77°F], 100 kPa)
11. Greek roots hydro- + -gen, 'water-forming'
12. Greek hḗlios 'sun'
13. Melting point: helium does not solidify at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atm.
14. Greek líthos 'stone'
15. Beryl, mineral (ultimately after Belur, Karnataka, India?)^[4]
16. Borax, mineral (from Arabic: bawraq, Middle Persian: *bōrag)
17. Latin carbo 'coal'
18. Greek nítron + -gen, 'niter-forming'
19. Greek oxy- + -gen, 'acid-forming'
20. Latin fluo 'to flow'
21. Greek néon 'new'
22. Coined by Humphry Davy who first isolated it, from English soda (specifically caustic soda), via Italian from Arabic ṣudāʕ 'headache'
23. Magnesia region, eastern Thessaly, Greece
24. Alumina, from Latin alumen (gen. aluminis) 'bitter salt, alum'
25. Latin silex 'flint' (originally silicium)
26. Greek phōsphóros 'light-bearing'
27. Latin
28. Greek chlōrós 'greenish yellow'
29. Greek argós 'idle' (it is inert)
30. Neo-Latin potassa 'potash', from pot + ash
31. Latin calx 'lime'
32. Latin Scandia 'Scandinavia'
33. Titans, children of Gaia and Ouranos
34. Vanadis, a name for Norse goddess Freyja
35. Greek chróma 'color'
36. Corrupted from magnesia negra; see magnesium
37. English, from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom 'iron', from a root meaning 'blood'
38. German Kobold, 'goblin'
39. Nickel, a mischievous sprite in German miner mythology
40. English, from Latin cuprum, after Cyprus
41. Most likely German Zinke, 'prong, tooth', but some suggest Persian sang 'stone'
42. Latin Gallia 'France'
43. Latin Germania 'Germany'
44. Middle English, from Middle French arsenic, from Greek arsenikón 'yellow arsenic' (influenced by arsenikós 'masculine, virile'), from a West Asian wanderword ultimately from Old Persian: *zarniya-ka, lit. 'golden'
45. Arsenic sublimes at 1 atmosphere pressure.
46. Greek selḗnē 'moon'
47. Greek brômos 'stench'
48. Greek kryptós 'hidden'
49. Latin rubidus 'deep red'
50. Strontian, a village in Scotland, where it was found
51. Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see terbium, erbium, ytterbium
52. Zircon, mineral, from Persian zargun 'gold-hued'
53. Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus in Greek myth; see tantalum
54. Greek molýbdaina 'piece of lead', from mólybdos 'lead', due to confusion with lead ore galena (PbS)
55. Greek tekhnētós 'artificial'
56. Neo-Latin Ruthenia 'Russia'
57. Greek rhodóeis 'rose-colored', from rhódon 'rose'
58. Pallas, asteroid, then considered a planet
59. English, from Proto-Germanic
60. Neo-Latin cadmia 'calamine', from King Cadmus, mythic founder of Thebes
61. Latin indicum 'indigo', the blue color named after India and observed in its spectral lines
62. English, from Proto-Germanic
63. Latin antimonium, of unclear origin: folk etymologies suggest Greek antí 'against' + mónos 'alone', or Old French anti-moine 'monk's bane', but could be from or related to Arabic ʾiṯmid 'antimony'
64. Latin tellus 'ground, earth'
65. French iode, from Greek ioeidḗs 'violet'
66. Greek xénon, neuter of xénos 'strange, foreign'
67. Latin caesius 'sky-blue'
68. Greek barýs 'heavy'
69. Greek lanthánein 'to lie hidden'
70. Ceres (dwarf planet), then considered a planet
71. Greek prásios dídymos 'green twin'
72. Greek néos dídymos 'new twin'
73. Prometheus, a Titan
74. Samarskite, a mineral named after V. Samarsky-Bykhovets, Russian mine official
75. Europe
76. Gadolinite, a mineral named after Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist
77. Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see yttrium, erbium, ytterbium
78. Greek dysprósitos 'hard to get'
79. Neo-Latin Holmia 'Stockholm'
80. Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, ytterbium
81. Thule, the ancient name for an unclear northern location
82. Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, erbium
83. Latin Lutetia 'Paris'
84. Neo-Latin Hafnia 'Copenhagen' (from Danish havn, harbor)
85. King Tantalus, father of Niobe in Greek myth; see niobium
86. Swedish tung sten 'heavy stone'
87. Latin Rhenus 'Rhine'
88. Greek osmḗ 'smell'
89. Iris, Greek goddess of rainbow
90. Spanish platina 'little silver', from plata 'silver'
91. English, from same Proto-Indo-European root as 'yellow'
92. Mercury, Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility
93. Greek thallós 'green shoot / twig'
94. English, from Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom, from a root meaning 'flow'
95. German Wismut, via Latin and Arabic from Greek psimúthion 'white lead'
96. Latin Polonia 'Poland', home country of discoverer Marie Curie
97. Greek ástatos 'unstable'; it has no stable isotopes
98. Radium emanation, originally the name of ²²²Rn
99. France, home country of discoverer Marguerite Perey
100. Coined in French by discoverer Marie Curie, from Latin radius 'ray'
101. Greek aktís 'ray'
102. Thor, the Norse god of thunder
103. English prefix proto- (from Greek prôtos 'first, before') + actinium; protactinium decays into actinium.
104. Uranus, the seventh planet
105. Neptune, the eighth planet
106. Pluto, dwarf planet, then considered a planet
107. Americas, where the element was first synthesized, by analogy with its homolog europium
108. Pierre and Marie Curie, physicists and chemists
109. Berkeley, California, where it was first synthesized
110. California, where it was first synthesized in LBNL
111. Albert Einstein, German physicist
112. Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist
113. Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist who proposed the periodic table
114. Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer
115. Ernest Lawrence, American physicist
116. Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist from New Zealand
117. Dubna, Russia, where it was discovered in JINR
118. Glenn Seaborg, American chemist
119. Niels Bohr, Danish physicist
120. Neo-Latin Hassia 'Hesse', a state in Germany
121. Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist
122. Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesized in the GSI labs
123. Wilhelm Röntgen, German physicist
124. Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer
125. Japanese Nihon 'Japan', where it was first synthesized in Riken
126. Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR, where it was synthesized; itself named after Georgy Flyorov, Russian physicist
127. Moscow, Russia, where it was first synthesized in JINR
128. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California
129. Tennessee, US, home to ORNL
130. Yuri Oganessian, Russian physicist

See also

• List of people whose names are used in chemical element names
• List of places used in the names of chemical elements
• List of chemical element name etymologies
• Roles of chemical elements
• Extended periodic table Theories about undiscovered elements

References

1. IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "chemical element". doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01022
2. "Periodic Table – Royal Society of Chemistry". www.rsc.org.
3. "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
4. "beryl". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
5. Originally assessed as 0.7 by Pauling but never revised after other elements' electronegativities were updated for precision. Predicted to be higher than that of caesium.
6. Konings, Rudy J. M.; Beneš, Ondrej. "The Thermodynamic Properties of the 𝑓-Elements and Their Compounds. I. The Lanthanide and Actinide Metals". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. doi:10.1063/1.3474238.
7. "Fermium". RSC.

External links

• Atoms made thinkable, an interactive visualisation of the elements allowing physical and chemical properties of the elements to be compared