List of active separatist movements in Africa

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Africa. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.

Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

1. They are active movements with active members.
2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
3. They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

• De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
• Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
• Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
  • De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
  • Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
  • Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
  • Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
  • Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
  • Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).

Algeria

See also: Berberism, Demographics of Algeria, and Ethnic groups in Algeria

Location of Kabylie

The traditional distribution of the Tuareg in the Sahara

Kabylia

• Ethnic group: Kabyle Berbers^[1]
  • Proposed state: Kabylia.
  • Government-in-exile: Kabyle Provisional Government (ANAVAD AQVAYLI UΣḌIL).^[2]
  • Movement leader: Ferhat Mehenni.^[3]
  • Political party: Movement for the self-determination of Kabylie (MAK).^[4][5]

Kabylia is a charter member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)^[6]

Kabylia is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States^[7]

Angola

Cabinda

See also: Demographics of Angola

Central-Eastern Angola

• Ethnic group: Lunda-Tchokwé people
  • Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Lunda-Tchokwé
  • Government-in-exile: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé,^[8][9]
  • Political party: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé^[10]
  • Advocacy groups: Mulher Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé, Pioneiros Unidos da Lunda-Tchokwé, Juventude Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé, Manifesto Jurídico Sociológico do Povo Lunda-Tchokwé^[11]

Cabinda

• Ethnic group: Bakongo
  • Proposed state: Republic of Cabinda^[12]
  • Government-in-exile: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC) (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
  • Political party: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC), Liberation Front of the State of Cabinda
  • Militant organization: Forças Armadas de Cabinda (FAC)
  • Status: Ongoing low-intensity war

Cabinda is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States^[6]

Botswana

Map of Zambesia

Ngamiland

• Ethnic group: Masubia, Nzanza, Mbowe, Makalahari, MaYeyi, Mampukushu, Makwengari, Mambunda, Matotela, Batoka, Mafwe, Barotse, Leya, Nanzwa, Lujana, Dombe
  • Advocacy group: Movement for the Survival of the River Races of Zambesia
  • Proposed state: Zambesia^[13][14][15]

Cameroon

See also: Demographics of Cameroon and Ethnic groups in Cameroon

Proclaimed Ambazonian territory

 Ambazonia

• Ethnic group: Anglophones of the former Southern Cameroons, consisting of over 80 ethnic groups
  • Population: ~4 million people
  • Proposed state: Federal Republic of Ambazonia^[16]
  • Advocacy group: Interim Government of Ambazonia, Ambazonia Governing Council and others^[17]
  • Militant groups: Ambazonia Self-Defence Council, Ambazonia Defence Forces, SOCADEF, other smaller militias
  • Status: Ongoing civil war

 Ambazonia is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States^[6]

Bakassi

Bakassi

• People: Oron
  • Population: 150,000–300,000 people (subject of dispute)
  • Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Bakassi^[18]
  • Militant groups: Bakassi Movement for Self-Determination
  • Status: Active insurgency until 2009, isolated incidents until 2015

Central African Republic

  Territories under control of FPRC around 2024

Further information: Central African Republic Civil War (2012–present), Demographics of the Central African Republic, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Areas claimed by Dar al-Kuti

Dar El Kuti (Republic of Logone)

• Ethnic group: Muslims in the Central African Republic
  • Proposed state: Dar al-Kuti^[19]
  • Advocacy group and militant organization: Séléka^[20]
  • Status: Ongoing civil war, effectively a proto-state

Dar El Kuti is a self-proclaimed state supported by the Popular Front for the Rebirth of Central African Republic (FPRC), a Muslim rebel movement in the Central African Republic.^[21]

Comoros

Anjouan within Comoros

See also: 2008 invasion of Anjouan

 Anjouan^[22]

• Ethnic group: people of Anjouan
  • Proposed state:  Anjouan
  • Political party: Mouvement Populaire Anjouanais

 Mohéli^[23]

• Ethnic group: Mohélians
  • Proposed state: Mohéli

Republic of the Congo

South Congo (Brazzaville)^{[citation needed]}

• Ethnic group: South Congolese
  • Advocacy group: Provisional Assembly and governance of the State of South Congo^{[citation needed]}
  • Proposed state: State of South Congo^[24][25]

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Bas-Congo

See also: Congo Crisis

Bas-Congo

• Advocacy group: Bundu dia Kongo
• Proposed state: Kingdom of Kongo^[26]

Katanga in green

 Katanga

• Political parties: Union of Independent Federalists and Republicans
• Militant organizations: Mai Mai Kata Katanga
•  Katanga is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States^[6]

Egypt

See also: List of active separatist movements in Asia § egypt

Coptic nationalism

• Ethnic group: Coptic people
• Proposed autonomous area: Sahid^{[27][28][29][30]}

Eritrea

Southern Red Sea Region

Map of Dankalia, Saho, and Kunama

• Ethnic group: Afar people, Saho people
  • Proposed autonomous area: Dankalia or unification with  Ethiopia
  • Advocacy groups: Red Sea Afar Democratic Organisation, Democratic Movement for the Liberation of the Eritrean Kunama, Saho People's Democratic Movement^{[31][32][33][34]}

Equatorial Guinea

Bioko

Bioko

• Ethnic group: Bubi
  • Proposed state: Bioko Island
  • Advocacy group: Movement for the Self-Determination of Bioko Island

Annobón

Annobón

• Ethnic group: Portuguese Africans
  • Proposed state: Republic of Annobón^[35]
  • Advocacy group: Free Annobón^[36][37]

Ethiopia

Map of the regions and zones of Ethiopia

See also: Demographics of Ethiopia, List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia, and Tigray conflict

Ogaden

Greater Somalia including Ogaden

 Ogaden ( Somali Region)

Main article: Greater Somalia

• Proposed state: Ogadenia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) or unification with  Somalia
  • Political party: Ogaden National Liberation Front

Oromia

 Oromia

• Proposed state or autonomous area: Oromia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
  • Militant organizations: Oromo Liberation Front, Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia
  • Advocacy group: Qeerroo

Tigray region

Tigray

Main article: Tigray War

• Proposed state or autonomous area: Tigray^[38]
  • Political party: Tigray Independence Party^[39]

Sidama region

 Sidama

• Proposed: Self-determination and/or autonomy for the Sidama people
  • Militant organization: Sidama National Liberation Front^[40]

Amhara

 Amhara^[41][42]

• ethnic group: Amhara people
  • proposed: self determination and/or autonomy for  Amhara
  • political party: National Movement of Amhara
  • status: Ongoing

 Afar Region^[43][44]

• ethnic group: Afar people
  • proposed: independence for the  Afar Region
  • political party: Afar Liberation Front (former militant organization)
  • militant organization: Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front

France

Map of Réunion

Map of Mayotte

See also: List of active separatist movements in North America § France, List of active separatist movements in South America § France, List of active separatist movements in Europe § France, and List of active separatist movements in Oceania § France

Réunion

• Political party: Lorganizasion Popilèr po Libèr nout Péi (Lplp) – Popular Front for National Liberation: composed of Nasion Rénioné, Mar, Drapo rouz, Patriot rénioné and Mir.
• Political party: Communist Party of Réunion
• Proposed state: Republic of Zabon

Mayotte continues to have autonomist and separatist movements despite the island having voted to become France's 101st department in 2011.^[45]

Ghana

Map of the Togoland

Main article: Western Togoland Rebellion

Western Togoland

• Proposed state: Western Togoland
  • Militant organizations: Western Togoland Restoration Front (member of UNPO)

Kenya

Mombasa

See also: Shifta War § Local effects, and Somalis in Kenya

Mombasa

• Proposed state: Coast Province, Mombasa Republic
• Political party: Mombasa Republican Council^[46][47]
• Status: Active^[48]
•  Mombasa Republic is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States^[6]

Rift Valley, Western Province, Nyanza

• Proposed State or autonomous region: People's Republic of Kenya
  • Political Party: Azimio la Umoja^{[49][50][51][52]}

Libya

Cyrenaica in Libya

See also: Libyan civil war (2014–2020) and Libyan Crisis (2011–present)

Cyrenaica^[53]

• Ethnic group: Arabs,
  • Proposed autonomous region or state: Cyrenaica^[54]
  • Political party: Cyrenaica Transitional Council

South Libya

• Ethnic group: Toubou^[55][56]
  • Proposed autonomy for: Toubouland
  • Militant organisations: Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya^[57]

Malawi

Nyika

• Proposed state: Northern Nyika Republic^{[58][59][60][61]}
• Political party: The Peoples Party^[62]

Mali

See also: Front de Libération du Macina and Alliance for Salvation in the Sahel

Map of Azawad, as claimed by the MNLA.
Dark grey dots indicate regions with a Tuareg majority.

 Azawad

Main article: Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)

• Ethnic group: Tuareg
  • Proposed state or autonomous area:  Azawad
  • Political party: Coordination of Azawad Movements, which includes MNLA
  • Militant organisations: National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
  •  Azawad is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States^[6]

Massina

• Ethnic group: Fula
  • Proposed state: Massina Empire
  • Militant organizations: Katiba Macina^[63][64][65]

Mauritius

Location of Rodrigues in the Indian Ocean

Rodrigues

• Ethnic group: Rodriguan
  • Proposed greater autonomous area or state: Rodrigues
  • Political party: Rodrigues People's Organisation^[66][67]

Morocco

See also: Status of Western Sahara, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Plazas de soberanía, and Riffian independence movement

Rifian speaking regions of Morocco (yellow)

 Rif

Main articles: Rif War and Republic of the Rif

• Ethnic group: Riffian Berbers
  • Proposed state: Republic of the Rif
  • Political organization: Riffian National Party^[68][69][70]

Started in Morocco during the 1920s,^[71][72] and was revitalized in 2013.^[73] The Rif Independence Movement is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States.^[73]

Namibia

Map of the Caprivi

Caprivi Strip

See also: Caprivi conflict

• Ethnic group: Masubia, Nzanza, Mbowe, Makalahari, MaYeyi, Mampukushu, Makwengari, Mambunda, Matotela, Batoka, Mafwe, Barotse, Leya, Nanzwa, Lujana, Dombe
  • Advocacy group: Movement for the Survival of the River Races of Zambesia
  • Militant organization: Caprivi Liberation Army^[74]
  • Political party: Caprivi National African Union, United Democratic Party
  • Proposed state: Zambesia^[13][14] or Caprivi Strip^[75] or Barotseland

Rehoboth area

• Ethnic group: Baster
  • Proposed autonomous area: Rehoboth area^[76]
  • Political party: The United People`s Movement (UPM)^[77] Rehoboth Basters (Member of the UNPO)^[78]

Nigeria

Biafra

 Biafra

See also: Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria

• Ethnic group: Igbo, Anioma, Igede, Igala, Idoma, Ijaw, Kalabari, Ibibio, and Ogoni.
  • Proposed state:  Republic of Biafra (defunct)
  • Separatist movements: The Indigenous People of Biafra, Biafra Zionist Movement, Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
  • Militant organization: Eastern Security Network
  • Government in exile: Biafran Government in exile^[79]
  •  Biafra is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States^[6]

Republic of Oduduwa

• Ethnic group: Yorùbá ethnic groups in Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Osun, Kwara, Òkun in Kogi states in Nigeria, Itsekiris in Delta state and Akoko in Edo state.
  • Proposed state: Republic of Oduduwa
  • Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization^[80]
  • Civic organizations: Ilana Omo Oodua, Nigerian Indigenous Nationalities Alliance for Self-Determination(NINAS)
  • Movement leaders: Professor Stephen Adebanji Akintoye, Sunday Igboho
  • O'odua Grand Alliance for Independence & Oodua People's Congress Ogafi.org ^[81]
  • Status: Constitutional Force Majeure

Map of Nigeria numerically showing states typically considered part of the Niger Delta region: 1. Abia, 2. Akwa Ibom, 3. Bayelsa, 4. Cross River, 5. Delta, 6. Edo, 7.Imo, 8. Ondo, 9. Rivers

Niger Delta^[82]

• Ethnic group: Urhobo, Isoko, Itsekiri, Ijaw, Ukwuani, Edo, Esan, Ogoni, Kalabari and many more.
  • Proposed: Autonomous regionalism: Niger Delta Republic^[83] was declared in February 1965 by Isaac Adaka Boro,^[84] but failed to be established and remains an inspiration if not an aspiration.^[85]
  • Movement: Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) formed in 2006 for the self-determination of the people of the Niger Delta^[86]
  • Militant groups: Niger Delta Avengers,^[87] Niger Delta Greenland Justice Mandate, Niger Delta Vigilante, Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force (NDPVF),
  • Status: Ongoing war

Arewa (Northern Nigeria, Area of the Sharia Law）

Arewa^[88]

• Ethnic group: Hausa people, Kanuri people
  • Proposed State or Autonomous Area: Arewa Republic
  • Political organisations Arewa Consultative Forum

Rivers State

• Ethnic group: Ogoni people
  • Proposed autonomous region: Ogoniland^[89]
  • Advocacy group: Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People

Kingdom of Benin

• ethnic group: Edo people, Yoruba People, Igbo people
  • proposed: re establishment of the Kingdom of Benin
  • political party: United Kingdom of Great Benin^[90]

Portugal

 Madeira

• ethnic group: Madeiran
  • proposed: greater autonomy for  Madeira
  • political party: Together for the People

Senegal

Casamance

 Casamance

• Ethnic group: Diola
  • Proposed state: Republic of Casamance
  • Militant organization: Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance^[91]

Somalia

See also: Somali Civil War

 Somaliland

• Ethnic group: Somali, primarily the Isaaq clan.^[92]
  • De facto state:  Somaliland
  • Political organisations: Government of Somaliland
  • Militant organisation: Somaliland Armed Forces

 Jubaland^[93]

• ethnic group: Somali
  • proposed: creation of an independent or greater autonomous state of  Jubaland to act as a buffer state^[94] between  Kenya and  Somalia^[95][94]
  • political party: Somali Patriotic Movement
  • Country advocating for an independent or autonomous Jubaland:  Kenya^[93]

South Africa

Most common map used for the Cape Republic^{[citation needed]} or in Cape Independence movements.

Cape Republic

• Proposed state or autonomous area: Cape Republic^[96]
  • Ethnic groups: Cape Coloureds, Afrikaners, Khoisan, Cape Malays, Bantu peoples of South Africa (Primarily Xhosa)
  • Political parties: Freedom Front Plus^[97] Referendum Party Cape Independence Party^[98]
  • Advocacy groups: CapeXit^[99] Cape Independence Advocacy Group (CIAG),^[96]
• Proposed state or autonomous area: Sovereign State of Good Hope^[100]
  • Ethnic groups: Cape Coloureds, Khoisan, Cape Malays, Griqua people
  • Advocacy Groups: Goringhaicona Khoikhoin Indigenous Traditional Council,^[a][6] First Indigenous Nation of South Africa (FINSA)
  • Status: Unrecognized

Volkstaat

• Ethnic group: Afrikaners
  • Proposed state or autonomous area: Volkstaat^[101]
  • Political Party: Freedom Front Plus (in parliament and member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization).^[102] Outside parliament: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, National Conservative Party of South Africa, Boerestaat Party, Herstigte Nasionale Party, Afrikaner Self-determination Party.
  • Advocacy group: Orania Movement
  • Movement: Boere-Vryheidsbeweging
  • Status: Accord on Afrikaner self-determination

Zulu Kingdom

• Autonomous area: Zulu Kingdom
  • Political Party: Inkatha Freedom Party, Abantu Batho Congress
  • Status: Autonomy for traditional African communities and their leaders

 Venda

• Ethnic group: Vhavenda
  • Proposed state:  Venda
  • Political Party: Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front

South Sudan

See also: South Sudanese Civil War, Nuer White Army, and Nuer massacre

Rol Naath

• Ethnic group: Nuer People
  • Proposed state: Rol Naath
  • Advocacy group: Rol Naath Independence Movement ^{[103][104][105]}

Spain

Further information: National and regional identity in Spain

See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § Spain

Islas Canarias

Secessionist movement

 Canary Islands

Main article: Canarian nationalism

• People: Canarians
  • Proposed state: Republic of the Canary Islands
    • Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Canaria, Partido Nacionalista Canario, Centro Canario Nacionalista, Nueva Canarias
    • Political parties (secessionist): FREPIC-AWAÑAK, Tanekra, Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria, Alternativa Popular Canaria, Unidad del Pueblo, National Congress of the Canaries
    • Trade union: Intersindical Canaria
    • Youth movement: Azarug

 Canary Islands is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States^[6]

autonomist

 Ceuta

• proposed autonomous region:  Ceuta
  • political parties: Movement for Dignity and Citizenship and Ceuta Ya!

Sudan

Darfur

See also: South Sudan, Demographics of Sudan, Languages of Sudan, Kordofan, and Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile

 Darfur

• Ethnic group: Fur, Arabs, Zaghawa, Masalit, Tama
  • Proposed autonomous area:  Darfur or proposed unification with Chad^[106][107]
  • Militant organization: Darfur Liberation Front

Eastern Sudan

• Ethnic group: Beja
  • Proposed autonomous area or state: Beja state^{[108][109][107]}
  • Political groups: Beja Congress^[109]

Tanzania

Zanzibar

Main article: Zanzibar independence movement

 Zanzibar

• Ethnic group: Arabs, Shirazi
  • Proposed state: Zanzibar
  • Political party: Civic United Front (member of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Uamsho^[110]

Uganda

See also: Acholiland insurgency and Acholi nationalism

Acholi

• Proposed: autonomy within Uganda
  • Ethnic group: Acholi Traditionalist catholicism Christian nationalism, Acholi Nationalism^[111]

United Kingdom

See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § United Kingdom

 British Indian Ocean Territory

• Ethnic group: Chagossian People
  • Proposed state: Chagos Archipelago or Unification with  Mauritius^{[112][113][114]}
  • Political Parliamentary Group: Chagos Islands (BIOT) All Party Parliamentary Group^[115]

Zambia

Barotseland

• Ethnic group: Barotse
  • Proposed state: Barotseland
  • Militant organization: Barotse National Council,^[116] Kola Foundation,^{[117][118][119]} Cuundu Caitwa,^[120][121] Umodzi Ku'Mawa Forum^[122]

Zimbabwe

Matabeleland

Matabeleland

• Ethnic group: Matabele
  • Proposed state: Mthwakazi
  • Militant organization: Mthwakazi Liberation Front (M.L.F.)^[123][124]
  • Political party: Matabeleland Freedom Party^[125]
  • Revolutionary Movement: Mthwakazi Republic Party (M.R.P)^{[126][127][128]}
  • Matabele is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States^[6]

See also

• List of conflicts in Africa
• Lists of active separatist movements
• List of historical separatist movements

Notes

1. Khoi-San is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States

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