Leuciscinae is a subfamily of the freshwater fish family Cyprinidae,[1] which contains the true minnows.[2]
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Members of the Old World (OW) clade of minnows within this subfamily are known as European minnows. As the name suggests, most members of the OW clade are found in Eurasia, aside from the golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), which is found in eastern North America.[3][4]
According to ancestral area reconstruction, the subfamily Leuiciscinae is thought to have originated in Europe before becoming widely distributed in parts of Europe, Asia and North America. Evidence for the dispersal of this subfamily can be marked by biogeographical scenarios/observations, geomorphological changes, phylogenetic relationships as well as evidence for vicariance events taking place through time.[5] Through analyses and evidence of divergence time, it was observed that the two monophyletic groups, the phoxinins and the leuciscins, had shared a common ancestor dating to approximately 70.7 million years ago, representing their lengthy evolutionary history.[6][7][lower-alpha 1]
The 5th edition of the Fishes of the World classifies the Leuciscinae as a subfamily of the Cyprinidae[1] but other classifications have resolved this taxon as a family, the Leuciscidae.[4]
According to a 2018 study, Leuciscinae may be subdivided into 6 clades, or, if Leuciscidae is treated as a valid family, subfamilies:[8]
- †Tianshanicus Su, 2011 (fossil, Lutetian; Leuciscinae sensu lato)[9][10]
- North American clade (Subfamily Pogonichthyinae sensu Schönhuth et al.):
- Agosia Girard, 1856 (longfin dace)
- Algansea Girard, 1856 (Mexican chubs)
- Aztecula Jordan & Evermann, 1898 (Aztec chub)
- Campostoma Agassiz, 1855 (stonerollers)
- Clinostomus Girard, 1856 (redside daces)
- Codoma Girard, 1856 (ornate shiner)
- Cyprinella Girard, 1856 (satinfin shiners)
- Dionda Girard, 1856 (desert minnows)
- Ericymba Cope, 1865 (longjaw minnows)
- Erimystax Jordan, 1882(slender chubs)
- Exoglossum Rafinesque, 1818 (cutlips minnows)
- Hybognathus Agassiz, 1855 (silvery minnows)
- Hybopsis Agassiz, 1854 (bigeye chubs)
- Iotichthys Jordan & Evermann, 1896 (least chub)
- Luxilus Rafinesque, 1820 (highscale shiners)
- Lythrurus Jordan, 1876 (finescale shiners)
- Macrhybopsis Cockerell & Allison 1909 (blacktail chubs)
- Mylocheilus Agassiz, 1855 (peamouth)
- Nocomis Girard, 1856 (hornyhead chubs)
- Notropis Rafinesque, 1818 (eastern shiners)
- Opsopoeodus Hay, 1881 (pugnose minnow)
- Oregonichthys Hubbs, 1929 (Oregon chubs)
- Phenacobius Cope, 1867 (suckermouth minnows)
- Pimephales Rafinesque, 1820 (bluntnose minnows)
- Platygobio gill, 1863 (flathead chub)
- Pogonichthys Girard, 1854 (splittails)
- Pteronotropis Fowler, 1935 (flagfin shiners)
- Rhinichthys Agassiz, 1849 (riffle daces, loach minnows) (including Tiaroga)
- Richardsonius Girard, 1856 (redside shiners)
- †Stypodon Garman, 1881
- Tampichthys Schönhuth, Doadrio, Dominguez-Dominguez, Hillis & Mayden, 2008
- Yuriria Jordan & Evermann, 1896
- Phoxinus (PHX) clade (subfamily Phoxininae sensu Schönhuth et al.):
- Phoxinus Rafinesque, 1820 (Eurasian minnows and daces)
- Old World (OW) clade (subfamily Leuciscinae sensu Schönhuth et al.):
- Abramis Cuvier, 1816 (common bream)
- Acanthobrama Heckel, 1843 (bleaks)
- Achondrostoma Robalo, Almada, Levy & Doadrio, 2007
- Alburnoides Jeitteles, 1861 (riffle minnows)
- Alburnus Rafinesque, 1820 (bleaks)
- Anaecypris Collares-Pereira, 1983 (Spanish minnowcarp)
- Aspiolucius Berg, 1907 (pike-asp)
- Ballerus Heckel, 1843 (breams)
- Blicca Heckel, 1843 (Silver bream)
- Capoetobrama Berg, 1916 (sharpray)
- Chondrostoma Agassiz, 1832 (typical nases)
- Delminichthys Freyhof, Lieckfeldt, Bogutskaya, Pitra & Ludwig, 2006
- Egirdira Freyhof, 2022[11]
- Iberochondrostoma Robalo, Almada, Levy & Doadrio, 2007
- Iberocypris Doadrio, 1980
- Ladigesocypris Karaman, 1972
- Leucalburnus Berg, 1916
- Leucaspius Heckel & Kner, 1857 (moderlieschen)
- Leuciscus Cuvier, 1816 (Eurasian dace)
- Leucos Heckel, 1843
- Mirogrex Goren, Fishelson & Trewavas, 1973
- Notemigonus Rafinesque, 1819 (golden shiner)
- Pachychilon Steindachner, 1882
- Parachondrostoma Robalo, Almada, Levy & Doadrio, 2007
- Pelasgus Kottelat & Freyhof, 2007
- Pelecus Agassiz, 1835 (sabre carp)
- Petroleuciscus Bogutskaya, 2002 (Ponto-Caspian chubs and daces)
- Phoxinellus Heckel, 1843
- Protochondrostoma Robalo, Almada, Levy & Doadrio, 2007
- Pseudochondrostoma Robalo, Almada, Levy & Doadrio, 2007
- Pseudophoxinus Bleeker, 1860
- Rutilus Rafinesque, 1820 (katum, pearlfish and roach)
- Sarmarutilus Bianco & Ketmaier, 2014 (South European roach)
- Scardinius Bonaparte, 1837 (rudd)
- Squalius Bonaparte, 1837 (European chubs)
- Telestes Bonaparte, 1840
- Tropidophoxinellus Stephanidis 1974
- Vimba Fitzinger, 1873
- Creek chub -Plagopteran clade (subfamily Plagopterinae sensu Schönhuth et al.):
- western clade (WC) (subfamily Laviniinae sensu Schönhuth et al.):
- Acrocheilus Agassiz, 1855 (chiselmouth)
- Chrosomus Rafinesque, 1820 (typical daces)
- Eremichthys Hubbs & Miller, 1948 (desert dace)
- †Evarra Woolman, 1894 (Mexican daces)
- Gila Baird & Girard, 1853 (western chubs)
- Hesperoleucus Snyder, 1913 (California roach)
- Lavinia Girard, 1854 (hitch)
- Moapa Baird & Girard, 1853 (moapa dace)
- Mylopharodon Ayres, 1855 (hardheads)
- Orthodon Girard, 1856 (Sacramento blackfish)
- Ptychocheilus Agassiz, 1855 (pikeminnows)
- Relictus Hubbs & Miller, 1972 (relict dace)
- Siphateles Cope, 1883
- Far East Asian (FEA) Clade: (subfamily Pseudaspininae sensu Schönhuth et al.):
The study by Perea et al. (2010) did not include the North American clade, or Pogonichthyinae,[6] which is now also considered a part of the Leuciscinae subfamily[8]
Imoto, J. M.; Saitoh, K.; Sasaki, T.; Yonezawa, T.; Adachi, J.; Kartavtsev, Y. P.; Miya, M.; Nishida, M.; Hanzawa, N. (2013). "Phylogeny and biogeography of highly diverged freshwater fish species (Leuciscinae, Cyprinidae, Teleostei) inferred from mitochondrial genome analysis". Gene. 514 (2): 112–124. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2012.10.019. PMID 23174367.
