Leuciscinae

Leuciscinae is a subfamily of the freshwater fish family Cyprinidae,^[1] which contains the true minnows.^[2]

Leuciscinae
Common bream, Abramis brama
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Cypriniformes
Family:	Cyprinidae
Subfamily:	Leuciscinae Bonaparte, 1835
Genera
See text

Members of the Old World (OW) clade of minnows within this subfamily are known as European minnows. As the name suggests, most members of the OW clade are found in Eurasia, aside from the golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), which is found in eastern North America.^[3][4]

According to ancestral area reconstruction, the subfamily Leuiciscinae is thought to have originated in Europe before becoming widely distributed in parts of Europe, Asia and North America. Evidence for the dispersal of this subfamily can be marked by biogeographical scenarios/observations, geomorphological changes, phylogenetic relationships as well as evidence for vicariance events taking place through time.^[5] Through analyses and evidence of divergence time, it was observed that the two monophyletic groups, the phoxinins and the leuciscins, had shared a common ancestor dating to approximately 70.7 million years ago, representing their lengthy evolutionary history.^[6][7][a] The 5th edition of the Fishes of the World classifies the Leuciscinae as a subfamily of the Cyprinidae^[1] but other classifications have resolved this taxon as a family, the Leuciscidae.^[4]

Genera

According to a 2018 study, Leuciscinae may be subdivided into 6 clades, or, if Leuciscidae is treated as a valid family, subfamilies:^[8]

• †Tianshanicus Su, 2011 (fossil, Lutetian; Leuciscinae sensu lato)^[9][10]
• North American clade (Subfamily Pogonichthyinae sensu Schönhuth et al.):
  • Agosia Girard, 1856 (longfin dace)
  • Algansea Girard, 1856 (Mexican chubs)
  • Aztecula Jordan & Evermann, 1898 (Aztec chub)
  • Campostoma Agassiz, 1855 (stonerollers)
  • Clinostomus Girard, 1856 (redside daces)
  • Codoma Girard, 1856 (ornate shiner)
  • Cyprinella Girard, 1856 (satinfin shiners)
  • Dionda Girard, 1856 (desert minnows)
  • Ericymba Cope, 1865 (longjaw minnows)
  • Erimystax Jordan, 1882(slender chubs)
  • Exoglossum Rafinesque, 1818 (cutlips minnows)
  • Hybognathus Agassiz, 1855 (silvery minnows)
  • Hybopsis Agassiz, 1854 (bigeye chubs)
  • Iotichthys Jordan & Evermann, 1896 (least chub)
  • Luxilus Rafinesque, 1820 (highscale shiners)
  • Lythrurus Jordan, 1876 (finescale shiners)
  • Macrhybopsis Cockerell & Allison 1909 (blacktail chubs)
  • Mylocheilus Agassiz, 1855 (peamouth)
  • Nocomis Girard, 1856 (hornyhead chubs)
  • Notropis Rafinesque, 1818 (eastern shiners)
  • Opsopoeodus Hay, 1881 (pugnose minnow)
  • Oregonichthys Hubbs, 1929 (Oregon chubs)
  • Phenacobius Cope, 1867 (suckermouth minnows)
  • Pimephales Rafinesque, 1820 (bluntnose minnows)
  • Platygobio gill, 1863 (flathead chub)
  • Pogonichthys Girard, 1854 (splittails)
  • Pteronotropis Fowler, 1935 (flagfin shiners)
  • Rhinichthys Agassiz, 1849 (riffle daces, loach minnows) (including Tiaroga)
  • Richardsonius Girard, 1856 (redside shiners)
  • †Stypodon Garman, 1881
  • Tampichthys Schönhuth, Doadrio, Dominguez-Dominguez, Hillis & Mayden, 2008
  • Yuriria Jordan & Evermann, 1896
• Phoxinus (PHX) clade (subfamily Phoxininae sensu Schönhuth et al.):
  • Phoxinus Rafinesque, 1820 (Eurasian minnows and daces)
• Old World (OW) clade (subfamily Leuciscinae sensu Schönhuth et al.):
  • Abramis Cuvier, 1816 (common bream)
  • Acanthobrama Heckel, 1843 (bleaks)
  • Achondrostoma Robalo, Almada, Levy & Doadrio, 2007
  • Alburnoides Jeitteles, 1861 (riffle minnows)
  • Alburnus Rafinesque, 1820 (bleaks)
  • Anaecypris Collares-Pereira, 1983 (Spanish minnowcarp)
  • Aspiolucius Berg, 1907 (pike-asp)
  • Ballerus Heckel, 1843 (breams)
  • Blicca Heckel, 1843 (Silver bream)
  • Capoetobrama Berg, 1916 (sharpray)
  • Chondrostoma Agassiz, 1832 (typical nases)
  • Delminichthys Freyhof, Lieckfeldt, Bogutskaya, Pitra & Ludwig, 2006
  • Egirdira Freyhof, 2022^[11]
  • Iberochondrostoma Robalo, Almada, Levy & Doadrio, 2007
  • Iberocypris Doadrio, 1980
  • Ladigesocypris Karaman, 1972
  • Leucalburnus Berg, 1916
  • Leucaspius Heckel & Kner, 1857 (moderlieschen)
  • Leuciscus Cuvier, 1816 (Eurasian dace)
  • Leucos Heckel, 1843
  • Mirogrex Goren, Fishelson & Trewavas, 1973
  • Notemigonus Rafinesque, 1819 (golden shiner)
  • Pachychilon Steindachner, 1882
  • Parachondrostoma Robalo, Almada, Levy & Doadrio, 2007
  • Pelasgus Kottelat & Freyhof, 2007
  • Pelecus Agassiz, 1835 (sabre carp)
  • Petroleuciscus Bogutskaya, 2002 (Ponto-Caspian chubs and daces)
  • Phoxinellus Heckel, 1843
  • Protochondrostoma Robalo, Almada, Levy & Doadrio, 2007
  • Pseudochondrostoma Robalo, Almada, Levy & Doadrio, 2007
  • Pseudophoxinus Bleeker, 1860
  • Rutilus Rafinesque, 1820 (katum, pearlfish and roach)
  • Sarmarutilus Bianco & Ketmaier, 2014 (South European roach)
  • Scardinius Bonaparte, 1837 (rudd)
  • Squalius Bonaparte, 1837 (European chubs)
  • Telestes Bonaparte, 1840
  • Tropidophoxinellus Stephanidis 1974
  • Vimba Fitzinger, 1873
• Creek chub -Plagopteran clade (subfamily Plagopterinae sensu Schönhuth et al.):
  • Couesius Jordan, 1878 (lake chub)
  • Hemitremia Cope 1870 (flame chub)
  • Lepidomeda Cope, 1874 (spinedaces)
  • Margariscus Cockerell, 1909 (daces)
  • Meda Girard, 1856 (pikedace)
  • Plagopterus Cope, 1874 (woundfin)
  • Semotilus Rafinesque, 1820 (creek chubs)
  • Snyderichthys Miller, 1945 (leatherside chub)
• western clade (WC) (subfamily Laviniinae sensu Schönhuth et al.):
  • Acrocheilus Agassiz, 1855 (chiselmouth)
  • Chrosomus Rafinesque, 1820 (typical daces)
  • Eremichthys Hubbs & Miller, 1948 (desert dace)
  • †Evarra Woolman, 1894 (Mexican daces)
  • Gila Baird & Girard, 1853 (western chubs)
  • Hesperoleucus Snyder, 1913 (California roach)
  • Lavinia Girard, 1854 (hitch)
  • Moapa Baird & Girard, 1853 (moapa dace)
  • Mylopharodon Ayres, 1855 (hardheads)
  • Orthodon Girard, 1856 (Sacramento blackfish)
  • Ptychocheilus Agassiz, 1855 (pikeminnows)
  • Relictus Hubbs & Miller, 1972 (relict dace)
  • Siphateles Cope, 1883
• Far East Asian (FEA) Clade: (subfamily Pseudaspininae sensu Schönhuth et al.):
  • Oreoleuciscus Warpachowski, 1889 (osmans)
  • Pseudaspius Dybowski, 1869 (redfin)
  • Rhynchocypris Günther, 1889 (Eurasian minnows)

Notes

1. The study by Perea et al. (2010) did not include the North American clade, or Pogonichthyinae,^[6] which is now also considered a part of the Leuciscinae subfamily^[8]

References

1. J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 181–186. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
2. Taxonomic information
3. "Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family LEUCISCIDAE: Subfamilies PSEUDASPININAE, LEUCISCINAE and PHOXININAE". The ETYFish Project. 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
4. Schönhuth, Susana; Vukić, Jasna; Šanda, Radek; Yang, Lei; Mayden, Richard L. (2018-10-01). "Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the Holarctic family Leuciscidae (Cypriniformes: Cyprinoidei)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 127: 781–799. Bibcode:2018MolPE.127..781S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.026. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 29913311. S2CID 49292104.
5. Imoto, J. M.; Saitoh, K.; Sasaki, T.; Yonezawa, T.; Adachi, J.; Kartavtsev, Y. P.; Miya, M.; Nishida, M.; Hanzawa, N. (2013). "Phylogeny and biogeography of highly diverged freshwater fish species (Leuciscinae, Cyprinidae, Teleostei) inferred from mitochondrial genome analysis". Gene. 514 (2): 112–124. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2012.10.019. PMID 23174367.
6. Perea, S.; Böhme, M.; Zupancic, P.; Freyhof, J.; Sanda, R.; Ozuluğ, M.; Abdoli, A.; Doadrio, I. (2010). "Phylogenetic relationships and biogeographical patterns in Circum-Mediterranean subfamily Leuciscinae (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) inferred from both mitochondrial and nuclear data". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 265. Bibcode:2010BMCEE..10..265P. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-265. PMC 2940817. PMID 20807419. S2CID 206970716.
7. "Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family LEUCISCIDAE: Subfamilies PSEUDASPININAE, LEUCISCINAE and PHOXININAE". The ETYFish Project. 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
8. Schönhuth, Susana; Vukić, Jasna; Šanda, Radek; Yang, Lei; Mayden, Richard L. (2018-10-01). "Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the Holarctic family Leuciscidae (Cypriniformes: Cyprinoidei)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 127: 781–799. Bibcode:2018MolPE.127..781S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.026. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 29913311. S2CID 49292104.
9. De-Zao, S. U. (2011-06-15). "A NEW CYPRINID FISH FROM PALEOGENE OF NORTHERN XINJIANG, CHINA". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 49 (2): 141. ISSN 2096-9899.
10. Paleontology, Institute of Vertebrae; Paleoanthropology. "New leuciscin fish found in northern China". phys.org. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
11. Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Egirdira". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2 December 2022.